对外经济贸易大学英语学院861综合英语历年真题及详解

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2013年对外经济贸易大学英语学院861综合英语考研真题
2012年对外经济贸易大学英语学院861综合英语考研真题及详解
2011年对外经济贸易大学英语学院861综合英语考研真题及详解
2010年对外经济贸易大学英语学院861综合英语考研真题及部分答案
2009年对外经济贸易大学英语学院861综合英语考研真题及部分答案
2008年对外经济贸易大学英语学院861综合英语考研真题及详解
2007年对外经济贸易大学英语学院861综合英语考研真题及部分答案　
　　说明：对外经济贸易大学的“综合英语”考试科目代码从2007年以来一直是861，因此本书用861作为科目代码。
　　本书收录的7年真题中，除2013年外，其他年份试题均提供部分或完整答案解析。其中2007年真题参考答案包括除“第一部分 主题句”之外其他题的答案详解；2008年包含完整的答案解析；2009年真题答案包括语言学部分、翻译部分的答案；2010年提供翻译部分的答案；2011年和2012年提供除作文外试题的答案详解。
                                                                                                                                                                                                    内容简介                                                                                            
　　考研真题是每个考生复习备考必不可少的资料，而拥有一份权威、正确的参考答案尤为重要，通过研究历年真题能洞悉考试出题难度和题型，了解常考章节与重要考点，能有效指明复习方向。
　　《对外经济贸易大学英语学院861综合英语历年真题及详解》由圣才考研网组织人员严格按照对外经济贸易大学“861综合英语”考试大纲精心编写而成，解题思路清晰、答案详实。本书收录2007～2013年的考研真题，其中2007年试题提供除“第一部分 主题句”之外其他试题的答案详解；2008年试题包含完整的答案解析；2009试题包含语言学部分和翻译部分试题答案；2010年试题提供翻译部分答案；2011和2012年的试题提供作文以外试题的答案详解。因有些年份的考题比较陈旧或其他原因，部分年份的考题暂时未予以作答，后期一旦作答，将予以上传，学员将自动获得最新版本的产品内容。真正做到了一次购买，终身使用。
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2013年对外经济贸易大学英语学院861综合英语考研真题
Part I MultipleChoice (15%, 1.5 points each)
Choose oneappropriate answer that best completes the statement or answers the question.Mark the correct choice on the ANSWER SHEET
1. Which of the following is NOT a check on thepower of the American president that the Constitution gives Congress?
A. Congress can pass a law the president has vetoed.
B. Congress can reject the president’sselections of people to fill key positions in the Executive Office of thePresident.
C. Congress can reject a treaty the president hasnegotiated.
D. Congress can reject the president’s nominees for federaljudges.
2. Which of the following refers to the secretproject conducted by the United States during WWII that resulted in thecreation of the first atomic bombs and the eventual bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
A. Einstein Project
B. Project Alamogordo
C. Manhattan Project
D. Project Reactions
3. Which US President proposed a domestic planknown as The Great Society, that included extensive legislation aimed at endingracial injustice and poverty in America?
A. Franklin D. Roosevelt
B. John F. Kennedy
C. Lyndon B. Johnson
D. Bill Clinton
4. In the original draft of the Declaration ofIndependence, Thomas Jefferson directly quoted which Enlightenment philosopherwith regard to rights?
A. John Locke
B. Thomas Hobbes
C. Baron de Montesquieu
D. Jean Jacques Rousseau
5. What role doesCongress play in amending the Constitution in America?
A. Congress submits amendments to the states for theirapproval.
B. Congress approves or rejects amendments supported bytwo-thirds of the states.
C. The Senate approves proposed amendments by atwo-thirds vote, but the House plays little role in the process.
D. congress passes amendments by a two-thirdsvote, sending them to the president for his signature or veto.
6. Where was WilliamShakespeare born?
A. Stoke on Trent
B. Stratford
C. Stratford upon Avon
D. Newcastle
7.In Britain, you arrive for an appointment_______
A.10-15 minutes early
B.10-15 minutes late
C. whenever I get there
D.5-10 minutes late
8.Which parts of the UK is NOT regarded as a traditionally “Celtic” area?
A. Wales
B. The Isle of Man
C. Cornwall
D. Yorkshire
9. The “Home Office” inthe UK is the ministry responsible for which of the below?
A. Internal (British) affairs, immigration and publicsecurity.
B. Defense and the Armed Forces.
C. Foreign Policy and International relations
D. Relations with the European Union
10. Apart from _______,the following topics are conversation taboos in the Great Britain.
A. politics
B. prices
C. World War II
D. Falklands War
Part II True,False or Not Given (15%, 1.5 points each)
Read the twopassages below, and decide whether the statements that follow each passage areTRUE, FALSE or NOT GIVEN. Write the answers on your ANSWER SHEET.
Passage1
What the global brandeffect actually consists of is still unclear. The ambiguity of the global brand construct is evident in thediscrepancies between various definitions and rankings of global brands in thepopular and managerial literature. For example, two of the most visible suchrankings (one compiled by Interbrand and published in Business Week and theother a joint effort of Millward Brown Optimor and Euromonitor Internationalpublished in the Financial Times) shared only five of their top ten global brandsin their 2006 ranking, and none were ranked in the same spot. This ambiguity maybe even more pronounced in consumers’ minds. It is not dear what their understandingof global brands is or what importance they place on globality when evaluatingbrands. Even the large cross-country and multiyear database underlying Young& Rubicam’s (Y&R’s) Brand Asset Valuator model lacks measures ofperceived brand globality. Moreover, relevant empirical research has naturallyinvolved actual marketplace brands, raising the possibility that the effect isconfounded by a brand equity effect. Global brands are typically larger thanlocal or domestic brands and therefore are also likely to be perceived asstronger and more powerful. An appropriate way to control for such confoundwould be to include in the database both global and local brands that arejudged to be equally strong, thus varying mainly in terms of globality.
However, it is difficult to account (conceptually andstatistically) for all the associations evoked by actual brand names and toisolate the pure globality effect. To illustrate, two rival brands such as Nikeand New Balance differ in their level of globality, but they also differ in termsof the prompted brand associations, positioning, segmentation, and other morebasic respects, including range of products, designs, and country ofmanufacturing. The distinction we make is that between a category prototype (theglobal brand label) and category exemplars (specific brand names). Theliterature on categorization levels supports the claim that using brand nameswhen evaluating global brands in general can produce spurious results.Archambault, O’Donnell, and Schyns (1999) demonstrate that learning tocategorize an object as general or specific may help a person perceivedifferent features in the object. Along these lines, providing consumers withspecific brand exemplars essentially primes them with idiosyncratic brandequity associations that cannot be easily suppressed. Indeed, in a brandextension context, Mao and Krishnan (2006) show the distinction betweenconsumer perceptions of brand prototype fit and product exemplar fit, as drivenby two distinct evaluative processes(top-down and parallel attitude transfer,respectively).
Accordingly, questionnaire items evaluating consumerperceptions of attributes of Nike or Coke as global brands will elicitspecific, idiosyncratic attribute associations with these brands regardless ofthe global brand qualifier. It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that toevaluate consumers’ attitudes toward global brands in general, researchers mustavoid biasing brand names.
Finally, does it make sense to expect consumers to haveformed and be able to articulate attitudes toward general brand categories,such as the global brand, in the absence of being primed with specificexemplars thereof? Research by Crowley, Spangenberg, and Hughes (1992) suggeststhat the answer is affirmative and that, for example, consumers have reasonablydear perceptions of the hedonic and utilitarian dimensions of various productcategories. In a similar vein, we expect that, though not always salient,perceptions of and attitudes toward global brands are easily retrievable forconsumers, albeit perhaps colored by individual difference filters such aseducation, ethnocentrism, age, and so on.
In general, there are at least two possible consumerinterpretations of the global brand construct. On the one hand, it might bethat brand globality is simply a distinct brand attribute that is consideredand weighted in the evaluation process much like other attributes (e.g.,quality, functionality, price, image). On the other hand, it could be that theconsumer does not explicitly evaluate the globality of a brand but thatglobality operates nonetheless as a halo effect, similar to the way country oforigin can affect evaluations of more objective product attributes. Bothalternatives could viably explain specific market-place behaviors.
From a theoretical perspective, the globality construct isrelated to the country-of-origin construct. Both can have a direct effect as abrand attribute and an indirect effect as a halo. A halo perspective wouldsuggest that the global brand effect involves the biasing of perceived brandattributes, favoring the global brand. This is suggested by some of theexisting research. Thus, consumers in the developing world harbor aspirationstoward a global brand because it helps them identify with the world outside.For consumers in developed countries, a brand’s globality could imply worldwidesuccess and, thus, the seal of approval of a wide marketplace audience.Furthermore, Boatwright, Kalra, and Zhang (2008) show that consumers’ use of ahalo is consistent with the goal of minimizing risk, and thus the global brandhalo might exist as a positive effect that entails minimizing choice risk.Therefore, for consumers, a generalized positive sentiment could be manifestedas a halo effect favoring the global brand. Analyzing brand equity, scholarsfind that the halo effect is a systematic bias in attribute ratings resultingfrom raters’ tendency to rely on overall affect rather than carefullydiscriminating among conceptually distinct and potentially independent brandattributes.
Statements 11-15
11. The title of the passage can be Cognitiveand Affective Reactions of Consumers to Global Brands.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
12. When consumers think of a global brand, theythink of wide recognition, availability, and brand equity.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
13. Global brand equity involves both specificbenefit associations and an unmeasured component attached to the brand.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
14. Self-reported indifference to or outrightdislike of global brands is not necessarily representative of consumers’ trueattitudes.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
15. Affective component of consumers’ responsesto the globality aspect might be what drives the success of global brands.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
Passage 2
The analysis of early online diary writing andblogging shows their role as keyprocedures in the elaboration of singular identities. Foucault’s theories ofsubjectivity can help to understand how users produced and enacted the identitiesof the online diarist and the early blogger through certain technologies of theself and singular processes of subjectivation. We need to reconsider the roleof materiality in processes of self-formation, a dimension of analysis oftenneglected by scholars interested in the notion of technologies of the self.
This study reveals the mutual shaping of technology aspractical reason and technology as materiality. That is, the emergence of theidentities of both online diarists and bloggers rested on the mutualarticulation of particular techniques of the self (technology in Foucault’ssense) and websites with certain material features to support them (technology,as artifacts). The notion of technology thus helps destabilize the distinctionbetween practice and artifact. This analysis resonates with research on “co-construction”.Studies alone this line have sought to “go beyond technological deterministviews of technology and essentialist views of users’ identities” and rimssuggest that the identities of both users and technologies are mutuallydefined. This paper contributes to this body of work by showing how materialityand practice are bound, together in processes of co-construction. From thisperspective, the rise of online diaries, weblogs, and the identities of their usersmust be thought of as a mutually defining process in which both artifacts andself-fashioning techniques were an outcome of the other.
On the one hand, practices of the self such as writingabout ordinary events, sharing introspective comments, posting hyperlinks, andannotating these links, played an important part in the constitution of onlinediaries and weblogs as artifacts. Online diarists, for instance, tried toextend the centuries-old practices that defined diary writing into a new phaseof development on the Web. To this end, users adopted self-forming practicesoften thought to be of a private nature and adapted their websites for thepublic performance of these practices online. In the case of blogs, usersenvisioned the website as an embodiment of techniques devoted to discoveringand revealing the self through the selection of external data. The performanceof the self through blogging also found an important material expression in theuse of the reverse chronological order as the format of these websites. Fromthis perspective, technology as artifact is a crystallization of Foucault’stechnologies of the self. Sterne (2003, p.376) defines technology in this senseas a materialization of embodied knowledge: “Technology is a repeatable social,cultural and material process, crystallized into a mechanism or set of relatedmechanisms. People design and use technologies to enhance or promote certainactivities and discourage others.”
On the other hand, technologies of the self can also beenvisioned as an outcome of technologies as artifacts. That is, theestablishment of online diary writing and blogging as self-fashioningtechniques rested on the configuration of online diaries and blogs as certaintypes of websites with particular kinds of material features. For example, as agenre with a set of established purposes and affordances, the offline diaryprovided a model for expanding practices of the self into the Web context.
Although it departed from its offline counterpart in thatit aimed to transform the process of introspection into a relatively publicperformance, the online diary retained its form as a “series of dated traces,”which has characterized this artifact throughout its history. In a similarmanner, as a key feature in early weblogs, hyperlinks allowed bloggers tomanage a relationship with the self that was based on the constant search forexternal information and its continual interpretation. The establishment of theweblog as a type of website distinct from online diaries was also crucial inthe constitution of the blogger identity in that it provided a material markerthat distinguished early users from their constitutive outside.
Furthermore, the stabilization of weblogs as a singularkind of artifact played a crucial role in the formation of the blogger identityin its contemporary form. As the affordances of weblogs standardized, usersappropriated them to combine a variety of practices that had characterized othertechnologies of the self, most notably diary writing.
Thus, although the distinction between diaries and weblogswas central in the emergence of the latter, once weblogs stabilized, onlinediarists and early bloggers turned to them both to write comments about dailylife and share annotated hyperlinks. In this sense, technology as artifactaffords the possibility to relate various practices of the self and, therefore,helps individuals to occupy multiple subject positions. As users appropriatedthe weblog as a flexible artifact for integrating techniques of the self previouslyseparated, the blogger identity gained new modes of identification that hadbeen considered foreign. Consequently, after 1999, the blogger identityencompassed technologies of the self that were associated with both onlinediary writing and early blogging. This transformation of the notion of theblogger is a reminder to conceptualize identification as “a construction, aprocess never completed — always in process”.
Statements 16-20
16. The emergence of user identities on theInternet must be thought of as a process of mutual configuration betweenparticular types of artifacts and certain practices for fashioning the self.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
17. The identities of the blogger and the bloghave coevolved over time, and their process of co-construction has been thesame in different contexts at distinct points in time.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
18. As the popularity of blogs as a means forsharing various types of content on the Web has increased, the blogger identityhas gained new modes of identification.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
19. Present-day characterizations of the bloggerencompass a broad repertoire of meanings and practices.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
20. Blogging has also been tied to the notion of“micro-blogging,” which usually involves a combination of hyperlinks and shortcomments about the self.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
Part III BlankFilling (20%)
Passage 1 (10%, 2 pointseach)
Answer the questionsat the end of this passage by filling in the blanks with the required number ofwords. Some words can be found in the text, while others must be inventedaccording to the context. Write the answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
It was Hegel who showed us how terror springsstraight from the heart of thebourgeois social order. The absolute freedom of that society—“freedomin a void,” as Hegel scathingly called it—acknowledges no bounds, and is thusdoomed to a raging, unappeasable fury. For all its materialism, it harbors avirulent hatred of finitude. If it seems to yearn for the carnal world,stuffing more and more colonies, conquests, and commodities into its insatiablemaw, it is really only because it wishes to pound that world to pieces in itsmurderous infantile aggression. Like Conrad’s crazed professor in The SecretAgent it is the ultimate anarchist, wishing to wipe the slate clean andstart again ex nihilo, in a demonic reversal of divine creation. Like God, itis entirely self-causing and self-originating, confessing no dependency beyonditself. Like all desire (a phenomenon which some dewy-eyed postmodernists oddlyregard as positive), it is in love only with itself. For how can any of itsvarious self-realizations not seem wretchedly trivial in contrast to its ownboundlessness? The various objects of this furious freedom are thus alsoobstructions to it. So it is logical, as Hegel sees, that it will end up byconsuming itself, confronting itself as its own worst enemy and disappearinginto its own sublime nothingness. Operation Infinite Freedom has been tried oncealready and failed. It is known as the Faust legend.
The freedom of modernity is not, to be sure, merelynothing. Only the George Steiners of this world, in their monotone way, regardeverything that happened from the Enlightenment onward as a disastrous declension,while naturally taking full advantage of many of that epoch’s precious bequests(free speech, plastic bags, redress against torture, central heating, and thelike). As this issue of New Literary History makes ironically plain, theGeorge Steiners of this world include, on this count at least, some of thosewho look with most disfavor on Steiner’s own elitism. There are some curiousbedfellows between these covers (or “weird,” as the American nee-Gothic jargonhas it), as the anti-Enlightenment rhetoric of cultural reaction joins forcesfrom time to time with the language of the more radical and right-on. As far asthe latter goes, one might allude to the essay by Michel Maffesoli, of whichone might charitably remark that something has no doubt been lost in thetranslation.
The truth, however, is that for millions of previouslydumped and discarded men and women, modernity has been an enthrallingemancipation. Some on the cultural left tend to forget that democracy,equality, socialism, feminism, trade unionism, and anti-colonialism are as muchproducts of modernity as profiteroles or the panopticon.” Theontological homelessness which George Steiner sees as the curse of ourcondition is also the source of our creativity—which is to say that our culpais felix, our Fall fortunate, our disabilities enabling. Without this divorcefrom the sensuous at-homeness of our fellow animals, we would indeed not enduremost of the privations and oppressions that we do, but neither would we be ableto compose sonnets or symphonies, or write distinguished essays in US journalsabout our not-at-homeness. Our fall up from the creaturely innocence of thebeasts into history, language, and power is as much loss and gain as modernityitself. But to register this requires a habit of thought known as thedialectical, which we now know to be totalizing and tyrannical.
Questions 1-5
1. It can be inferred from the first paragraphthat Hegel holds a _______ (1 word) attitude towards the _______ (2 words) inthe bourgeois society.
2. By using the phrase “insatiable maw”, theauthor is trying to compare something to a greedy b_______. (1 word)
3. According to theauthor, what enjoys full autonomy in the bourgeois society?
4. The author refers to George Steiners aspeople who are self-contradictory in their attitude towards the _______. (3words)
5. A certain kind of human condition is notentirely negative, in that it stimulates our c_______ . (1 word)
Passage 2 (10%, 2 pointseach)
Match the followingstatements with 5 of the passages below marked with A, B, C, D or E, accordingto the gist of each passage. One passage may be referred to twice. There is oneextra passage you don’t have to use.
A. The man Dickens whom the world at largethought it knew stood for all the Victorian virtues—probity, kindness, hardwork, sympathy for the down-trodden, the sanctity of domestic life—even as hisnovels exposed the violence, hypocrisy, greed, and cruelty of the Victorianage. He was the defender of the poor and helpless, and the scourge of corruptinstitutions—Parliament, the education establishment, the law. He was theunrivaled propagandist for Christmas. And he was before all else the greatest comicwriter in the language—in any language. Perhaps the world’s view of him was anunconscious reflection of his first immortal creation, the benign, universally belovedSamuel Pickwick, Esq.
B. First came a deluge of memoirs by those whoknew him, including two slim hagiographie volumes by his other daughter, Mamie,and another by his one unquestionably successful son, Sir Henry (Harry)Fielding Dickens, an admired jurist. Biographies proliferated, includingrespectable if limited ones by Andre Maurois and Edward Wagenknecht. And therewere many acute critical assessments by, among others, the singularlydissimilar George Gissing and G.K. Chesterton, plus a variety of public andprivate remarks by Shaw himself, who not only recognized that DavidCopperfield was a cheat as self-revelation—” Clennam [Little Dorrit] andPip [Great Expectations] are the real autobiographies”—but in a letterto Katey pinned down the nature and scope of Dickens’s genius:
All I can tell you is that your father was neither astoryteller like Scott, nor a tittle-tattler like Thackeray: he was really aperplexed and amused observer like Shakespeare.
C. The immense Dickens literature of the sixtyor seventy years following his death was, then, largely personal in approachand tone, the product not only of people who had known him or had lived in hisimmediate wake, but of those like Gissing and Chesterton who wrote under thepressure—and anxiety—of his towering influence. A little later, he might be outof favor with “modern” writers like Virginia Woolf and E.M. Forster, but therewas no way they could ignore him. It was only by the close of the 1930s thatserious critics and biographers were able to address his life and work disinterestedly.Edmund Wilson’s “The Two Scrooges” and George Orwell’s “Charles Dickens” arethe two superb essays—both, oddly, published in 194o-that are the harbingers ofthe new Dickens criticism, to be followed by Lionel Trilling, V.S. Pritchett,Graham Greene, J.B. Priestley, and many other insightful commentators. And thescholarly work has never ceased. The journal The Dickensian, launched in.19o5,is still flourishing.
D. Dickens’s treatment of Catherine, we now haveto acknowledge, is an inexcusable blot on his personal history and hischaracter, as well as an indication of the powerful psychic derangement he wasundergoing in mid-life. They had married young, after his anguished and fruitlesscourtship of the pretty, flirtatious Maria Beadnell, who led him on, thenshooed him away, obviously not deeply smitten by this handsome, entertaining—andcallow—boy who was making his way as a court reporter, but had no realprospects. It’s easy to see in retrospect that his feelings for her were calflove, but they were passionate, long-lasting, and led to intense humiliation.No doubt to salve his wounded feelings he quickly turned to Catherine Hogarth,from a family of some distinction—her father was the editor of The EveningChronicle, a newspaper for which young Charles was now writing. Catherinewas placid, admiring, and easily led, and his wooing of her was hardly fervent.What he was looking for, after the emotional upheavals of Maria, was a wiferather than a lover, a family of his own, and a settled establishment. His needto locate himself in middle-class domesticity was so strong that he simplyallied himself with the first appropriate girl who came along.
E. The sad truth is that the modestlyintelligent and not very worldly Catherine couldn’t really share either hisworking life or his inner life, and as he became more and more of a worldfigure, he began to express his dissatisfaction in letters to Forster. His deepestunhappiness lay in his growing sense that he was missing out on the most importantthing in life: a fulfilling relationship with a woman. By his early forties he hadconvinced himself that life with Catherine was unendurable, and that he had to befree of her. Divorce was not a possibility for him in mid-Victorian England, but as always he would not be thwarted, and he gave orders that his dressing roomwas to be sealed off from his and Catherine’s bedroom. He would, he informedCatherine, occasionally turn up in London from their house in the country andstay with her to demonstrate to the world that they were still a couple. Buttheir life as man and wife was over.
Questions 1-5
1. This author was thechampion of the socially disadvantaged.
2. This passageprovides some psychological reasons for the subject’s choice of a spouse.
3. This passage datesthe appearance of objective academic studies of the subject.
4. One person in thispassage corrects a popular misconception.
5. This writer wentthrough a period in which he was not much appreciated.
Part IVExplanation (30%, 5 points each)
Explain in Englishthe underlined words or phrases in the following sentences briefly (within 100words for each answer). Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. The senate’s GOPleaders also voted for the bill.
2. The Corn Lawwas passed by the parliament and caused widespread protests.
3. So vows our intrepidjournalist and narrator as he sets off with his indomitable sidekick Perky tounearth the Noble Savage, more myth than man.
4. Combining the triviumand quadrivium results in the seven liberal arts of classical study.
5. D-Daywill go down in human history as a crucial event that reshaped the world.
6. Members of BlackMuslims rejected Christianity as a religion of white people and embracedIslam.
Part V Translation(35%)
Translate thefollowing Chinese passages into English. Write the answers on your ANSWERSHEET.
全面提高开放型经济水平
适应经济全球化新形势，必须实行更加积极主动的开放战略，完善互利共赢、多元平衡、安全高效的开放型经济体系。要加快转变对外经济发展方式，推动开放朝着优化结构、拓展深度、提高效益方向转变。创新开放模式，促进沿海内陆沿边开放优势互补，形成引领国际经济合作和竞争的开放区域，培育带动区域发展的开放高地。坚持出口和进口并重，强化贸易政策和产业政策协调，形成以技术、品牌、质量、服务为核心的出口竞争优势，促进加工贸易转型升级，发展服务贸易，推动对外贸易平衡发展。提高利用外资综合优势和总体效益，推动引资、引技、引智有机结合。加快走出去步伐，增强企业国际化经营能力，培育一批世界水平的跨国公司。统筹双边、多边、区域次区域开放合作，加快实施自由贸易区战略，推动同周边国家互联互通。提高抵御国际经济风险能力。
Part VI Writing(35%)
Write an Englishproposal of 300 words on the following topic. Your writing will be assessed forlanguage, format, structure, content and length. Write it on your ANSWER SHEET.
My proposal on strategies of intercultural businesscommunication to Chinese investors overseas
2012年对外经济贸易大学英语学院861综合英语考研真题及详解
Part I Multiple Choice (15%)
Choose one appropriate answers that best completes the statementor answers the question. Mark the correct choice on your ANSWER SHEET.
1. At the time of its conception, which of the followinghad the largest impact on the United States’ national economy in terms of encouragingmass production for a national market of consumers?
A. The railroad system
B. The Erie Canal
C. The Cumberland Road
D. The Oregon Trail
2.Which of these events resulted from United States Cold War strategy?
A. Defeat of Germany in World War I
B. U.S. involvement in the Korean War
C. The bombing of the U.S.S. Cole
D. U.S. occupation of the Philippines and Guam
3. Most people of which nationality or race werebarred from immigration into the United States during a 60-year period started in1882?
A. Chinese
B. African
C. Mexican
D. Irish
4. The United States government sponsored FulbrightProgram seeks to promote which of the following goals through scholarships, grants,and educational programs?
A. Increasing minority pursuit of advanced science and mathdegrees
B. Improving international understanding and relations
C. Increased enrollment of American students in our nation’suniversities and Colleges
D. Balancing political outlooks on college campuses
5. Which term originating in the United States, refers to an approach to international relations that involves peaceful negotiationsbackup by the threat of military force if needed?
A. Big stick diplomacy
B. Multilateral diplomacy
C. First step diplomacy
D. Peace diplomacy
6.What was the significance of Harvard University’ June 1947 commencement speech given by then Secretary of State, George Marshall?
A. It proposed greatly expanded involvement in internationaltrade by the United States.
B. It suggested a rapid military build up by the U. S. in Western Europe.
C. It suggested the division of influence in Europeinto eastern and western blocks conceding some control to the Soviet Union.
D. It proposed a European developed plan for postwar reconstruction financially aided by the United.
7.England first became a naval power with an Empire under_______.
A. Elizabeth the First
B. Victoria
C. Edward the Seventh
D. Henry the Second
8.Which exam do school students in England and Wales take at the age of 16?
A. Bachelor of Arts
B. GCSE
C. AS levels
D. SAT
9.Which of the statements about UK universities below is FALSE?
A. The university system in Scotland and Northern  Ireland is not the same as that in England and Wales.
B. Studentfees at UK universities are high and students typically have to finance themselveswith bank loans.
C. Any student who leaves schoolwith a leaving (matriculation) certificate has a guaranteed place at university.
D. Manypeople from overseas study in the UK. It has the highest graduation rate in Europe for 21-year-olds.
10.Which of these parts of the UK does NOT have its own legislative assembly?
A. England
B. Scotland
C. Wales
D. Northern Ireland
Part II True, False or Not Given (15%)
Read the two passages below, and decide whether the statementsthat follow each passage are TRUE, FALSE or NOT GIVEN. Write the answers on yourANSWER SHEET.
As a complicated multifaceted construct, nation brandingis dependent on the context such as other countries, special events or occasions.A brand is a multidimensional assortment of functional, emotional, relational andstrategic elements that collectively generate a unique set of associations in thepublic mind. Every country has a unique name and images in the minds of people bothinside and outside the country, and therefore a nation does have brands. A nation brand is the total sum of allperceptions of a nation in the minds of international stakeholders, which maycontain some of the following elements: people, place, culture/language, history,food, fashion, famous faces (celebrities), global brands and so on. A nation’s ‘brand’exists, with or without any conscious efforts in nation branding, as each countryhas a certain image to its international audience, be it strong or weak, currentor outdated, clear or vague.
What nation branding concerns is the image and reputationthat a nation enjoys in the world. A nation’s image is defined by the people outsidethe country; their perceptions are influenced by stereotyping, media coverage aswell as personal experience. Similar to commercial brands, a nation’s image canbe repackaged, repositioned and communicated in a professional manner.
As a complicated multifaceted construct, nation brandingis dependent on the context such as other countries, special events or occasions.The biggest challenge in nation branding is how to communicate a single image ormessage to different audiences in different countries. The image of a nation isso complex and fluid that it defies the clarity implicit in a term such as brandimage; and different parts of a nation’s identity come into focus on the internationalstage at different times. In theory, nation branding calls for communicating ina coordinated and consistent manner with multiple stakeholders. In reality, it isimpossible to develop such a simple core message about a country that can be usedby different industry sectors in different countries. One slogan, one campaign,no matter how clever or creative, cannot sell everything to everyone. It would bemore meaningful and practical to have nation branding to be conceptualized, measuredand executed at one of the sublevels (as a place brand, event brand or export brand).
Nation branding is not a myth. The impact of nationbranding should not be exaggerated or dismissed. For a nation to change its image,it first needs to change its behavior. Then, equally important, it needs to tellall people in the world about the changes. This is because images of a nation willnot automatically change after the changes in reality. The way for a nation to gaina better reputation is to communicate to the international audience as to how goodthey are this practice is called nation branding.
Statements:
1.Countries may or may not have their nation brands.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOTGIVEN
2. A nation brand is the total sum of all self and others’ perceptions ofa nation.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
3.A nation’s brand can hardly be changed,
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
4.Nation branding can be constructed at multifaceted levels.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
5.A nation’s image will change after the reality changes.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
Passage 2
Cross-cultural adaptation has long enjoyed the attentionof researchers and theorists. In l908, Georg Simmel wrote his classic essay “TheStranger” in which he analyzed the role and position of strangers in indigenousgroups. Simmel’s paper contained an abstract reflection on the nature of being astranger. In a more detailed analysis Afred Schuetz looked at the dynamics of cross-culturaladaptation. Cross-cultural adaptation can be analyzed as a state or as a process.Defined as state, adaptation is the degree of fit between individual and environment.Defined as process, adaptation is the acculturation of the newcomer, or the convergenceover time of behaviors, values, norms and underlying assumptions of the individualwith those prevailing in the environment. Adaptation can be imagined as consistingof three different dimensions: behaviors, cognitions and emotions. It is unclearwhat a “desirable” level of adaptation to the local culture is. The business literaturediscusses this in terms of dual allegiance and the paradox of blending in whilemaintaining strong ties to home. A widely discussed view of adaptation sees theprocess as one that follows a U-curve, where expatriates’ paths to effective functioninglead them through a stage of “shock”.
The use of the term “shock”to describe some of the experiences of a stranger entering a new cultural environmenthas a long history. Lysgaard (1955) first described a U-shaped adjustment processin a study of Norwegian Fulbright grantees spending time in the United States. After an initial period of elation and excitement about the adventure ofbeing abroad, the expatriate enters an “adjustment ‘crisis’”. As the individualfinds him- or herself unable to establish intimate personal relationships and tointegrate into groups, he or she may develop feelings of loneliness and homesickness.Oberg (1960) has introduced the standard term of “culture shock” for this secondstage of the adaptation process. Only after a period of six months or more, willthe expatriate be entirely comfortable with the new environment and be able to function“normally”. Gullahorn and Gullahorn (1963) pointed out that this type of processis not limited to cross-cultural moves. Rather when one is seriously engaged increative efforts or is deeply involved in a learning experience of emotional significance,the U-curve appears. The salience of negative emotions is a defining characteristicof culture shock. Gullahorn and Gullahorn(1963) have extended the U-curve hypothesis on the time dimension to include notonly overseas but also repatriation adjustment and called this the W-curve.
Lysgaard found the U-curve of adaptation by arbitrarilydividing respondents in three groups by length of stay up to six months, more thansix up to eighteen months, and more than eighteen months. This approach producedinteresting results. But to this day the U-Curve hypothesis has eluded theoreticalformulation that would allow prediction with any kind of accuracy. Shortly afterits initial appearance and over the years many authors have questioned the correctnessthe U-curve hypothesis and criticized the merely descriptive nature of U-curve andculture shock. Church (1982) has called into question the initial claim that U-curvedadaptation refers to a genuine time process that every grantee must be assumed tohave passed through. Black and Mendenhall (1991) suggested that adaptation may followa J- or a linear pattern. Ward, Okura, Kennedy, and Kojima (1998) provided furtherevidence against the U-curve hypothesis, based on one of the few longitudinal datasets in the field. The elusive quality of the adaptation process may stem from itssheer complexity. In addition, many of the variables that have a bearing on theprocess are situational and often relate to chance-type outcomes of singular interactionsequences. Such interactions may change the attitudinal stance of the expatriate,setting perceptual filters to take more notice of particular events. An accumulationof what are perceived as unpleasant experiences upon arrival in a new country maytrigger a downward spiral into culture shock, which may cause mean strain; a senseof loss and feelings of deprivation; rejection; confusion; surprise, anxiety, disgustand indignation; and feelings of impotence.
Statements:
6. Schuetz believed cross-cultural adaptation can be analyzed as a stateor as a process.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
7.The ideal cross-cultural adaptation is assimilation.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
8. U-Curvehypothesis can be used to explain phenomena other than cross-cultural moves.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
9.U-Curve hypothesis can predict adaptation process with accuracy.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
10.Culture shock may lead to diverse negative emotions.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
Part III Blank Filling (20%)
Passage 1
Answer the questions at the end of Passage l by writing youranswer briefly or filling in the blanks with the required number of words. Somewords can be found in the text, while others must be invented according to the context.Write the answers on your ANSWER SHEET.
Clearly, psychoanalysis inits pure form is an appropriate treatment for only a small minorityof patients. It is suitable for someonewho has the capacity and the motivation to participate in the treatment, has enoughresources in his or her psychological life to be maintained through its pains andfrustrations, is not suffering so acutely that he or she needs more comforting andreassurance than can be a part of the psychoanalytic process, and who can’t be helpedby another treatment that would be quicker and more effective. In my experiencethat means it is appropriate for only a minority of people.
Most people who want help with their problems shouldn’tbe in analysis. Some should. There are a lot of people who seek help. There is noshortage of people who can be helped by analysis, just as there is no shortage ofpeople who can be helped by other treatments. There is a shortage of treatmentsavailable rather than a shortage of patients. At the same time, the psychoanalyticcommunity—the clinical part of the community, not the part that worries about whetherit is a science or a hermeneutic strategy, whether Freud’s data was methodologicallysound; or who have read Adolph Grünbaum’s latest book—the part of the communitythat treats patients has been very interested in trying to expand the range of peoplewho can be helped by psychoanalytic treatment. They no longer try in the same wayas in the post-war period, by applying it to chronic major psychoses, but ratherin expanding it at its margins. Freud started one hundred years ago in treatingpeople with symptomatic neuroses, first with conversion symptoms, then with phobias,obsessions, and anxiety attacks, and then expanded it to people with character disorderswhich are modeled on the same kinds of conflicts, defense mechanisms and dynamicsas those symptomatic neuroses. Today there is a great deal of interest in lookingat patients with more pervasive, more primitive, more severe character pathology—pathologywhich is not major mental illness, not psychosis, but involves dynamics that gobeyond the kind that Freud and his immediate followers understood and treated. Theseare people with major problems that are pervasive in their lives and human relationships,impaired capacities for pleasure, and a disturbed experience of self We have developedpsychoanalytic techniques for treating and helping such patients—in fact, the majorityof clinical advances in psychoanalysis in the last few decades have been devotedto this task, to the treatment of patients with borderline or narcissistic personalitydisorders.
In summary, compared to a few decades ago we havemany more treatments in psychiatry, some of which are very good. There are manyconditions for which more than one treatment is available. We’re expanded the domainof patients for whom psychoanalytic treatments are useful and, at our best, we tryto help patients select among the choices they have.
1. Only a person willing to cooperate with the doctor can receive unadulterated______ (1 word).
2. One can infer that going to the ______ [the practitionerof this profession] (1 word) is the last resort when other remedies fail to producebetter effects.
3. The number of ______ (1 word) is larger than the number of ______ (1 word).
4. By comparison, today’s academic interests in thisdiscipline are ______ (1 word) than its classical period.
5. Find in the passage the two words for the following two definitions:　
A. very close to not being acceptable
B. self-admiring
Passage 2
In the following passage, five sentences are taken out of thetext and placed in random order at the end of the passage. Fill in each of the gapswith a letter of your choice. There is all extra sentence you don’t have to choose.Write the answers on your ANSWER SHEET.
For lack of a better expression,we call the romantic component of democratic optimism the view that the more primitivepart of society, which is also the larger, possesses, by virtue of its very primitiveness,some sort of superior wisdom. (1______) Accustomed as we are to scoff at romanticattitudes, we are not much aware of the operation of romantic primitivism in ourown conceptions. Yet few men, today as well as in earlier ages, are entirely freefrom the postulation that soundness and virtue are principally found where the nativehue of resolution is least sicklied o’er with the pale cast of thought, Think ofour reactions to the calamities of the last decade; our burden would have been tooheavy had we not assumed, though perhaps silently, that the great monstrositiesthat we were witnessing were entirely traceable to distinguished men and that underneathcorrupt aristocrats, debased intellectuals, pitiable victims of illusory virtues,robber-barons, plebeians-in-chief, etc., there remained the good people, misledinto crime but free from criminal dispositions and invulnerable to the diabolicpedagogy of its masters. (2______) Such views are common among revolutionists andnot foreign to conservatives: witness the willingness of the latter, in our time,to believe that the Russian people, in spite of thirty-three years of Bolshevikpedagogy, have retained all the virtues, including religion, that they are supposedto have traditionally possessed.
The legacy of the eighteenth century, in this connection,is ambiguous: (3______) another holds that good manners, the exacting laws of civilizedconversation, the development of aesthetic taste, love for poetry and music produceabhorrence for the sight of human blood and an exquisite sensitiveness which renderscrime repugnant and in the long run should make it impossible.
One thing can be held, at once, for certain: eitherof these views is unwarranted and misleading if it is asserted on principle andin systematic fashion. Not experience but our wish prompts us to assign either partof society as the main dwelling place of evil. (4______) Let such wishful thinkingbe brushed aside and our minds be open to the full reality of the bad inclinationswhich are or may be particularly frequent in any part of society. The whole questionis whether there attaches to primitiveness or, more precisely, to the kind of primitivenessfound in the so-called “lower classes” of our societies any positive quality whichmay act, through universal suffrage, for the public welfare. The question is obscure,and it is not certain that questions of that kind admit of perfectly definite answers.
The great calamities of the twentieth century gavethe few moralists who care for such interesting topics many opportunities to verifythe old, but never popular, remark that men of refined culture are capable of distinguishedcruelty. (5______) The relevant thing would be to identify the distinct kind ofinhumanity which seems to be conditioned by culture. As a first step towards suchidentification, let it be remarked that cultural refinement often favors the constructionof patterns greatly at variance with existing reality and a feeling that these patternsought to be realized regardless of the destruction that their realization may imply.
A. Who has never dreamed of the forces of evil beingdefinitively curbed by the liquidation of some upper class, and of the liberationof the treasures of humanity—kindness, sound instincts, etc.—contained in the thickmass of the unsophisticated people?
B. one tradition depicts the ignorant barbarian askindhearted and generous;
C. It would be arbitrary to suppose that the crueltyof the cultured person is worse than that of the barbarian, but it seems that thecultured person has his own way of being inhuman,
D. As is known, this view plays an important partin Rousseau, in the ideology on which the French Revolution throve, and in the RomanticMovement in general.
E. True, realizing the presence of evil and its magnitudein our immediate neighborhood and in our own heart is often too much for our nerves;so we relegate evil, or the major part of it, into the social section that we supposeto be farthest away from our own selves.
F. A new sense for the absolute develops, but itsobject is man-made.
Part IV Explanation (30%)
Explain in English the underlined words or phrases in the followingsentences briefly (within 100 words for each answer) and write your answers on theANSWER SHEET
1. They were under the illusion that they had been sent here as “pioneers”for the Third Reich.
2. In this country, the NHS has been turnedinto a political football and faces disintegration or dismantling.
3. In this picture, the GrimReaper is cutting down youth in its prime.
4. Hardly less characteristic of our age is that repulsive booze-snobbery,born of Prohibition.
5. The biologist Rachel Carson (1907—1964) publishedSilent Spring in l962, first as a seriesin The New Yorker, then as a book.
6. The Battle of Midway Islandwas a turning point of the Pacific campaign.
Part V Translation (35%)
Translate the following Chinese passages into English. Writethe answers on your ANSWER SHEET.
1)这次国际金融危机再次证明，保持金融稳定，防范和化解风险是金融发展的永恒主题，必须正确处理金融创新、开放与监管的关系。中美两国在金融市场发育和建设、组织制度创新等方面处于不同的发展阶段，中国的金融发展和创新不足。我们将在确保金融安全稳定的前提下，坚持深化金融改革，扩大金融对外开放。完善金融监管，全面提高金融服务经济发展的能力。中美两国金融合作潜力很大，双方应深入交流，加强合作，构建强有力的金融体系。
2)在当前困难时期，中关双方更应当同舟共济，共渡难关，共同保持两国贸易投资发展势头。中国扩大内需政策措施的实施，必将对世界经济起到巨大的拉动作用。我们会努力扩大自美国进口，也希望美方放宽对华高技术出口。双方应积极推进双边投资保护协定的谈判，希望美方平等对待中国在美投资企业，确保中国在美资产安全。中关双方还应当利用当前产业结构调整的时机，加强新能源、生物技术等新兴产业的合作，培育新的合作增长点。
Part VI Writing (35%)
Write on English proposal of 300 words, in which you presentsome recommendations on the following topic to the small and medium-sized enterprises(SMZ) in China. Your writing will be assessed for language, format, structure, contentand length. Write it on your ANSWER SHEET.
Proposal to “go green and international” in enterprise development.
参考答案及解析
Part I Multiple Choice
1.A The United States railroad system revolutionized transportation of goods and people in thenineteenth and twentieth centuries allowing finished products to reach manymore consumers.
2.B A major U.S. objective during the Cold War period was to halt the spread of Communism and Sovietinfluence. The U.S. entered the Korean Civil War in support of the South whenit became apparent that the North was being aided by Soviet advisors andmilitary supplies.
3.A The ChineseExclusion Act banned most Chinese immigration into the United States from 1882 until 1943. It was the first immigration law to create a ban based on raceor nationality and was passed in large part due to public prejudice andreaction to mass immigration following economic and political upheaval in China.
4.B The FulbrightProgram was established in 1946, and in 2005, the U.S. appropriated $144million dollars to its funding. The program encourages improved internationalunderstanding through exchange programs, scholarships and grants for Americanstudents to study abroad, and fellowships for American professional to lectureand teach overseas.
5.A The term wasmade popular by American President Theodore Roosevelt who quoted an oldproverb, “Speak softly, but carry a big stick”, as an explanation of America 's approach to enforcing the Monroe Doctrine in the Western Hemisphere .
6.D The MarshallPlan as it was commonly known became the blueprint for rebuilding post war Europe while at the same time stabilizing international markets and encouraging the spreadof capitalism, free markets, and democracy. It was also a first step in limitedthe spread and influence of communism.
7.A It was during the reign of Elizabeth that England emerged as the world's strongest naval power, setting the stage for later English imperialdesigns.
8.B At the age of 16,students in England, Wales and Northern Ireland take an examination called the GCSE(General Certificate of Secondary Education).
9.C Inthe UK, students typicallyapply to universities in their final year of secondary school through acomputerised national system known as the Universities and Colleges AdmissionService. Students must complete a single UCAS form which allows them a choiceof six universities and courses. The universities then contact studentsrejecting their application or accepting it, usually conditionally (i.e. oncondition that they get the required exam grades in their A Level exams).
10.A England is the only part of the United Kingdom which is ruled directly from Westminster: the UK Parliament. There is no legislativeassembly that covers England alone (nor has there ever been, seeing that in themiddle ages Wales was treated as a province of England).
Part II True, False or Not Given
1.B 由文章第一段第三句：Every countryhas a unique name and images in the minds of people both inside and outside thecountry, and therefore a nation does have brands可知，对于世界各国的人来说，每个国家都有自己独一无二的名字和形象，因此每一个国家都有自己的国家品牌。
2.A 根据文章第一段第三句可知，一个国家的国家品牌是国际利益相关者感觉到的整体印象，同时包括国家自身的看法。
3.B 文章第二段提到国家的品牌是一个国家在国际上的名声和形象，它受到个人成见、媒体宣传和个人经历的影响。但是就像商业品牌一样，国家品牌是可以被重新包装、重新定位的。因此，国家品牌是可以改变的。
4.A 文章第三段第一句明确表明，国家品牌的建立是多层面的构造，它依赖于其它国家、特殊事件或场合。
5.B 文章最后一段倒数第二句表明，国家品牌的改变并不会自动随着现实的变化而更改，需要这个国家做一定的宣传，才能让世界人民了解这种改变。
Passage 2
6.A 根据第一段第四句和第五句可知，Afred Schuetz认为跨文化适应可以以一种状态或一个过程来进行分析。
7.C 根据文章第一段倒数第三句：It is unclearwhat a “desirable” level of adaptation to the local culture is可知，适应当地文化的理想水平目前还是未知的,并未提到同化是最理想的跨文化适应模式。
8.A 由文章第二段倒数第四句知，Gullahorn认为U-curve不仅出现在跨文化适应过程中，当一个人认真行使一份创造性的工作或者认真地学习某事时，U-curve就会出现。
9.B 根据文章第三段第三句：But to this day the U-Curve hypothesis has eluded theoreticalformulation that would allow prediction with any kind of accuracy可知，U-Curve已经不再是准确测试的理论，而且下文中提到此理论遭到了多方的质疑。答案为B。
10.A 由文章最后一句可知，文化冲击可引起多种负面情绪，如沮丧、迷茫、焦虑等。
Part III Blank Filling
Passage 1
1.psychoanalysis
(根据文章前两句可知，心理分析只适合那些有意愿和动机配合治疗的少部分人。)
2.anxiety attacks
3.patients; treatments
(根据文章第二段第第四句和第五句可知，需要治疗的病人要比有效治疗的方法多。)
4.wider
(根据文章第二段中：…butinvolves dynamics that go beyond the kind that Freud and his immediate followersunderstood and treated可知，现代精神领域的研究兴趣点相比传统的研究范围要更加广泛。)
5.A borderline 边界的；暧昧的
B narcissistic 自恋的
Passage 2
1.D 上文提到民主乐观主义中的浪漫成分这种观点是社会中较原始的一部分，同时凭借其卓越的智慧拥有较多的支持者，下文继续介绍这种观点的历史背景。
2.A 前文提到十多年来我们目睹很多优秀的人犯了错。下文接着说到这种罪恶遭到了抑制，前后进行对比。
3.B 根据下一句中的another可推知这里介绍的是另外一种观点。
4.E 上句提到是我们内心和意念决定罪恶生存的地方，这里接着要提到当我们意识到这一点的时候，我们就会尽力扼制罪恶的发生。
5.C 前句讲到20世纪重大灾难给道德学家们研究现代文明中的罪恶提供了依据。这里具体解释到：武断地说现代人比原始人残忍是错误的，但是现代人的确有他自己不仁道的方式。承接上句中所说的现代人的罪恶行为。
Part IV Explanation
1. Third Reich refers to the Nazi Germany whenit was a totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler and his National SocialistGerman Workers’ Party from 1933 to 1945. It was adopted by the Nazis and first usein a 1923 novel by Arthur Moeller van den Bruck, that counted the medieval Holy Roman Empire (962–1806) as the first and the German Empire (1871–1918)as the second.
2. The National Health Service(NHS) is the shared name of three of the four publicly funded healthcare systemsin the United Kingdom. The systems are primarily funded through generaltaxation rather than requiring insurance payments, and were founded in 1948.They provide a comprehensive range of health services, the vast majority ofwhich are free at the point of use to residents of the United Kingdom.
3. In English, Death is often given the name Grim Reaper and, from the 15thcentury onwards, came to be shown as a skeletal figure carrying a large scythe andclothed in a black cloak with a hood.
4. Prohibition in the United States was a nationalban on the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol, in place from 1920to 1933.
5. Silent Spring is a book written by Rachel Carson and published on September 27, 1962.The book is widely credited with helping launch the contemporary American environmentalmovement.
6. Between 4 and 7 June 1942,the United States Navy decisively defeated an Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) attackagainst Midway Atoll, inflicting irreparable damage on the Japanese fleet.
Part V Translation
1) The ongoing internationalfinancial crisis proves once again that maintaining financial stability, guardingagainst and dissolving risks is the eternal theme in the development of the financialsector. We must properly handle the relationship among financial innovation, opennessand regulation. China and the United States are at different stages in terms ofthe development of financial markets and institutional innovation. China's financial sector is still at a primary stage of development with inadequate innovation.While ensuring financial security and stability, we will deepen financial reform,open the financial sector wider, improve financial regulation and comprehensivelyenhance the financial sector's capacity to serve economic growth. China and the United   States have great potential for financial cooperation. I hope the two sides willincrease exchanges, deepen cooperation and jointly build a strong financial system.
2) Facing the current difficulties, the two sidesshould all the more work together to overcome the difficulties and jointly maintainthe growth momentum in our trade and investment. China's measures to expand domesticdemand will give a great boost to world economic growth. We will increase importsfrom the United States and we hope the United States will relax its restrictionson exports of high technologies to China. The two sides should actively move forwardthe negotiations on bilateral investment agreement. We hope the US side will give equal treatment to Chinese enterprises investing in the United States and ensure thesafety of Chinese assets in the United States. The two sides should also make useof the opportunities brought by the industrial restructuring to strengthen our cooperationin such new industries as new energy and bio-technology so as to foster new areasof cooperation.
Part VI Writing
（略）

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