胡壮麟语言学笔记 河北师范大学 专业综合

胡壮麟《语言学教程》
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目   录
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics………………………………………………………….….2
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds…………………………………………………………………….…6
Chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phrase…………………………………………………………12
Chapter 4 From Word to Text…………………………………………………………………..17
Chapter 5 Meaning………………………………………………………………………………22
Chapter 6 Language and Cognition……………………………………………………………27
Chapter 7 Language, Culture and Society……………………………………………………33
Chapter 8 Language in Use………………………………………………………………….…37
Chapter 9 Language and Literature……………………………………………………………44
Chapter 10 Language and Computer……………………………………………………….…50
Chapter 11 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching……………………………………52
Chapter 12 Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics……………………………………60














Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics

1.1        Why study language?
1.        Language is very essential to human beings.
2.        In language there are many things we should know.
3.        For further understanding, we need to study language scientifically.
1.2        What is language?
Language is a means of verbal（口头的；文字的） communication. It is a system of arbitrary（任意的） vocal（声音的） symbols used for human communication.
1.3        Design features of language 本质特征
The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication.
1. Arbitrariness 任意性
Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.However there seems to be different levels of arbitrariness.1) Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning. Bark in English and 汪汪in Chinese.2)Arbitrariness at the syntactic level.according to systemic functionalists and American functionalists, language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.E.g He came in and sat down. He sat down and came in.  3)arbitrary and convention规约性 Convention means you have to say things in this way and you cannot change the expression any other way.
2. Duality 二层性
Duality refers to the property（性能） of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
3. Creativity 创造性
Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness（递归性）. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences.There are numerous examples to illustrate that words can be used in new ways to mean new things.And the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences.


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