童明《美国文学史》课后习题详解

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目录                                                                                        封面
内容简介、编委
目录
第1部分　早期美国文学：殖民时期至1815年
　第1章　“新世界”的文学
　第2章　殖民时期的美国文学：1620-1763
　第3章　文学与美国革命：1764-1815
第2部分　美国浪漫主义时期：1815-1865
　第4章　美国浪漫主义时期
　第5章　早期浪漫主义
　第6章　超验主义和符号表征
　第7章　霍桑、麦尔维尔和坡
　第8章　惠特曼和迪金森
　第9章　文学分支：反对奴隶制的写作
第3部分　美国现实主义时期：1865-1914
　第10章　现实主义时期
　第11章　地区和地方色彩写作
　第12章　亨利?詹姆斯和威廉?迪恩?豪威尔斯
　第13章　自然主义文学
　第14章　女性作家书写“女性问题”
第4部分　美国现代主义时期：1914-1945
　第15章　美国现代主义
　第16章　现代主义的演变
　第17章　欧洲的美国现代主义
　第18章　两次世界大战间的现代小说
　第19章　现代美国诗歌
　第20章　非裔美国文学和现代主义
第5部分　多元化的美国文学：1945年至新千年
　第21章　新形势下的多元化文学
　第22章　美国戏剧：三大剧作家
　第23章　主要小说家：1945年至60年代
　第24章　1945年以来的诗学倾向
　第25章　60年代以来的小说发展状况
　第26章　当代多民族文学和小说
　第27章　美国文学的全球化：流散作家
                                                                                                                                                                                                    内容简介                                                                                            
　　我国各大院校一般都把国内外通用的权威教科书作为本科生和研究生学习专业课程的参考教材，这些教材甚至被很多考试（特别是硕士和博士入学考试）和培训项目作为指定参考书。为了帮助读者更好地学习专业课，我们有针对性地编著了一套与国内外教材配套的复习资料，并提供配套的名师讲堂、e书和题库。
　　《美国文学史》（童明主编，上海外语教育出版社）一直被用作高等院校英语专业英美文学教材，被很多院校指定为英语专业考研必读书和学术研究参考书。为了帮助读者更好地使用该教材，我们精心编著了它的配套辅导用书（均提供免费下载，免费升级）：
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　　2．童明《美国文学史》课后习题详解
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内容预览
第1部分　早期美国文学：殖民时期至1815年
第1章　“新世界”的文学
Questions for Discussion and Writing Assignments
1. Give a brief account of Christopher Columbus, AmerigoVespucci and Martin Waldseemuler so that you can establish one version of the “origin”of America.
Key: ChristopherColumbus was often regarded as the founder of “America”, but it was very controversial becausethat Columbus who “discovered” America in fact thought that he had reached Asia. He was so convinced that he had reached the land ofthe great Khan that in his four voyages between 1492 and 1502, he interpretedeverything he saw according to his pre-established view of what Asia or Asians should look like.
“America” wasnamed after Amerigo Vespucci, an Italianmerchant, explorer and cartographer, who sailedto Brazilin 1501 under the Portuguese flag and he noted: “we arrived at a new land which... we observed to be a continent.” In 1503 his book Mundus Novus (The New World) was printed and was morewidely circulated than anything written by Columbus. Many people think that he was thevery person discovered “America”.
Martin Waldseemuller was a German geographer. He found Vespucci’s work when he was preparing a newedition of the world’s map. It was Waldseemuler who decided that the new landshould be named after its finder: Amerigo. On his 1507 world map, this Germangeographer marked the new territory—what he called the “fourth part” of theworld following Europe, Africa, and Asia—as “America”. Vespucci as an explorer is also controversial in that hefabricated the tale that he had made a 1497 voyage during which he found theSouthern American continent. It is quite possible that he made up the story tobeat Columbusas the first discoverer.
At any rate, it wasVespucci’s writings and Waldseemuller’s map that made Europeans aware of the “fourth part” of theworld. The Europeans then understood that Columbus’sdescription of the New World as a string ofAsian islands was quite misleading. At any rate, to the New World called “America”European settlers came in incessant waves.
2. Give some specific examples forthe argument that the “origin” of America is multicultural.
Key: There were many explorers from different nations came here andexerted their influence on the native people of the new land. For example, people came from England, brought with theirculture, religions, traditions and so on.
3. From the first few pages of this book, do you acquire anew understanding of “discoveries” of America? If so, what is this newunderstanding?
Key: Yes, I acquire a new understanding of “discoveries” of America.Before I read the passage, I thought it was Columbusthat discovered America,and there was nothing worthy of doubting about. But after I read it, I found thatthe fact was not like what I thought. I get new knowledge about the discoveriesof Americawhich enriched my mind.
At the same time, Irealize that histories were past, and everyone has the rights to explain it,perhaps, as he wants to. So, if we want to know histories in the way as itreally was, we should read materials as much as possible.
4. What is the story of the word “Indian”as it is applied to the indigenous people in America?
Key: When Columbus set sail from Spainon August 3, 1492, he was driven by the desire to find a convenient sea passageto the Orient, or, more specifically, a passage to the land of KublaiKhan as Marco Polo had described it in his 13th century travelogues. When hearrived at America, he wasso convinced that he had reached the land of the great Khan that in his fourvoyages between 1492 and 1502, he interpreted everything he saw according tohis pre-established view of what Asia orAsians should look like. He thought that he had reached Asia and the land underhis feet was India.So, the indigenous people in Americawere wrongly called “Indian”.
5. What are the consequences of the Native Americans’ “contact”with European settlers? Why do you think the word “contact” is used by some historians?
Key: Native Americans were greatly influenced and conquered by Europeansettlers, because Europeans at that time were very strong and aggressive, especially England, Span, France and soon. In fact, from Columbus’ friend’s informalaccount of their second voyage to America, we can see how quickly therelationship between the Europeans and the natives deteriorated.
Historians use “contact”mainly because that Native Americans and Europeans could not communicate witheach other in an effective way. At that time, there were so many strikingdifferences between them, economically, religiously, culturally, and politically.
6. What are “origin stories?” Givetwo examples.
Key: Origin stories are those dramatizing tribal interpretations of howthe earth originated or of how people established relationships with plants,animals and the cosmos. “Earth-Diver” and “First Beginning” are two typicaloriginal stories.
7. Give examples to explain “trickster tales” and “historicalnarratives” in Native American literature. Compare the discussion of NativeAmerican literature in this chapter with that in Chapter 26. Discuss thecontinuity.
Key: Trickster tales are humorous tales featuring trickster characters.Trickster figures are people in the form of animals such as Coyote, Raven, BlueJay, Mink, or Rabbit. One might also say that they are half animal and halfhuman. A good Chinese analogy for the “trickster” would be Sun Wukong theMonkey King.
Historical narratives arediverse in kinds. Some of them are tribal records of historical events. Manyother narratives feature legendary figures that move in recognizable historicalsettings. In such tales, the line between an actual event and tribal belief isblurred. Of this vast historical literature, many stories recount Europeancolonization from the perspective of Native Americans. For instance, to theYuchis, a tribe in the Southeast, white people emerged from the sea foam of theAtlantic. The Yuchi tale “Creation of theWhites” reveals so much of the emotions associated with the first encountersbetween the Europeans and the natives.
In the early time, mostNative American stories were orally passed on, these tales then have a performative dimension: they are notonly “told,”they are also “sung”as chants and songs, and dramatized in ritual dances. The main types of theirstories were origin stories, trickster tales and historical narratives. Whilein chapter 26, the Native American literature is in written form and thosewriters have their various themes and styles.
8. What is the Eurocentric thinking in the explorationwritings by Christopher Columbus and Captain John Smith? How is this thinkingspecifically is manifested?
Key: The Eurocentric thinking is that some people think that Europeis the center of the world and it holds the most important position in theworld.
Many Europeans think thatthey are the center of the world, and their culture, values, religion, economy,political system and so on are the best of the whole world. They think thatpeople in other parts of the world should submit to them. So, not long afterthat time, some European countries began to establish colonies around theworld. Even now, there are till many people in Europehold the same idea and try to exert their cultures, values, religious beliefsand so on over people in other parts of the world, especially of somedeveloping countries.

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