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2010张剑《历年考研英语真题复习思路》英语黄宝书(赠18年真题)张老师答疑专贴

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11#
 楼主| peterzjf 发表于 08-4-8 10:40:26 | 只看该作者
具体你想问哪一本长难句的书比较好,我想这个问题,我是没有发言权的。但我个人建议你通过阅读真题中的长难句来分析,应该对你有所帮助。我们的《英语复习思路》对阅读文章中出现的长难句都有详细地分析,对句子的结构和修饰成分都有较为详细地分析。你也可以参照Part C部分的内容,这些翻译的句子大部分都是分析句子的结构的,相信对你也有所帮助。
12#
冷月淡然 发表于 08-4-8 11:51:11 | 只看该作者
您好,我想问下现在在英语复习的初级阶段,做阅读理解的话,是要把每个不认识的单词都查清楚,每个句子的主谓宾都找出来呢,还是要在宏观上把握,即读懂文章的大概意思能做对题目就可以了???
13#
sifang2455 发表于 08-4-8 11:59:52 | 只看该作者
先谢谢张老师了!我想大家一定可以从中受益的!
14#
 楼主| peterzjf 发表于 08-4-8 12:14:43 | 只看该作者
原帖由 冷月淡然 于 2008-4-8 11:51 发表
您好,我想问下现在在英语复习的初级阶段,做阅读理解的话,是要把每个不认识的单词都查清楚,每个句子的主谓宾都找出来呢,还是要在宏观上把握,即读懂文章的大概意思能做对题目就可以了???


你这个问题也是我在书店调研时大部分同学都遇到的问题。对你的问题回答如下:
在如何提升考生的阅读能力方面,我们编辑部的老师历来主张精读的思想。如何贯彻精读呢?主要有以下几个方面:
第一,过词汇关。当我们面对一篇阅读文章时,如果单词不解决,显然无法弄清楚文章的内容。因此,我们建议我们的读者在阅读真题的时候把不认识或认识得不是很清楚的词汇或短语记下来,认真地查找词典,并结合文章的上下文确定该词在文章中的准确含义。在查找词典时建议使用英英和英汉双解的词典。通过英英注释我们能够对词有一个清晰的认识。今年我们对英语真题修改最大的地方就是对《考试大纲》核心词汇进行英英注释。

比如:abandon这个词,我们通常的记忆就是“抛弃、离弃”、“离开”、“放弃”,但是如何使用这个词,它的具体语境是什么,我们肯定不得而知,下面是我们编辑部对这个词所做的注释:
vt. [释义]1. to leave someone or a post, especially someone or the post you are responsible for抛弃,遗弃(尤其指这人或岗位是你应该对其负责的)
例:How could she abandon her own child? 她怎么能抛弃她自己的孩子呢?
例:A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”. 一次平级的人事调动伤害了我的自尊心,并阻断了我的事业发展,这促使我放弃了我那非常体面的职业,然而,我却以一种失势的政府大臣的口吻宣称,“我想多陪陪家人”,以此来掩饰我辞职的原因。(2002考研阅读Text 5)
vt. [释义]2. to go away from a place or city; to leave or desert a motor vehicle, ship, building, etc permanently, especially because the situation makes it impossible for you to stay离开(某个地方或城市);(永久地)抛弃,丢弃(汽车、船、建筑屋等),尤其是因为形势或情势所迫而不得不离开
例:Fearing further attacks, most of the population had abandoned the city.因为害怕遭受更大的攻击,大多数人都离开了这座城市。
例:We had to abandon the car and walk the rest of the way. 我们只好弃车,步行赶剩下的路。(可能是路坏了或着是车坏了)
vt. [释义]3. to stop doing something because there are too many problems and it is impossible to continue放弃,中止(做某事)(尤其是因为问题太多等原因而无法继续)
例:The game had to be abandoned due to bad weather.由于天气恶劣,比赛只好暂停。
vt. [释义]4. to stop having a particular idea, belief, or attitude放弃(思想、信念或态度等)
例:I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. 我发现(正如凯茜在经受长期的巨大压力之后,多次公开宣称辞去《她》杂志的编辑职务后也会发现的那样),放弃“忙忙碌碌”的生活教条,转而选择“放慢生活节奏”的做法所带来的回报,比金钱和社会地位更有价值。(2001考研阅读Text 5)
[搭配]1.abandon oneself to [释义] to feel an emotion so strongly that you let it control you completely沉溺于;放纵(感情)
例:She abandoned herself to the serene landscape.她沉浸在景色的宁静之中。
[搭配]2.with gay/reckless/wild abandon[备注:这里的abandon为不可数名词][释义]if someone does something with abandon, they behave in a careless or uncontrolled way, without thinking or caring about what they are doing尽情;放纵
例:The kids hurled pieces of wood on the fire with gay abandon. 孩子们尽情地把木块往火上扔。
例:They drank and smoked with reckless abandon.他们无所顾忌地抽烟和喝酒。
[派生词] abandoned adj. 废弃的,被遗弃的;不用的;(人或行为)无约束的,放纵的。abandonment n.放弃,遗弃;放任。
15#
 楼主| peterzjf 发表于 08-4-8 12:29:43 | 只看该作者
    在对词汇问题解决之后,我们就要解决的是长难句的问题,对文章的长难句的注释工作是一个语法基本功的问题,需要我们的读者对一个长难句的句子结构有一个清晰地认识。关于如何分析文章的长难句,读者可参看我们在每一篇阅读理解文章分析中的长难句,也可以参看英译汉部分我们编辑部对句子结构的分析。
     在词汇和长难句问题解决之后,我们的读者还要认真分析文章的语篇结构,分析句子与句子之间的关系,段落与段落之间的关系。
     在解决词汇、句子和语篇分析的问题之后,最核心的任务是研究真题文章中的命题信息。也就是说去研究命题者是如何把一篇文章中的关联信息命制成试题的。除了命题者已经命制的试题之外,我们还能够发现多少关联信息能够成为命题点。这个过程是整个精读阅读理解的重点。要把这种命题思想彻底地贯穿在我们的阅读理念中。
16#
 楼主| peterzjf 发表于 08-4-8 12:31:42 | 只看该作者
下面以我们编辑部出版的《新编阅读理解150篇》的一篇阅读文章的分析为例加以说明:
Text 1


  Not long after the telephone was invented, I assume, a call was placed. The caller was a parent saying, “your child is bullying my child, and I want it stopped!” The bullys parent replied, “you must have the wrong number. My child is a little angel.”
  A trillion phone calls later, the conversation is the same. When children are teased or terrorized, the parental impulse is to grab the phone and yell. But these days, as studies in the U.S. show bullying on the rise and parental supervision on the decline, researchers who study bullying say that calling moms and dads is more futile than ever. Such calls often lead to playground accusations and dont really teach our kids any lessons about how to navigate the world and resolve conflicts.
  When you call parents, you want them to “extract the cruelty” from their bullying children, says Laura Kavesh, a child psychologist in Evanston, Illinois. “But many parents are blown away by the idea of their child being cruel. They wont believe it.” In a recent policedepartment survey in Oak Harbor, Washington, 89% of local high school students said they had engaged in bullying behavior. Yet only 18% of parents thought their children would act as bullies.
  In a new U.S.PTA survey, 5% of parents support contacting other parents to deal with bullying. But many educators warn that those conversations can be misinterpreted, causing tempers to flare. Instead, they say, parents should get objective outsiders, like principals, to mediate.
  Meanwhile, if you get a call from a parent who is angry about your childs bullying, listen without getting defensive. Thats what Laura McHugh of Castro Valley, California, did when a caller told her that her then 13yearold son had spit in another boys food. Her son had confessed, but the victims mom “wanted to make sure my son hadnt given her son a nasty disease,” says McHugh, who apologized and promised to get her son tested for AIDS and other diseases. She knew the chance of contracting any disease this way was remote, but her promise calmed the mother and showed McHughs son that his bad behaviour was being taken seriously. McHugh, founder of Parents Coach Kids, a group that teaches parenting skills, sent the mom the test results. All were negative.
  Remember: once you make a call, you might not like what you hear. If you have an itchy dialing finger, resist temptation. Put it in your pocket. [419 words]
1.The word “bullying” probably means        .

[A] frightening and hurting   [B] teasing  

[C] behaving like a terrorist [D] laughing at

2. Calling to a bully\'s parent          .

[A] has long existed but changed its content
[B] is often done with careful thinking

[C] often leads to blaming and misunderstanding
[D] is used to warn the child not to do it again

3. According to the surveys in the U.S.,          .

[A] bullying among adults is also rising

[B] parents are not supervising their children well

[C] parents seldom believe bullies

[D] most parents resort to calling to deal with bullying

4. When bullying occurs, parents should          .

[A] help the bulling child get rid of cruelty
[B] resort to the mediator

[C] avoid getting too protective
[D] resist the temptation of calling

5.Laura McHugh promised to get the bullied boy tested for diseases because         .

[A] her son confessed to being wrong
[B] she was afraid to annoy the boys parent

[C] he was likely to be affected by these diseases
[D] she wanted to teach her own son a lesson

[ 本帖最后由 peterzjf 于 2008-4-8 12:33 编辑 ]
17#
 楼主| peterzjf 发表于 08-4-8 12:36:25 | 只看该作者
核心词汇

blow away *① to completely surprise sb, to affect intensely; overwhelm使大为惊讶;强烈影响,征服 例:That concert blew me away.音乐会震撼了我。 ② to defeat sb completely, esp. in a game (尤指在比赛中)彻底战胜 例:Nancy blew away the rest of the skaters.南希战胜了其他的滑冰运动员。
bully [′buli] n. [C] 恃强凌弱者;流氓,BT
vt. ① to threaten to hurt or frighten sb weaker 欺侮例:He was bullied by the older boys at school. 他在学校里受到大孩子的欺负。 ② to use your strength or power to make sb do sth.  恐吓, 胁迫 例: The manager tried to bully his men into working harder by threatening them with dismissal. 经理企图以解雇相威胁, 迫使职工更卖力气。
contract [′kntrkt] n. [C] 契约;合同
[kn'trkt] vi. to become smaller or narrower缩小;收缩 例:Metal contracts as it becomes cool. 金属冷却时收缩。
*vt. to begin to have an illness患(病) 例:He contracted pneumonia.他得了肺炎。
extract [iks′trkt] vt. *1.取出,拔出,抽出 例:extract the stopper from the bottle 把瓶塞拔出来 2.采掘;提炼 例:47 tons of gold have been extracted at the mine. 这座矿已采掘了47吨黄金。 3.to find out information or get money from sb(通过询问或使用暴力)套出(信息);索得(钱财) 例:I finally managed to extract the truth from her. 我最终设法从她嘴里套出了事实真相。
n. 1. [C](书、电影等的)摘录;选段(后跟介词from) 例:short extracts from the film那部电影的部分片断2. [C,U] 提炼物,提取物
flare [fl] vi. (也作flare up)① to suddenly begin to burn, or to burn more brightly for a short time 突然燃烧起来;(短暂地)烧旺 例:The match flared in the darkness.火柴在黑暗中突然着了一小会儿。 *②(感情等)突然爆发 例:Violence has flared up again in the Middle East. 中东又突然爆发了暴力事件。 ③(疾病)突然加剧 例:My asthma tends to flare up on smoggy days. 在烟雾天我的气喘往往会加剧。
n. [C] ① 闪光,瞬时的明亮火焰 ② 信号灯(弹)
nasty [′nsti] a. 1.very bad or unpleasant极差的,令人厌恶的 例:nasty weather 恶劣的天气 2. extremely unkind极不友善的,恶毒的 例:Dont be so nasty to your mum. 别对你妈妈这么凶。 *3. severe or very painful严重的 例:a nasty cut on the head 头部严重的伤口 4.offensive, in bad taste无礼的,污秽的,XX 例:a nasty joke 下流的笑话
remote [ri′mut] a. 1. far away in space or time遥远的 例:remote stars遥远的星星/a remote ancestor 远祖 2.far from towns偏僻的,偏远的 例:As a westerner I was a strange sight in this remote spot.作为一个西方人,我成了这个偏远地方一道奇特的风景。 3.very different from sth很不相同的(后跟介词from) 例:It was so alien, so remote from anything he had ever known.这东西很古怪,与他知道的所有东西都不一样。 *4. (of a chance, possibility etc) very slight(希望、可能性等)渺茫的,微乎其微的
n. 1. [C] 遥控器 2. [U] (使用无线电或电子信号的)遥控
resolve [ri′zlv] vt. * ① to find a satisfactory way of dealing with a problem or difficulty解决 例:There werent enough beds, but the matter was resolved by George sleeping on the sofa.床不够用,但乔治睡到沙发上问题就解决了。 ② to make a definite decision to do sth(某人)决心,决定 例:After the divorce she resolved never to marry again.离婚以后,她下决心永不再嫁。 ③(委员会、会议等通过投票)作出决议,表决 例:The Senate resolved to accept the Presidents budget proposals by 70 votes to 30.参议院以70票对30票通过决议,同意总统的预算草案。
vi. 下决心,决定 例:He resolved on/against (making) an early start. 他决定(不)早出发.
supervision [sjup′vin] n. the act of supervising sb or sth 监督,管理,指导,主管 例:This drug should only be taken under the supervision of a doctor. 此药须遵医嘱服用。 supervise v. 监督,管理,指导
超纲词汇:itchy [′iti] a. 使人发痒的 ;mediate [′midieit,djt ] *v. 斡旋,调停
备注:*表示该词在文中的含义。
18#
 楼主| peterzjf 发表于 08-4-8 12:37:20 | 只看该作者
长难句分析



    1.Thats what Laura McHugh of Castro Valley, California, did when a caller told her that her then 13 year-old son had spit in another boy\'s food.
     该句主干是Thats what...。在what引导的表语从句中,其主干成分为Laura McHugh did,of Castro Valley, California是一个介词短语,做后置定语,修饰主语Laura McHugh; when引导的时间状语从句修饰谓语did。
    译文:当加里福尼亚卡斯楚谷市的劳拉•麦休接到电话,被告知她13岁的儿子朝另外一个孩子的食物中吐吐沫时,她就这样做了。
    2.She knew the chance of contracting any disease this way was remote, but her promise calmed the mother and showed McHugh\'s son that his bad behavior was being taken seriously.
     该句是由but引导的并列句。前一分句的主干是She knew (that)...,宾语从句中的主干为the chance was remote,介词短语of... this way做后置定语修饰主语chance;后一句的主句是her promise calmed the mother and showed McHughs son that...,that引导的宾语从句做动词show的宾语,构成show sb. sth.的结构,sb.为间接宾语,sth.为直接宾语,这里的直接宾语为that从句。
    译文:她知道通过那种方式传染疾病的几率非常小,但她的许诺使对方母亲平静了下来,并且也让自己的儿子知道父母非常严肃地对待他的恶劣行为。



语篇分析



    本文题材涉及儿童教育,作者试图教导家长如何正确处理孩子被欺负这一问题。它是一篇现象解释型文章,按照“指出现象—解释现象—提出解决方案”的脉络展开论述,可以分成三大部分。
    第一段为第一部分,指出现象:受欺负的孩子的家长打电话投诉,希望对方家长能管教好自己的孩子,但对方家长不以为然。句子You must have the wrong number. My child is a little angel体现了欺负人的孩子的家长对此问题的态度。
    第二、三段为第二部分,解释现象:打电话投诉的方式对解决孩子之间的冲突起不了作用。
    第二段:引用了两类研究结果。一类研究结果表明:仗势欺人现象在增多而家长管教却在减少(bullying on the rise and parental supervision on the decline)。另一类研究结果表明:①家长的投诉电话毫无用处(more futile than ever);②这种电话常导致相互指责(lead to accusations);③达不到教育孩子的目的(not teach our kids any lessons)。
    第三段:引用心理学家Laura Kavesh的观点指出,一方面,受欺负的孩子的家长打电话的目的是希望对方家长帮助其孩子改掉坏毛病(extract the cruelty);另一方面,接到电话的家长却很少相信(blow away)自己的孩子会欺负别人。作者进而用警察局调查结果的数据(89% students engaged in bullying,18% parents thought children bully)支持Laura的观点。
    第四、五、六段为第三部分,解决问题:建议家长双方正确对待这一问题。
    第四段:提出了第一种解决方法,即通过客观的局外人(objective outsider)来调解(mediate),而不是当事人双方直接联系。
    第五段:提出了第二种解决方法,即家长学会耐心倾听(listen without getting defensive)。列举了“父母教导孩子组织”的创始人Laura McHugh处理问题的实例进而教育家长该怎么做:①认真倾听;②积极处理;③通过严肃处理事情借以教育孩子,这与第二段末句中“dont really teach our kids any lessons”对应起来了。
    第六段:呼应开始部分,用警句的形式,告诫家长不要采取打电话投诉这种解决方式。


[ 本帖最后由 peterzjf 于 2008-4-8 12:41 编辑 ]
19#
 楼主| peterzjf 发表于 08-4-8 12:38:41 | 只看该作者
试题命制分析



  通过对文章的整体分析,我们可以从以下几个方面命题,考查考生的阅读理解能力。
  1. 事实细节题
  (1) 可以考查“打电话投诉”这种行为的结果,参见试题2。
  (2) 在文中,作者列举了两类研究结果(第二段)、两个专家的观点(第三段和第五段)以及两个调查结果(第三段和第四段),可以综合考查,参见试题3。
  (3) 针对文中提出的解决方案,可以综合考查,参见考题4。此外,也可以采用判断正误的形式进行考查,如:以下哪一项是错误的?[A] 想打电话的家长要克制自己的行为;[B] 受欺负的孩子的家长应该直接联系当事人;[C] 接听电话的家长需要耐心倾听;[D] 需通过客观的局外人来调解。(答案:[B])
  (4) 可以考查Laura McHugh的身份,如:[A] 儿童心理学家;[B] 研究父母如何教育孩子的专家;[C] 一个欺负人的孩子的母亲;[D] 某个家长联合组织的创始人。(答案:[C])
(5) 还可以考查最后一段中所举实例的具体细节,参见试题5。
  2. 推理引申题
  (1) 针对第一段末句You must have the wrong number. My child is a little angel考查接到电话的家长的态度。
  (2) 可以考查第二段第一句的暗含信息,即,家长之间的投诉电话长久以来就存在,而且其内容没有改变。
  (3) 针对两次调查结果的数据(89% of students and only 18% of parents;5% parents),可以推理家长的态度。
  3. 词义句意题
  (1) bully一词在全文反复出现,可以就其语意进行考查。参见试题1。
  (2) 可以考查考生根据上下文推测第二段末句中playground accusations的具体含义。
  4. 作者写作目的题
  可以考查倒数第二段中引用Laura McHugh的实例的目的。
20#
 楼主| peterzjf 发表于 08-4-8 12:44:27 | 只看该作者
通过以上方法对真题阅读文章的分析之后,我们的阅读能力将上升到一个更高的阶段。如果这样的阅读和分析成为习惯之后,任何试题均难不住我们的读者。
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