复旦大学考博英语历年真题及详解

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2012年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解
2011年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解
2010年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解
2009年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解
2008年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解
2007年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解
2006年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解
2005年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解
2004年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解
2003年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解
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考博真题是每个考生复习备考必不可少的资料，而拥有一份权威、正确的参考答案尤为重要，通过研究历年真题能洞悉考试出题难度和题型，了解常考章节与重要考点，能有效指明复习方向。
《复旦大学考博英语历年真题及详解》完整收录了2003～2012年的10套考博真题，并提供全部试题的参考答案及详解。本书中的解题思路清晰、答案翔实，帮助广大考生在熟练掌握知识点的同时，能够熟练运用各种题型的答题技巧，以提高应试技巧，把握答题节奏，增强自信心，提高考试分数。

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2012年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解
PaperOne
Part I Vocabulary and Structure（15%）
Directions：Thereare 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are fourchoices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line throughthe center.
1.It was very difficult to find the parts needed to do the job because of the______ way the store was organized.
A. logical　
B. haphazard　
C. orderly　
D. tidy
2.Mississippi also upholds the South’s well-deserved reputation for warm,hospitable people; balmy year-round weather; and truly ______ cuisine.
A. destructive
B.horrible
C. amiable　
D. delectable
3.If she is stupid, she’s ______ pleasant to look at.
A. at any rate
B. bychance　
C. at a loss
D. by the way
4.The mother was ______ with grief when she heard that her child was dead.
A.fantastic　
B. frank
C. frantic
D. frenzy
5.In your teens, peer-group friendships may ______ from parents as the majorinfluence on you.
A.take control
B.take place
C.take up
D.take over
6.Parents often faced the ______ between doing what they felt was good for thedevelopment of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplinednoise and destructiveness.
A. paradox
B.junction　
C.premise
D. dilemma
7.There have been demonstrations on the streets ______ the recent terroristattack.
A. in the wakeof
B. in thecourse of
C. in the contextof　
D. in the lightof
8.Thousands of Medicare patients with chronic medical conditions have beenwrongly ______ access to necessary care.
A. grudged
B. denied　
C. negated　
D. invalidated
9.It has been proposed by many linguists that human language ______ ,ourbiologically programmed ability to use language, is still not well defined andunderstood.
A. potentiality
B.perception
C. faculty
D. acquisition
10.Western medicine, ______ science and practiced by people with academic internationallyaccepted medical degrees, is only one of many systems of healing.
A.rooted in
B.originated from
C.trapped in
D.indulged in
11.When I asked if a black politician could win in France, however, he responded______ “No, conditions are different here.”
A.ambiguously
B.implicitly
C.unhesitatingly
D.optimistically
12.The development of staff cohesion and a sense of team effort in the workplacecan be effectively ______ by the use of humor.
A.acquainted
B.installed
C.regulated
D.facilitated
13.In both America and Europe, it is ______ to tip the waiter or waitress anywherefrom 10% to 20%.
A.elementary
B.temporary
C.voluntary
D.customary
14.Such an approach forces managers to communicate with one another and helps______ rigid departmental boundaries.
A.pass over
B.stand for
C.break down
D.set off
15.As a teenager, I was ______ by a blind passion for a slim star I would nevermeet in my life.
A.pursued
B.seduced
C.consumed
D.guaranteed
16.His originality as a composer is ______ by the following group of songs.
A.exemplified
B.created
C.performed
D.realized
17.They are going to London, but their ______ destination is Rome.
A.ultimate
B.prime
C.next
D.cardinal
18.The poor old man was ______ with diabetes and without proper treatment he wouldlose his eyesight and become crippled very soon.
A.suffered
B.afflicted
C.induced
D.infected
19.The bribe and the bridegroom were overwhelmed in happiness when their familyoffered to take them to Rome to ______ the marriage.
A. terminate
B. initiate
C. consummate
D. separate
20.Join said that the richer countries of the world should make a ______ effort tohelp the poorer countries.
A.futile
B.glittering
C.frantic
D.concentrated
21.The problem is inherent and ______ in any democracy, but it has been moresevere in ours during the past quarter-century because of the near universaldenigration of government, politics and politicians.
A.perishable
B.periodical
C.perverse
D.perennial
22.As is known to all, ______ commodities will definitely do harm to our lifesooner or later.
A.counterfeit
B.fake
C.imitative
D.fraudulent
23.It would be ______ to think that this could solve all the area’s problemsstraight away.
A. subtle
B. feeble
C. nasty
D. naive
24.It is surprising that such an innocent-looking man should have ______ such acrime.
A.confirmed
B.clarified
C.committed
D.conveyed
25.Humans are ______ , which enables them to make decisions even when they can’tjustify why.
A.rational
B.reasonable
C.hesitant
D.intuitive
26.More than 100 ______ cats that used to roam the streets in a Chinese provincehave now been collected and organized into a tram to fight rodents that aredestroying crops.
A.loose
B.tamed
C.wild
D.stray
27.To say that his resignation was a shock would be an ______ —it caused pain.
A.excuse
B.indulgence
C.exaggeration
D.understatement
28.Here the burden of his thought is that the philosopher, aiming at truth, mustnot ______ the seduction of trying to write beautifully.
A.subject to
B.carry on
C.yield to
D.aim at
29.I found the subject very difficult , and at one time thought I should have togive it up, but you directions are so clear and ______ that I have succeeded ingetting a picture we all think pretty, though wanting in the tender grace ofyours.
A.on the point
B.off the point
C.to the point
D.up to a point
30.They both watched as the crime scene technicians took samples of various fibersand bagged them, dusted for fingerprints, took pictures and tried to ______ whatcould have happened.
A.rehearse
B.reiterate
C.reinforce
D.reenact
Part II Reading Comprehension (40%)
Directions: There are fourreading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C.and D. Choose the best answer and then mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet I with a single line through the center.
(1)
In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental deathof their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economiccontribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. In contrast,less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three year old sued in NewYork for accidental death damages and won an award of $750, 000.
The transformation in social values implicit in juxtaposing thesetwo incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer’s excellent book, pricing thePriceless Child. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the“useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to thepresent-day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for,and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally“priceless.” Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes bythe mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in thelate-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introducedchild-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on theassumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.
For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many andcomplex. The gradual erosion of children’s productive value in a maturingindustrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in childmortality, and the development of the companionate family (a family in whichmembers were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were allfactors critical in changing the assessment of children’s worth. Yet “expulsionof children from the ‘cash nexus,’ although clearly shaped by profound changesin the economic, occupational, and family structures,” Zelizer maintains, “wasalso part of a cultural process ‘of sacralization’ of children’s lives.”Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously importantfor late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; thissacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentlesscorruption of human values by the marketplace.
In stressing the cultural determinantsof a child’s worth, Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new“sociological economics” who have analyzed such traditionally sociologicaltopics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of theireconomic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in theform of individual “preferences” these sociologists tend to view all humanbehavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain.Zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead theopposite phenomenon: the power of social values to transform price. As childrenbecame more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their “exchange” or“surrender” value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangibleworth into cash terms, became much greater.
31.It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards inAmerica during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the______.
A. earnings ofthe person at time of death
B. wealth ofthe party causing the death
C. degree ofculpability of the party causing the death
D. amount ofmoney that had been spent on the person killed
32.It can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800’s children weregenerally regarded by their families as individuals who ______.
A. neededenormous amounts of security and affection
B. requiredconstant supervision while working
C. wereimportant to the economic well-being of a family
D. wereunsuited to spending long hours in school
33.Which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash valueof children would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economistsas they are described in the passage?
A. The cash value of children rose duringthe nineteenth century because parents began to increase their emotionalinvestment in the upbringing of their children.
B. The cash value of children roseduring the nineteenth century because their expected earning over the course ofa lifetime increased greatly.
C. The cash value of children roseduring the nineteenth century because the spread of humanitarian idealsresulted in a whole sale reappraisal of the worth of an individual.
D. The cash value of children roseduring the nineteenth century because compulsory education laws reduced thesupply, and thus raised the costs of available child labor.
34.The primary purpose of the passage is to ______.
A. review the literature in a newacademic subfield
B. present the central thesis of a recentbook
C. contrast two approaches to analyzinghistorical change
D. refute a traditional explanation ofa social phenomenon
35.Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing theassessment of children’s worth except changes in ______.
A. the mortality rate
B. the nature of industry
C. the nature of the family
D. attitudes toward reform movements
(2)
A stout old lady was walking with herbasket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great confusion of thetraffic and with no small peril to herself. It was pointed out to her that thepavement was the place for pedestrians, but she replied: I’m going to walkwhere I like. We’ve got liberty now. It did not occur to the dear old lady thatif liberty entitled the pedestrian to walk down the middle of the road, thenthe end of such liberty would be universal chaos. Everybody would be getting ineverybody else’s way and nobody would get anywhere. Individual liberty wouldhave become social anarchy.
There is a danger of the world gettingliberty-drunk in these days like the old lady with the basket, and it is justas well to remind ourselves of what the rule of the road means. It means thatin order that the liberties of all may be preserved, the liberties of everybodymust be curtailed. When the policeman, say, at Piccadilly Circus steps into themiddle of the road and puts out his hand, he is the symbol not of tyranny, butof liberty. You may not think so. You may, being in a hurry, and seeing yourcar pulled up by this insolence of office, feel that your liberty has beenoutraged. How dare this fellow interfere with your free use of the publichighway? Then, if you are a reasonable person, you will reflect that if he didnot interfere with you, he would interfere with no one, and the result would bethat Piccadilly Circus would be a maelstrom that you would never cross at all.You have submitted to a curtailment of private liberty in order that you mayenjoy a social order which makes your liberty a reality.
Liberty is not a personal affair only,but a social contract. It is an accommodation of interests. In matters which donot touch anybody else’s liberty, of course, I may be as free as I like. If Ichoose to go down the road in a dressing-gown, who shall say me nay? You haveliberty to laugh at me, but I have liberty to be indifferent to you. And if Ihave a fancy for dyeing my hair, or waxing my moustache (which heaven forbid),or wearing an overcoat and sandals, or going to bed late or getting up early, Ishall follow my fancy and ask no man’s permission. I shall not inquire of youwhether I may eat mustard with my mutton. And you will not ask me whether youmay follow this religion or that, whether you may prefer Ella Wheeler Wilcox toWordsworth, or champagne to shandy.
In all these and a thousand otherdetails you and I please ourselves and ask no one’s leave. We have a wholekingdom, in which we rule alone, can do what we choose, be wise or ridiculous,harsh or easy, conventional or odd. But directly we step out of that kingdom,our personal liberty of action becomes qualified by other people’s liberty. Imight like to practice on the trombone from midnight till three in the morning.If I went on to the top of Everest to do it, I could please myself, but if I doit in my bedroom my family will object, and if I do it out in the streets theneighbors will remind me that my liberty to blow the trombone must notinterfere with their liberty to sleep in quiet. There are a lot of people inthe world, and I have to accommodate my liberty to their liberties.
We are all liable to forget this, andunfortunately we are much more conscious of the imperfections of others in thisrespect than of our own. A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelingsof others is the foundation of social conduct. It is in the small matters ofconduct, in the observance of the rule of the road, that we pass judgment uponourselves, and declare that we are civilized or uncivilized. The great momentsof heroism and sacrifice are rare. It is the little habits of commonplaceintercourse that make up the great sum of life and sweeten or make bitter thejourney.
36.The author might have stated his “rule of the road” as ______.
A. do not walk in the middle of theroad
B. follow the orders of policemen
C. do not behave inconsiderately inpublic
D. do what you like in private
37.The author’s attitude to the old lady in paragraph one is ______.
A. condescending
B. intolerant
C. objective
D. supportive
38.A situation analogous to the “insolence of office” described in paragraph 2would be ______.
A. a teacher correcting grammar errors
B. an editor shortening the text of anarticle
C. a tax inspector demanding to seesomeone’s accounts
D. an army office giving orders to asoldier
39.The author assumes that he may be as free as he likes in ______.
A. all matters of dress and food
B. any situation which does notinterfere with the liberty of others
C. anything that is not against the law
D. his own home
40.In the sentence “We are all liable....” the author is ______.
A. pointing out a general weakness
B. emphasizing his main point
C. countering a general misconception
D. suggesting a remedy
(3)
The name ofFlorence Nightingale lives in the memory of the world by virtue of the heroicadventure of the Crimea. Had she died as she nearly did upon her return toEngland, her reputation would hardly have been different; her legend would havecome down to us almost as we know it today that gentle vision of female virtuewhich first took shape before the adoring eyes of the sick soldiers at Scutari.Yet, as a matter of fact, she lived for more than half a century after theCrimean War; and during the greater part of that long period all the energy andall the devotion of her extraordinary nature were working at their highestpitch. What she accomplished in those years of unknown labor could, indeed,hardly have been more glorious than her Crimean triumphs; but it was certainlymore important. The true history was far stranger even than the myth. In MissNightingale’s own eyes the adventure of the Crimea was a mere incident,scarcely more than a useful stepping-stone in her career. It was the fulcrumwith which she hoped to move the world; but it was only the fulcrum. For morethan a generation she was to sit in secret, working her lever: and her reallife began at the very moment when, in popular imagination, it had ended.
She arrived inEngland in a shattered state of health. The hardships and the ceaseless effortsof the last two years had undermined her nervous system; her heart wasaffected; she suffered constantly from fainting-fits and terrible attacks ofutter physical prostration. The doctors declared that one thing alone wouldsave her—a complete and prolonged rest. But that was also the one thing withwhich she would have nothing to do. She had never been in the habit of resting;why should she begin now? Now, when her opportunity had come at last; now, whenthe iron was hot, and it was time to strike? No; she had work to do; and, comewhat might, she would do it. The doctors protested in vain; in vain her familylamented and entreated, in vain her friends pointed out to her the madness ofsuch a course. Madness? Mad-possessed, perhaps she was. A frenzy had seizedupon her. As she lay upon her sofa, gasping, she devoured blue-books, dictatedletters, and, in the intervals of her palpitations, cracked jokes. For monthsat a stretch she never left her bed. But she would not rest. At this rate, thedoctors assured her, even if she did not die, she would become an invalid forlife. She could not help that; there was work to be done; and, as for rest,very likely she might rest...when she had done it.
Wherever shewent, to London or in the country, in the hills of Derbyshire, or among therhododendrons at Embley, she was haunted by a ghost. It was the specter ofScutari—the hideous vision of the organization of a military hospital. Shewould lay that phantom, or she would perish. The whole system of the ArmyMedical Department, the education of the Medical Officer, the regulations ofhospital procedure...rest? How could she rest while these things were as theywere, while, if the like necessity were to arise again, the like results wouldfollow? And, even in peace and at home, what was the sanitary condition of theArmy? The mortality in the barracks, was, she found, nearly double themortality in civil life. “You might as well take 1,100 men every year out uponSalisbury Plain and shoot them,” she said. After inspecting the hospitals atChatham, she smiled grimly. “Yes, this is one more symptom of the system which,in the Crimea, put to death 16,000 men.” Scutari had given her knowledge; andit had given her power too: her enormous reputation was at her back—anincalculable force. Other work, other duties, might lie before her; but themost urgent, the most obvious, of all was to look to the health of the Army.
41.According to the author, the work done during the last fifty years of FlorenceNightingale’s life was, when compared with her work in the Crimea, all of thefollowing except ______.
A. less dramatic
B. less demanding
C. less well-known to the public
D. more important
42.Paragraph two paints a picture of a woman who is ______.
A. mentally shattered
B. stubborn and querulous
C. physically weak but mentallyindomitable
D. purposeful yet tiresome
43.The primary purpose of paragraph 3 is to ______.
A. account for conditions in the army
B. show the need for hospital reform
C. explain Miss Nightingale’s mainconcerns
D. argue that peace time conditionswere worse than wartime conditions
44.The author’s attitude to his material is ______.
A. disinterested reporting ofbiographical details
B. over-inflation of a reputation
C. debunking a myth
D. interpretation as well as narration
45.In her statement Miss Nightingale intended to ______.
A. criticize the conditions inhospitals
B. highlight the unhealthy conditionsunder which ordinary soldiers were living
C. prove that conditions in thebarracks were as bad as those in a military hospital
D. ridicule the dangers of army life
(4)
How many really suffer as a result oflabor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious socialpolicy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree ofhardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it didin the 1930s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when incomeand earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and whenthere were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labormarket. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wageearner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, andimproved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated theconsequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate thedimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below theminimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner,relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statisticsare elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them outof the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurateindicator of labor market pathologies.
Yet there are also many ways our socialstatistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. Theunemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wagesare so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated orprolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity forself-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during theyear is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as aresult of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, eventhough only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffers. For everyperson counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another workingpart-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside thelabor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country havealways focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs ofthe working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfersdoes not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequatelyprotected.
As a result of such contradictoryevidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result oflabor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens ofmillions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated ormust be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one areaof agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty, employment, and earningsstatistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring theconsequences of labor market problems.
46.Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?
A. What causes labor market pathologiesthat result in suffering?
B. Why income measures are imprecise inmeasuring degrees of poverty
C. the areas of agreement are amongpoverty, employment, and earnings figures
D. How social statistics give anunclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficientemployment opportunities
47.The author uses “labor market problems” in lines 1-2to referto which of the following?
A. The overall causes of poverty
B. Deficiencies in the training of thework force
C. Trade relationships among producersof goods
D. Shortages of jobs providing adequateincome
48.Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by theauthor?
A. Innovative programs using multipleapproaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.
B.A compromise should be found between the positions of those who viewjoblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold theopposite view.
C.New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to whichunemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.
D.Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act aspartial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.
49.The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involvingincome transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt by______.
A. the employed poor
B. dependent children in single-earnerfamilies
C. workers who become disabled
D. retired workers
50.According to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment and earningsfigures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is the ______.
A. recurrence of periods ofunemployment for a group of low-wage workers
B. possibility that earnings may bereceived from more than one job per worker
C. fact that unemployment counts do notinclude those who work for low wages and remain poor
D. establishment of a system ofrecord-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statistics
Paper Two
Part III Cloze (10%)
Directions: Fill in each ofthe following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage.Write your answer on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.
As children we start 　51 a natural curiosity about everythingaround us, and during the maturation process this curiosity can be stimulated,buffered or severely attenuated by our environment and experience. The futuresuccess of research in science and engineering depends 　52 our society recognizing the crucial roleplayed by stimulation of mental processes early in life. Pattern recognition,analytical thinking and similar abilities need to be stimulated from birthonward. To destroy this natural curiosity or to attenuate the joy of discoveryis the greatest disservice we 　53 to the developing person.
For those who reach maturity with theirnatural curiosity intact and enhanced by education, the joy of discovery is astrong driver of success. But why are so 　54 of our capable students pursuing thelevel of education required for a successful research career? Is it 　55 we have dampened their curiosity? Have wefailed to let them experience the joy of discovery? Is it because too many ofus currently involved 　56 the research enterprise have becomedisenchanted 　57 our circumstances and therefore paint ableak future for potential scientists and engineers? Perhaps entirely differentfactors are 　58 play in the decision to not becomescientists and engineers. We have too frequently portrayed science andengineering as professions that are all-encompassing. We have portrayedresearch as a profession that requires long and grueling hours in thelaboratory to achieve success. We have 　59 to promote the excitement andexhilaration of discovery. We have not promoted the fact that it is not onlyvery common 　60 very reasonable to have a successfulresearch career and an exciting and normal personal life.
Part Ⅳ Translation (20%)
Directions: Put thefollowing passage into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.
由小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。就是大学四年，所授课业也还是相当粗浅的学识。世人常称大学为“最高学府”，这名称易滋误解，好像过此以上即无学问可言。大学的研究所才是初步研究学问的所在，在这里做学问也只能算是粗涉藩篱，注重的是研究学问的方法与实习。学无止境，一生的时间都嫌太短，所以古人皓首穷经，头发白了还是在继续研究，不过在这样的研究中确是有浓厚的趣味。
Part V Writing (15%) 任选一题 300字
SteveJobs名言：
1.Stay hungry, stay foolish
2.We live to change the world.
参考答案及解析
Part I Vocabulary and Structure（15%）
1.B 句意：由于店铺东西摆放杂乱无章，干活时找寻所需东西相当困难。haphazard随意的；无计划的；胡乱的。orderly整齐的；有组织的。
2.D 句意：密西西比州也保持着南方人们热情好客、气候一年到头温暖舒适和菜肴真正美味可口的声誉。delectable美味的；使人愉快的。amiable和蔼可亲的；温和的。
3.A 句意：如果说她比较愚蠢，但至少长得还不错。atany rate无论如何，至少。bychance偶然地，意外地。at aloss不知所措；亏本；困惑。bythe way顺便地，附带说说。
4.C 句意：那位母亲听说她的孩子死亡时悲痛欲绝。befrantic意为“发疯似的；发狂的；厉害的”，befrantic with为惯用搭配，指“为…而发狂”。fantastic极好的；异想天开的；奇异的。frenzy为名词，指“狂乱；极度的激动；狂怒”。
5.D 句意：青少年时期，同龄者的友情可能会取代父母对一个人产生主要影响。takeover from为常用搭配，意为“取而代之”。take control采取控制，掌控。take place发生，举行。take up开始从事；接受（提议）；占用。
6.D 句意：家长常常面临着这样一个两难境地：做有利于孩子成长的事还是他们能够忍受的没有管束的噪声和破坏。dilemma窘境；进退两难。paradox悖论；似非而是的论点。junction连接；交叉点。premise前提；上述各项；房屋连地基。
7.A 句意：最近的恐怖袭击事件后，人们一直在街上举行游行示威。inthe wake of紧跟；随着；跟着。inthe course of在…期间，在…过程中。inthe context of在…情况下；在…背景下。inthe light of鉴于，按照；比照。
8.B 句意：数以千计有着慢性病的医保患者被不公平地拒绝获得必要的护理。denyaccess to为习惯用法，有“使…无法获得”之意。grudge怀恨；妒忌；吝惜。negate取消；否定；使作废。invalidate使无效；使作废；证明…错误。
9.C 题干两个逗号之间的内容是对“humanlanguage______”的解释说明，即“生来便具有的使用语言的能力”，因此横线部分应填入有“能力，才能”之意的faculty。故答案选C。
10.A 本句主干为Western medicine is only one ofmany systems of healing，两个逗号之间为定语成分修饰主语western medicine（西药学），指“西药学根植于科学，行医者有着受国际认可的医学学位”。虽然root in和originate from均有“来源于”之意，但此处强调的是“西药学是以科学为基础的”，因此root in更符合。trap in陷入；使困于。indulge in任凭自己沉溺于…；耽于。因此本题选A。
11.C 根据题干引号中的“No”可知，此处指“毫不犹豫、迅速地”作出回应。本句意为：当我问及在法国黑人政客是否有可能获选时，他毫不犹豫地回应道“不，在这里情况不一样”。unhesitatingly不踌躇地；迅速地。ambiguously含糊不清地，不明确地。implicitly含蓄地；暗中地。　
12.D 句意：工作场合幽默的使用可以有效地促进员工凝聚力和团队精神的发展。facilitate促进；帮助；使容易。acquaint使熟悉；使认识。install安装；任命；安顿。regulate调节；控制。
13.D 句意：在美洲和欧洲，不管是哪儿都有给服务员消费金额10%到20%的小费的惯例。customary习俗的；习惯的。elementary基本的；初级的。
14.A 句意：这种方法迫使经理之间进行交流，从而有助于跨越部门之间的严格界限。pass over越过；忽略；回避。stand for代表；支持。break down消除；分解；拆除。set off出发；开始；引起。
15.C 句意：青少年时期，我对一位永远也不可能见到面的身材苗条的明星充满着盲目的热情。consumed充满的；对…著迷的。seduce引诱；吸引；诱惑。
16.A 句意：接下来的几首歌很好地诠释了他作为一名作曲家的独创性。exemplify举例证明；是…的典型。
17.A 此处指“最终目的地”，可用final destination或ultimatedestination。ultimate最后的；极限的；首要的。prime最好的；首要的；最初的。cardinal基本的，最重要的。nextdestination（下一站）虽然搭配正确，但“他们要去伦敦了，但下一站是罗马”不符合语境，前后并不存在转折关系。因此本题选A。
18.B 句意：这位可怜的老人受着糖尿病的折磨。若得不到适当的治疗，不久后他就会失明且不得不跛行。beafflicted with为固定搭配，意为“患；受…折磨”。若此处用suffer则应为主动形式。induce诱导；引起；引诱。
19.C 句意：当家人提出带他们去罗马举办婚礼时，这对新人都喜不自胜了。consummate完成；使达到极点；圆房。terminate使终止；使结束；解雇。initiate开始；发起；使初步了解。
20.D 句意：约翰说世界上富裕的国家应该集中精力帮助贫穷国家。concentrated集中的；全神贯注的；浓缩的。futile无用的；无效的；没有出息的。glittering闪闪发光的。frantic狂乱的，疯狂的。
21.B本题逗号前首先承认这个问题在任何民主政治体系中都是固有的，之后指出“但过去25年间我们国家这方面的问题一直比较严重，原因就在于对我们政府、政治和政治家近乎全球范围的诋毁”，可知题干空格部分描述的是该问题的另一个特点，即“具有周期性（periodical）。perishable易腐坏的；易毁灭的；会枯萎的。perverse堕落的，；倔强的。perennial多年生的；常年的；四季不断的。因此本题选B。
22.B句意：众所周知，假冒伪劣产品迟早会危害我们的生活。fake和counterfeit都有“假冒的，伪造的”之意，其区别在于fake强调与某有价值或重要的东西很像，但相像的程度或精度没那么高；而counterfeit强调和真实的东西模仿得惟妙惟肖、一模一样，以欺骗他人，带有违法性质，尤其指非法制造货币等。由此可知此处用fake来形容假冒伪劣产品更合适。
23.D句意：认为这样就可以马上解决该地区的所有问题就太过天真的。naive天真的，幼稚的。subtle微妙的；精细的；敏感的。feeble微弱的；虚弱的；薄弱的。nasty下流的；肮脏的；脾气不好的。
24.C 句意：看起来毫无恶意的一个人竟然会犯下这种罪，这真是太不可思议了。commit a crime为固定搭配，指“犯罪”。
25.C 句意：人类倾向于凭直觉行事，有时作出的决定即便他们自己也不能说出个所以然来。intuitive直觉的；凭直觉获知的。rational合理的；理性的。hesitant迟疑的；踌躇的；犹豫不定的。
26.D题干中thatused to roam the streets in a Chinese province为定语从句修饰主语cats，可知此处指的是“一百多只走失的/迷路的猫”。stray迷路的；离群的；偶遇的。tamed驯服的；平淡的；乏味的。
27.D该句破折号后的pain比之前提到的shock程度更深，因此该句指：说他的辞职使大家感到震惊有点轻描淡写了，事实上这件事给大家带来了痛苦。
28.C题干中以aimingat truth来描述philosopher的宗旨，因此空格处指：哲学家不应让步于写出更优美文章的诱惑。yieldto让步于；使自己受到…的支配；（使）陷入。subjectto使服从，使遭受。carryon经营；继续进行；争吵。
29.C空格处于其前面的clear并列，描述的是对方的指导（directions），根据空格后that从句提到的“I havesucceeded in…”并结合选项，可知此处指对方的指导很清晰很到位。tothe point切中关键；切题。onthe point即将…的时候；即将…的。offthe point离题；不切要领。upto a point在一定程度上，有一点。
30.D题干中描述了犯罪现场技术人员进行取样、找寻指纹和拍照，而其目的在于重现案发时的场景。reenact再次展现，再现，重现。rehearse排练，排演。reiterate重申；反复地做。reinforce加固；使更结实；加强。
Part II Reading Comprehension (40%)
(1)
31.A 关于19世纪在美国意外死亡保险的基础，原文并未明确给出。但文章首段给出的例子指出一对夫妇起诉要求为他们两岁孩子的意外死亡偿付赔偿金被拒绝，被告知原因是“the child had made no real economic contribution to thefamily”，即还不能为家里挣钱，因此答案选A。
32.C 题干中的关键信息为1800’s，原文第二段第二句提到“During thenineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child whocontributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notionof the “useless” child…”，其中thenineteenth century对应1800’s，可知19世纪时期，孩子会有助于家庭经济情况的改善。C项与之表达意思相符。
33.B 题干中的关键信息为sociologicaleconomists，文章最后一段出现了与之相对应的“sociologicaleconomics”，该段第二句提到“thesesociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by theprinciple of maximizing economic gain”（这些社会经济学家把人的一切行为解释为试图获取最大的经济利益），因此B项（19世纪儿童以金钱衡量的价值得到提升，原因在于儿童一生能获得的收入有较大增长）最符合社会经济学家的观点。
34.B 该题问及本文写作目的。文章首先通过两个例子引出儿童以金钱衡量的价值问题，接着提到Priceless Child这本书把这两个例子联系起来讲述了the transformation insocial values。随后本文便围绕该主题展开，阐明了该书作者Zelizer在该著作中的主张。因此B项（介绍最近一本书的主题）为正确答案。
35.D 关于Zelizer提出的影响儿童价值变化的重要因素，文章第三段第二句提到“Thegradual erosion of children’s productive value in a maturing industrialeconomy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality,and the development of the companionate family…were all factors critical inchanging the assessment of children’s worth”，可见只有D项（对改革运动的态度）在原文没被提及。因此本题选D。
【题海拾贝】
damagen. 赔偿金；损害
awardn. 裁定；判决；奖品
juxtapose v. 并列；并置
erosion n. 侵蚀，腐蚀
mortality n. 死亡数，死亡率
companionate adj. 伙伴的；友爱的
nexusn. 关系；连结
determinant n. 决定因素
take issue with 提出异议；与…争论
intangible adj. 无形的；难以理解的
(2)
36.C“ruleof the road”出现在第二段首句。该段第三句是“ruleof the road”的解释“Itmeans that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved, the libertiesof everybody must be curtailed”，即为了保全大家的自由，必须对个人自由有所限制。此处“ruleof the road”为比喻的用法，实指“在公众场合应该遵守的规则”，因此C项（公开场合行事也要为别人考虑）正确。
37.C文章首段客观地讲述了一位老妇人自称享有个人自由而不顾别人劝告从马路中间穿过的事情。对于此作者指出该老妇人并没有意识到如以自由之名横穿马路，这种自由的后果就是世界陷入一片混乱。作者以事实为依据，态度客观，因此C项正确。condescending盛气凌人的；居高临下的。intolerant不能容忍的，不容异议的。supportive支持的，拥护的。
38.C“insolenceof office”出现在第二段第五句“Youmay, being in a hurry, and seeing your car pulled up by this insolence ofoffice, feel that your liberty has been outraged”，即有些人可能急于赶路，但却被走到路中间的交警拦下，因此感觉个人自由受到践踏。此处office指“官职人员”，而insolence意为“傲慢；无礼”。通过浏览四个选项可以发现，与该段描述情况类似的为C项中的“税务稽查员要求查看某人账户”。
39.B文章第三段作者指出自由并不仅仅是个人的事，该段第三句指出“Inmatters which do not touch anybody else’s liberty, of course, I may be as freeas I like”，即只要不影响他人自由，便可充分享受个人自由。与之表达意思相符的B项（interfere with干预；阻挠）。
40.A最后一段首句指出“Weare all liable to forget this, and unfortunately we are much more conscious ofthe imperfections of others in this respect than of our own”，该句中的this指的便是上文描述的享受个人自由的同时不应干涉他人自由的理念，该句提出“我们都倾向于忘记这一点，并且不幸的是在这方面我们更能意识到他人而非自己的不足”，可见此处作者描述了人们普遍的一个弱点。
【题海拾贝】
stout adj. 结实的；矮胖的；激烈的
pedestrian n. 行人；步行者
anarchy n. 无政府状态；混乱；无秩序
curtail v. 缩减；剪短；剥夺…特权
maelstrom n. 大漩涡；极度混乱；不可抗的破坏力
trombone n. 长号，伸缩喇叭
(3)
41.B题干中要求将FlorenceNightingale最后50年所作工作与其在克里米亚战争期间所作工作进行对比，可定位至文章首段。该段主要讲述了FlorenceNightingale在克里米亚战争之后的工作。该段第四句指出“Whatshe accomplished in those years of unknown labor could, indeed, hardly havebeen more glorious than her Crimean triumphs; but it was certainly moreimportant”，其中thoseyears of unknown labor，hardlyhave been more glorious，moreimportant分别对应C项、A项和D项。因此本题答案选B。
42.C第二段描述了FlorenceNightingale返回伦敦时身体状况极其不好，这从shatteredstate of health和underminedher nervous system; her heart was affected; she suffered constantly fromfainting-fits and terrible attacks of utter physical prostration均可体现出来。医生建议她好好休息，但她执意不肯，坚持工作（shedevoured blue-books, dictated letters, and, in the intervals of herpalpitations, cracked jokes）。因此C项表述最准确。
43.C文章第三段指出FlorenceNightingale回到伦敦后不管去哪儿都因thehideous vision of the organization of a military hospital而惶恐不安，随后该段主要描述了其所担心的问题“thewhole system of the Army Medical Department, the education of the MedicalOfficer, the regulations of hospital procedure”等，因此答案选C。
44.D本文主要描述了三方面的内容：FlorenceNightingale后50年所做工作的意义、其从克里米亚战争后极差的身体状况以及另她担心而不能休息的问题。作者在描述的过程中，既有一般叙述（如第二段对FlorenceNightingale身体状况的描述），也有分析说明（如首段对FlorenceNightingale后50年所做工作的意义的分析）。因此答案选D。
45.B 文章第三段提到即使在和平时期，军队的卫生状况也不佳，兵营里士兵的死亡率几乎是平常人的两倍，因此Florence Nightingale发表了“You might as well take 1,100 men every year out upon SalisburyPlain and shoot them”的言论，可见她是在强调普通士兵生活在不健康的环境下。
【题海拾贝】
by virtue of 由于，凭借
stepping-stone n. 踏脚石；方法
fulcrum n. 支点
shattered adj. 破碎的；极度疲劳的
prostration n. 虚脱；平伏；跪倒
lament v. 悲叹；悔恨；哀悼
entreat v. 恳求；乞求
invalid n. 病人；残废者
specter n. 幽灵；妖怪；恐怖之物
phantom n. 幽灵；幻影；虚位
perish v. 死亡；毁灭；腐烂
(4)
46.D文章第一段指出社会数据夸大了经济困难程度，而第二段则讲述到社会数据在很多方面低估了劳动力市场方面的困难程度，最后总结指出现有有关贫困、就业和收入的数据并不足以反映劳动力市场上的问题。由此可见D项最能反映文章主题。
47.D文章第一段首句提出“到底有多少人遭受labormarket problems”，接着指出如今unemployment的影响不像20世纪30年代那么严重，并分析了缓解joblessness后果的因素，最后该段提到大多数每小时收入低于最低工资水平者家里都有不止一个挣钱者，并且家庭相对富裕。因此可推测“labormarket problems”指的是D项中“提供让人满意工资的工作的缺乏”。
48.C文中前两段从两方面描述了socialstatistics的不准确性，并且第三段最后一句指出“Thereis only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty,employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primaryapplications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems”，可知应对作者所提出问题的最佳措施为开发新的统计指数来检测失业和薪资过低所产生的影响。因此选C项。
49.A 文章第二段最后一句提到income transfers的内容，该句指出“…incometransfers in our country have always focused on the elderly…neglecting theneeds of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kindtransfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market areadequately protected”，可知那些有工作的贫困者并没有感受到mitigatingeffect所产生的影响。
50.B 文中与之题干相对应的第一段倒数第三句“Earningsand income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Earnings and incomedata also overstate the dimensions of hardship”，该段下一句指出“Among the millions with hourly earningsat or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are frommultiple-earner, relatively affluent families”，可知导致失业和收入方面的数据过大预测经济困难程度的原因之一就是有些家庭挣钱者可能不止一人。因此B项正确。
【题海拾贝】
contentious adj. 引起争论的；诉讼的
dire adj. 可怕的；悲惨的；极端的
subsistence n. 生活；生存；存在
countervailing adj. 抵消的；对抗性的
mitigate v. 使缓和，使减轻
overstate v. 夸张；夸大的叙述
Part III Cloze (10%)
51.with 根据语境可知，此处指“作为孩子，我们刚开始会对周围的一切事物有着天生的好奇心…”，可知该空应填入可表示“拥有某种特征”的介词with。
52. on dependon为固定搭配，意为“依靠；依附；凭借”。
53.do 该空所在句disservice之后为省略that的定语从句修饰先行词disservice，可知空缺处缺少谓语动词。由于谓语动词的宾语为disservice（伤害，危害），因此该空可填入动词do。
54. few 前文提到对于长大后天生的好奇心仍保存完整并通过教育得到加强的人，发现的喜悦是获得成功的强大动力。通过下文提到的dampenedtheir curiosity和failedto let them experience the joy of discovery等，可推测此处问“为何有才华的学生中很少有人会追求成功的研究事业所需的教育”，因此该空填few。
55.because 该空所在句是对上句所提问题产生原因的分析“是因为我们挫伤了他们的好奇心吗”，因此because。
56. in be involvedin为固定搭配，指“涉及；参与；卷入”。
57. with be disenchantedwith为固定搭配，意为“不再着迷…，对…醒悟”。
58.at 该句指：或许完全不同的因素在起作用使他们决定不成为科学家和工程师。at play为固定词组，意为“在起作用；在玩耍；在游戏”。
59.failed 本句与前几句都是在描述使学生不想成为原因，该句指出“我们没有做到提升发现所带来的喜悦和兴奋”。fail to do为惯用搭配，指“未能（做）…，没能（做）…”。
60. but notonly…but (also)为固定搭配，指“不仅…而且”。
Part Ⅳ Translation (20%)
【参考译文】
Primary and secondary school willimpart to you only some rudiments of knowledge. Even what you learn during thefour years of university will be something quite superficial too. A universityhas often been misleadingly referred to as “the highest seat of learning”,which sounds as if there were no more learning to speak of beyond it. Theresearch institute of a university, however, is the place for preliminaryscholarship. But even there you get only the first taste of learning and theemphasis is on research methodology and practice. Art is long, life is short.That is why some of our ancients continued to study even when they werehoary-headed. They were, of course, motivated by an enormous interest in theirstudies.
【解析】
　 本段主要围绕做学问展开，翻译时应注意主动和被动之间的转换，以增加流畅感，如对“世人常称大学为‘最高学府’”的翻译，译文就将其译成了主动的“A university has often beenmisleadingly referred to as “the highest seat of learning”。另外，应注意对原文意思的把握，不可简单地逐字照译，如“粗涉藩篱”在此处实际上指的是“做学问浅尝辄止”，因此翻译为“get only the first taste of learning”就比较准确。最后，翻译的简洁性也十分重要，对原文最后一句的翻译，应注意“皓首穷经”和“头发白了还是在继续研究”表达的是一个意思，因此翻译时可直接译为“continued to study even when they werehoary-headed”。
【题海拾贝】
(1) 普通的基本知识 rudiments of knowledge
(2) 粗浅的 superficial
(3) 最高学府 the highest seat of learning
(4) 无…可言 no more…to speak of
(5) 初步研究学问 preliminary scholarship
(6) 研究学问的方法与实习 research methodology and practice
(7) 皓首 hoary-headed
Part V Writing (15%)
【参考范文】
Stay hungry, stay foolish
At the commencement of Stanford University in 2005, Steve Jobs, thechief executive of Apple, delivered a famous speech to the graduates. In theaddress, he advised the students not to be trapped by dogma and not let thenoise of others’ opinions drown out their own inner voice. “Stay hungry, stayfoolish” is what he said when he signed off.
Different people may interpret this remark quite differently. As faras I am concerned, it is a self-motivation to keep hungry for knowledge and bemodest.
　 “Stay hungry” means never besatisfied with what you have attained, always longing for knowledge andsuccess. To put it simple, in this competitive world there is no room forcomplacency. You should not be content with doing the same thing day after day.Rather, stay open to new ideas, new thoughts and keep learning if you do notwish to lag behind. At the same time, it is important to keep in mind thatworrying about what others may think about you does not help while trying tolive your own life.
　 By “stay foolish”, I presumeit suggests keeping modest and having a clear idea about oneself andunderstanding in terms of knowledge and life itself we all seems somewhatignorant and superficial. Therefore, no matter what stage one is at in thejourney of life, learning goes beyond classrooms and national boundaries. Thisis true for great scholars and fresh graduates alike.
　 In a word, by saying “Stayhungry, stay foolish”, Steve Jobs probably intended to tell people never beself-contented and keep moving forward.
【解析】
　 “Stay hungry, stay foolish”（求知若饥，虚心若愚）为乔布斯在2005年斯坦福大学毕业典礼上所作演讲中提到的一句激励性名言，本文主要解释了对该句话涵义的理解。其中首段解释了乔布斯说该句话的背景，接着文中分别解释了stay hungry和stay foolish所暗含的意思。最后进行总结，“Stay hungry, stay foolish”告诉人们不要自满，应不断向前发展。
【文海拾贝】
commencement n. 开始，发端；毕业典礼
dogma n. 教条，教理；武断的意见
signoff 停止活动；停止广播
self-motivation 自我鼓励
attain v. 达到；获得
complacency n. 自满；满足；自鸣得意
lagbehind 落后；拖欠
self-contented自满

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