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一、词汇短语
colloquial [kE5lEukwiEl] adj.日常会话的,口语的,白话的
例句His English then was fluent but notcolloquial. 他的英语讲得很流利,但不够口语化。
词组colloquial words口语词汇
colloquial style 口语体
助记col+loqu说→一起说→口语会话。col共同,1oqu说-共同说的话-口语的。
pick up拾起;用车载;获得;好转;继续
slant [slB:nt; (?@) slAnt] v..倾斜,使倾斜;倾向;有倾向性地报导,歪曲报导;个人的见解或观点
n. 倾斜;观点
例句①She slantsher letters from upper right to lower left. 她写的字母从右上角到左下角倾斜。
②I need your slant on the situation. 我想请你说说对这种情况的意见。
词组slant range 倾斜范围(等于slant distance)
助记能够slide的,就是斜坡;s=c, an=in, cline, incline;音:斜 + line 斜线;音:丝栏梯,铁丝栏着的梯子,斜的,所以需要拦着
emphasis[5emfEsis] n. 强调,重点
例句Some schoolslay special emphasis on language study. 有些学校特别重视语言学习。
词组emphasison 着重于;对…的强调
giveemphasis to强调(着重)
lay down放下;制定;铺设;主张
alter[5C:ltE(r)] v. 修改,改变,变更;阉割(割除动物,如猫或狗的卵巢)
例句The weatheralters almost daily. 天气几乎天天变化。
助记记法:alter→later(adv. 稍后,以后)→以后再改变(目前还维持现状)
派生alteredadj. 改变了的;蚀变的
alterationn. 修改,改变;变更
phonetic [fEu5netik] adj.语音的
例句Is the text marked with phoneticsymbols? 课文有注音吗?
词组phonetic system 语音系统
phonetic symbols音标
phonetic alphabet [语]音标字母
派生phonetics n. 发音学,语音学
mad[mAd] adj. 疯狂的,发疯的;愚蠢的;着迷的
n. 狂怒
例句They weremad about missing the train. 他们为误了火车而生气。
词组mad at 生气;恼火
madwith 因…发狂
madon 对…入迷,狂热地喜欢(某人);渴望,为…生气
gomad 发疯;失去理智
派生maddeningadj. 令人发狂的;使人恼火的
madlyadv. 疯狂地;发狂地;精神失常地
madnessn. 疯狂;愚蠢的行为
inconsistency [9InkEn`sIstEnsI] n. 前后不一致;矛盾
例句She noticed several minorinconsistencies in his argument. 她觉察到他的论点有几处略微有些自相矛盾。
词组time inconsistency 时间不一致性,时间矛盾
attempt [E5tempt] n. 努力,尝试,企图
vt. 尝试,企图
例句I attempted to read the entire novel in one sitting.我试图一次读完整本小说。
词组attempt on sb. ’s life企图杀害某人
attempt at企图
attempt at doing sth企图做某事;尝试做某事
助记at(一再)+tempt(尝试)→一再尝试→企图
nationalistic [7nAFEnE5listik] adj.国家主义的
例句This is a movement which was romantic,irrational and vehemently nationalistic in character.
这是一场具有荒诞的,反理性的,鼓吹民族主义性质的运动。
mount [maunt] v. 登上,爬上;安装;发起
n. 支架,底座,底板;(M-)(用于山名前)山峰
例句①I can’t find the mount of this plate. 我找不到这只盘子的托架了。
②He mounted the horse and rode off. 他骑上马走了。
词组mountup 增长;上升
派生mountingn. 装备,装配
assault [E5sC:lt] n. &v. 刺激;猛烈地攻击,袭击
例句The roar of city traffic is a steady assault on one’snerves. 市区的喧嚣不断地刺激着人的神经。
助记as(一再)+sault(联想salt)→一再往你的伤口上撒盐→攻击,谐音“阿嫂她”,阿嫂她攻击你。
thumb[WQm] n. 大拇指
v. 弄脏;示意要求搭车;迅速翻阅
例句The carstopped when the driver saw him thumbing. 司机看到他要搭便车,便停下了车。
词组undersb.’s thumb 在某人的支配下;任人驱使
thumbdown 贬低;拒绝,责备
thumbsup/down 表示成功或赞许[失败或拒绝]的用语或手势)
助记由于该词和词义为“总数”的单词 sum 读音相近,则可记成:挑起大拇指(thumb),意味着总数(sum)。
to this day至今
triumphant [trai5QmfEnt] adj.获胜的,洋洋得意的,成功的,喜悦的
例句The victorious general made atriumphant return. 这位打了胜仗的将军凯旋而归。
词组a triumphant smile得意的微笑
bonnet [5bCnit] n. 无边女帽,童帽
vt. 给…装上罩;给…戴上帽子
例句The poke of her black bonnet hide herface from him. 她那黑色帽子的前沿遮住了她的脸,使他看不见。
词组a mother bonneting her children给孩子戴帽子的母亲
valve bonnet阀盖;阀罩;阀帽;气门盖
funnel bonnet烟囱裙板;烟囱顶罩;烟囱罩
助记bon(法语)好;好网,一种好看的优质的女式网状帽子。
boot [bu:t] n. 踢;解雇;(长筒)靴;行李箱
v. 导入;解雇;踢
例句The employer booted him out for being drunk at work. 他因为在工作时间喝醉了,被老板解雇了。
词组boot out解雇
bootup 启动
getthe boot 解雇
派生bootedadj. 穿靴的
bumper [5bQmpE] n.(汽车上的)保险杠,缓冲器
adj. 丰盛的,丰富的
例句①Part of the car's bumper had come adrift. 汽车的保险杠有一处松动了。
②The bumper harvest of coffee lastyear is the cause of this year's weak market.
去年的咖啡大丰收是造成今年市场疲软的原因。
词组bumper harvest 丰收
front bumper 前保险杠;前车挡;前缓冲铁
rear bumper 后保险杠;后档
bumper sticker 保险杆贴纸;车尾贴
助记bump 撞 + er东西,撞的东西,保险杠,专门撞车用的,防撞
hood [hud] n.头巾,兜帽;车篷;引擎罩
v. 用头巾包裹;给…加罩,覆盖
例句①It’s raining. Put the hood up. 下雨了,把车篷撑上。
②Her long lashes hood her eyes. 她那长长的睫毛覆盖着她的眼睛。
词组robin hood n. 罗宾汉;(罗宾汉式的)绿林好汉
fume hood 通风橱;烟橱
trunk[trQNk] n. 树干;大衣箱;(汽车后部的)行李箱
vt. 把…放入旅行箱内
adj. 树干的;躯干的;干线的;箱形的
例句The trunkof that fir is about 2 meters thick. 那棵枞树的树干约有2米粗。
fender [5fendE] n. 挡泥板;护舷的垫子等
例句His car bruised the auto fender of mycar. 他的汽车撞瘪了我的汽车挡泥板。
词组front fender 前叶子板,前护盖
rubber fender 橡皮挡泥板;橡胶防冲垫;橡胶护垫
fender bender 轻微交通事故;撞弯保险杠的车祸(等于小车祸)
助记源自defend 防护,防卫的东西。
carriage [5kAridV] n. 四轮马车;(火车)客车厢;运输,运费
例句The horsestood between the shafts of the carriage. 马站在大车车辕中间。
coffin [5kCfin] n. 棺材
例句The sight of the coffin sent a shudder through him. 看到那副棺材,他浑身一阵战栗。
词组a nail in the coffin of… 促使…失败(或完结)的因素
by means of用,依靠,凭借
undertaker [5QndEteIkE(r)] n. 承办者,承担者;承办丧葬者;殡仪员
例句The undertaker closed his eyes a moment andthen began to speak. 殡葬者闭了一会儿他的眼睛,然后开始说。
casket [5kB:skit] n. 首饰盒,匣子;棺材
例句She made a small casket with paper board. 她用纸板做了一个匣子。
mortician [mC:5tiFEn] n. 殡仪业者
例句Now he was to wait until morning and get themortician to bring him a ladder.
现在,他不得不等到天亮了,然后让墓地的工作人员给他拿个梯子来。
pavement [5peivmEnt] n. 铺过的道路;人行道
例句Concrete makes good pavement. 混凝土是很好的铺筑材料。
sidewalk [5saidwC:k] n. 人行道
例句He stepped on to the sidewalk from the bus. 他从公共汽车走下,来到人行道上。
词组a sidewalk fruit stand 街旁的水果摊
a slippery sidewalk 打滑的人行道
variant [5vZEriEnt] adj. 不同的
n. 变量
例句①The quaggawas a strikingly beautiful variant of the zebra. 白氏斑马是一种极其美丽的斑马变种。
②Recently, new variant strains have been detected in several parts ofAsia and Africa.
最近,在亚洲和非洲的一些地区发现了新的变异菌株。
influential[7influ5enFEl] adj. 有影响的;有势力的
例句His fatherwas an influential democrat. 他父亲是个有影响的民主党人。
词组influential(in sth. /doing sth. ) 有影响的;有说服力的
advocate[5AdvEkit] n. 提倡者,鼓吹者
vt. 提倡,主张;鼓吹,拥护,
例句He advocatesbuilding more schools. 他主张多建几所学校。
词组devil's advocate 故意持相反意见的人;故意唱反调的人
advocatechange be made提倡改革
anadvocate of peace鼓吹和平者
助记ad肯定 + vocate 召唤;vocalvoice 声音,发音。分析:ad—“阿弟”的拼音首字母;vo—“我”(wo)的近似拼音;cat—猫;e—鹅。记忆:阿弟想让我的猫拥护他的鹅。
contributor [kEn5tribju(:)tE] n. 贡献者;捐助者;投稿者
例句He is a generous contributor. 他是位慷慨的捐助者。
conformto遵照;符合
regional [5ri:dVEn(E)l] adj.整个地区的,地方地;地域性地
例句Detailed implementation of the plans was left to the regionaloffices. 这些计划由各地区办事处来具体执行。
variation[7vZEri5eiFEn] n. 变动,变化;变异,变种;变奏,变调
例句Theregulation allows of no variation. 这规则不得改变。
词组variation(in/of sth. ) 变化,变动,变异(的程度)
助记vari(改变)+ation(表状态)→变化,变动,变异
inevitable[in5evitEbl] adj. 不可避免的,必然的
例句Socialismis inevitable. 社会主义是必然的。
助记in(否定)+evitable(可避免的)→不可避免的
medium [5mi:djEm] adj.中间的,中等的;半生熟的
n. 方法;媒体;媒介;中间物
例句He prefers a happy medium in life. 他在生活中甘居中游。
助记med(中间)+ium→中间的→中等的;媒介
set beside与…相比
例句Money seems unimportant when setsbeside the joys of family life. 与天伦之乐相比,金钱显得微不足道。
have… incommon在…有共同之处
例句We have lots of things in commonbesides music. 除了音乐,我们还有很多共通点。
stick to坚持;粘住
例句She made it clear the government wouldstick to its policies despite union militancy.
她明确表示,尽管工会很强悍,但政府将坚持自己的政策。
二、课文精解
Intensive Reading
1. AmericanEnglish and British English exhibit differences, particularly in colloquialspeech:exhibit显示;表现出。例:He has exhibited symptomsof anxiety and overwhelming worry. 他已表现出焦虑和忧心如焚的症状。colloquial speech口语。
2. A Londonerwho reads The Times will find no special difficulty if he flies the Atlanticand picks up the New York Times:who引导的定语从句修饰ALondoner,if引导条件状语从句。pick up拿起,拾起。此外,pick up还可表示“学会”,例:Where did you pick up your English?你是在哪儿学得英语?
3. Printingchanged all that; by the 18th century the great English Dictionary (1755) of Dr.Johnson laid down a standard set of spellings that has altered little to thepresent day:定语从句that has altered little to thepresent day修饰a standardset of spellings,且that在从句中作主语。all that那么;到那种程度。例:She isn't all that beautiful. 她并不是很漂亮。lay down制定;主张;铺设。例:Not all companies lay downwritten guidelines and rules. 不是所有的公司都制定书面的准则和条例。a set of一套,一组。例:He is shaping up a set ofnotes for publication. 他正在整理一批笔记准备出版。
4. There havebeen many attempts to “reform” English spelling:attempt也可做动词与to连用,构成词组attemptto,表示“尝试,企图;试图做某事”。例:Certain big oil companiesattempted to cash in on the energy crisis. 某些大石油公司企图从能源危机中捞到好处。
5. Webster added some thousands of “American” words that were unknownto Dr. Johnson and he mounted an all-out assault on the “traditional, Englishway of spelling:定语从句that were unknown to Dr. Johnson修饰“American” words,且that在从句中作主语。add“添加”,常与介词to搭配,构成词组add to,表示“加入,加到;增加”,例:I have nothing to add to my earlier statement. 我对我先前说的话,没有什么补充的。be unknown to“不为…所知”,与其意思相反的是be known to(为…所知;为某人所熟知),例:The little restaurant is known to all locally. 这家小餐馆在当地远近闻名。mount an assault on表示“对…猛然袭击”。 all-out全部的;竭尽全力的;毫无保留的。
6. But even theAmericans of his time ignored him and it remains “thumb” to this day in moderneditions of Webster:to this day至今。例:I haven't told him thewhole story to this day. 我迄今仍未给他讲完整个故事。
7. His“reformed” spelling” of English in “-our” words has won the day...:win the day得胜;占上风;取得成功(等于carry the day)。例:Peoplewho persist will finally win the day. 坚持到底的人将会最后取得胜利。
8. One of theother ways in which American spelling differs from the British is in thetreatment of the letter “I” in the middle of a word:本句主干是系表结构,主语是One of the other ways in which American spelling differs from theBritish,系动词is,介词短语in the treatment of the letter “I”in the middle of a word作表语。主语中,“介词in+which”引导定语从句修饰the other ways,其中in可与先行词the otherways搭配。differ from与…不同;区别于…。例:That arrangement differs from the one I had in mind. 那种安排同我原先所想的不同。句中的treatment表示“对待”。
9. If they areissues in UK pounds they bear the title “Traveller’s Cheque”:issue此处表示“债券”,此外,它还有“发行;发表;流出;问题”等意思,例:Last night he issued a statement denying the allegations. 昨天晚上,他发表了一项声明否认那些说法。bear意为“具有”,同时bear还可表示“忍受;支撑”等意思,例:The ice was not thick enough to bear the weight of marching men. 冰的厚度不足以支撑行军队伍的重量。
10. But theeven more influential magazine The NewYorker, first published in 1925, insisted that contributors conform to thestyle of the H. W. Fowler’s very British Modern English Usage:that从句作insist的宾语。insist“坚持”,常与on连用,insist on表示“坚持,坚决要求;督促,强调”,例:I insist on his innocence. 我坚认他无罪。conform to符合;遵照。例:If you don't conform to thetraffic laws, you might get hurt. 如果不遵守交通法规,则可能受伤。
11. Thevariations between American English and British English are slight when setbeside what the two have in common:when引导时间状语从句,该从句中,从句what the two have in common作set beside的宾语,且what在宾语从句中作宾语。setbeside与…相比。例:No one can set beside him. 没有人能和他相比。have sth. in common有共同之处。例:Their views have much incommon with mine. 他们的观点和我的观点有许多共同之处。
12. Readers ofEnglish anywhere can move from the Financial Times or The Economist (publishedin England) to Time or the Reader’s Digest (published in America), well aware that they are reading the same language:此处well aware that they are readingthe same language为形容词短语作状语,that从句作aware的宾语。形容词或形容词短语可以作状语,表示行为方式或伴随状况。有时,它会像非限制性定语从句一样,表示意义上的增补,其逻辑主语是句子的主语。aware意识到的,知道的。常用词组beaware of,表示“知道”。
13. Then stickto it:stick to坚持;粘住。例:We must stick to the principle.我们必须坚持原则。