语法续（3）

语 法 结 构第七章 -ED分词
内 容 提 要
    -ED分词即我们平常所说的动词过去分词。它有两种形式：规则动词形式和不规则动词形式。规则动词形式由规则动词＋-ED构成；不规则动词有其特殊的-ED分词。在语法功能上，它在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同，可以作表语，定语，状语，也可以用在复合结构中，不管它作什么成分，其最基本的含义是“被动”的。-ED分词在语法功能和意义上与-ING分词有一定的区别。

第一节 -ED分词的用法
一、-ED分词作表语
The glass is broken. / He was amused. / She seemed quite disappointed. / He is greatly discouraged by her refusal of inviting her to the party. / The window remains locked. 已经形容词化了的-ED分词大都作表语，常见的有：accomplished, amazed, amused, astonished, broken, closed, completed, complicated, confused, crowded, deserted, devoted, disappointed, discouraged, dressed, drunk, exhausted, excited, experienced, fadded, fascinated, frightened, hurt, inexperienced, interested, known, learned, lost, married, pleased, puzzled, qualified, satisfied, surprised, tired, unprepared, unqualified, unkown, upset, worried, wounded等。
二、作定语的-ED分词
-ED分词可以作前置定语也可以作后置定语，作后置定语时相当于一个定语从句
Commercial banks make most of their income from interest _____ on loans and investments in stocks and bonds. ［A］ earn ［B］ earned ［C］ to earn［D］ was earned
On his return from his college, he found the house _____ .［A］ deserting［B］ deserted［C］ desert［D］ to be deserted
The age ［A］ of a geological sample can be estimated ［B］ from the ratio of radioactive to nonradioactive carbon present ［C］ in the object is examined ［D］ .
三、用作状语的-ED分词
这样的-ED分词通常来自及物动词。-ED分词用作状语时，跟-ING分词作状语时一样，修饰主句的谓语动词，意义上相当于状语从句，表示时间，条件，原因，伴随状况等。-ED分词结构作状语，前边往往可以加when,while,if,as if,though。这时，我们可以把-ED分词结构理解为一个省略句，即省去了“主语和be的变化形式”。一般说来，这种结构的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致。
(一)表示时间
Inaugurated a second time on March 4， 1901，_____ focused on domestic rather than foreign policies.［A］ William McKinley’s new term looked forward to and［B］ the new term looked forward to William McKinley and［C］ looking forward to a new term was William McKinley［D］ William McKinley looked forward to a new term
(二)表示条件
_____ under a microscope，a fresh snowflake has a delicate sixpointed shape. ［A］ Seen ［B］ Sees ［C］ Seeing［D］ To see
_____ to steel，chromium(铬) increases the metal’s hardness.［A］ Added ［B］ In addition ［C］ Adding［D］ Adds
_____ enough food and water, they could have beaten the enemy.［A］ Being given［B］ Given［C］ Give［D］ To give
(三)表示原因
Encouraged by his mother，_____ .［A］ art was studied in Florence by John Singer Sargent［B］ Florence was where John Singer Sargent studied art［C］ the study of art in Florence by John Singer Sargent［D］ John Singer Sargent studied art in Florence.
_____ by the decision， the lawyer quickly left the court room.［A］ Angering ［B］ Having angered ［C］ Being angry ［D］ Angered
Written in great haste, _____ .［A］ Jim made a lot of mistakes in the report［B］ there are plenty of errors in the report ［C］ we found several mistakes in his report ［D］ the books is full of errors.
(四)表示伴随状况：-ED分词结构作状语表示伴随状况时，没有适当的分句可替换
_____ was not incorporated as a city until almost two centuries later，in 1834. ［A］ Settling Brooklyn，the Dutch ［B］ The Dutch settled Brooklyn ［C］ Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch［D］ Settled by the Dutch，Brooklyn
Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely _____ to the outside world.［A］ being lost［B］ having lost［C］ losing［D］ lost
(五)表示让步
Francis Preston Blair，Jr.， _____ born in Kentucky，lived and practiced law in Missouri.［A］ was ［B］ he was ［C］ although ［D］ who he was
(六)表示结果
_____ in all parts of the state， pines are the most common trees in Georgia.［A］ Found ［B］ Finding them ［C］ To find them ［D］ They are found
7. 表示目的
They should be kept here _____ this matter.
［A］ informing about［B］ be informed［C］ be informed of［D］ informed of8. 表示背景和衬托
Known for her caricatures(漫画) of the United States society，_____ .［A］ Peggy Brown wrote and illustrated books for children［B］ the writing and illustrating of books for children by Peggy Brown ［C］ children’s books were written and illustrated by Peggy Brown ［D］ Peggy Brown’s writing and illustrating of children’s books
Well known as a splendid pianist in Boston，_____ .［A］ we all are pleased to hear Mr. Anderson’s concerto(小协奏曲)［B］ a concerto was composed by Mr. Anderson［C］ Mr. Anderson composed a concerto［D］ Mr. Anderson’s concerto was composed
四、-ED分词在复合结构中
Don’t get your schedule changed; stay with us in this class. (83年考题)Peter had his gas and electricity turned on when he moved into his new apartment last month. (85年副题)He kept his mouth shut and stayed where he was.(他闭口不言，呆在原地不动。)They are talking about the experiment made in the new lab.
五、独立结构
如果-ED分词短语与-ING短语带有与句子主语不同的主语，即本短语自己本身带有主语，这就构成了独立结构(也叫独立主格结构或垂悬结构)，这种结构也可作状语表示时间，原因等。有时在独立结构前还可加介词with 或 without。Her eyes filled with tears, she did not notice his coming.
This _____ , we went out to play.［A］ was done［B］ did［C］ was dong［D］ done
_____ all his followers dead, the commander was taken by his enemy.［A］ For［B］ As［C］ Because of［D］ With
六、例题解析
B为正确答案。空档前是一完整的句子，在没有连词的情况下，不能填充A和D；根据题意，“利息”是“通过…(被)挣来的”，有被动之意，所以选B。
B为正确答案。此句的意思是“房子”被“遗弃，没人住”，是被动的意义，而A和C都不符合这一点。D是动词不定式，一般表示将来或具体动作，所以D也不对。
D错。应去掉多余的“is”，使-ED分词“examined”作后置定语修饰“object”。C处并没有错。“present”是形容词，它与后面的成分构成形容词短语修饰限定前面的“the ratio…carbon”。
D为正确答案。这句话前半句的-ED分词相当于一个时间状语从句“When he was inaugurated a second time …”，主句的主语应当是人，所以A和D为可能选项，但A中的look forward to后应跟名词，那么只有D为正确选项。
A为正确答案。本句的意思是“在显微镜下看，雪花……”，显然这里的看是“被观察”之义。B、C、D都表示主动，A为正确选项。
A为正确答案。(同上)                7.B为正确答案。(同上)
D为正确答案。四个选项中，只有D的主语为“John Singer Sargent”(人名) ，而只有人才能被“encouraged”(鼓舞)，也就是说，只有D中的主语能充当空白前-ED分词短语的逻辑主语。
D为正确答案。空白处只能用-ED分词才可和后面的“by”短语发生联系，并且其逻辑主语和主句主语一致。
D为正确答案。本句的意思是“由于(被)写得急，……”，所以A和C不对。虽然B中的主语“plenty of errors”与“written”逻辑上可以呼应，但与“in the great haste”不一致。 “Written in great haste”的逻辑主语还是“the books”。所以D正确。
D为正确答案。从上下文看，空档处的主语应是表示要点的名词(“as a city”)，那么A不对；B和C都是一分句，而空档后是谓语部分，它们不作为正确选项。
D为正确答案。
C为正确答案。
A 对。本句的主语为pines(松树) ，这样就排除了B 选项，因为-ING分词表主动，而“松树”不可能是“找”(find)这个动作的逻辑主语，即动作发出者。故只有A“found”(被发现) 的逻辑主语与“pines”一致，应选A。
D为正确答案。
A为正确答案。空档前是-ED分词短语，空档处应是主谓俱全句，排除B和D。从-ED分词短语中(Known for her …)可知，主句的主语是人而不是物，所以C也不对。
C为正确答案。(同上)
D为正确答案。A是不对的，如果we前加上and，才能选A。
D为正确答案。

第二节 不定式、-ING分词和-ED分词三者间的关系
一、动词不定式与-ING分词的区别(一)作宾语时，-ING分词表示抽象的、一般性或习惯性的和连续性的动作，而不定式则表示某次具体动作，特别是将来的动作
I like playing football.         I would like to play football this afternoon.        
The school cannot tolerate _____ on exams.［A］ cheating ［B］ to cheat ［C］ be cheated ［D］ being cheated
News of success keeps _____ in.［A］ pouring ［B］ to pour ［C］ poured ［D］ to be pouring
Long ［A］ before the dawn ［B］ of recorded ［C］ history, humans celebrated to harvest ［D］ their crops.
(二)作定语时，-ING表示正在进行的动作，用-ING的完成时表示动作的完成；不定式表示未来发生
We were overjoyed at the news of China _____ another man-made satellite.［A］ having launched ［B］ to have launched ［C］ to launch ［D］ launched
The applicants interviewing ［A］ are required to ［B］ bring all the necessary papers ［C］ two days later ［D］ .
Sorghum(高梁) leaves ［A］ occasionally contain ［B］ enough hydrocyanic acid killing ［C］ livestock(牲畜) ［D］ .
(三)当谓语动词是进行时的时候，用不定式而不用-ING分词作宾语
It's beginning to snow you.         It starts raining.        
I'm considering how to go(where to go, what to do).        I considered emplying Mr.Wang butdecided that Mr.Chen was more suitedto the job.       
(四)在remember,forget等词后，如果跟-ING分词，表示-ING分词的动作发生在主要谓语之前；如果跟不定式则表示不定式的动作发生在主要谓语动作之后
I remember telling her that last night. (“告诉”发生在“记得”之前)        He remembered to tell her that when shecame back. (“记得”发生在“告诉”之前)       
I'm sorry I forgot to give you the message. (主语动词表示的动作“忘记”发生在不定式表示的动作“给带口信”之前)        Why! I have such a bad memory. I forgotgiving the message last night. (-ING分词表示的动作“给带口信”发生在谓语动词表示的动作“忘记”之前)       

(五)stop, go on和leave off之后跟接动词不定式和-ING分词所表达的意义有所不同
They stopped (talking) to work. ［停下(其他动作)来工作］They stopped working. ［停下工作(来干其他动作)］Workers went on discussing the problem. ［工人继续讨论这一问题］Workers went on to discuss the problem.［工人们停下来其他事，继续讨论这一问题］He left off writing.［他停下写作(去干其他事)］He left off to write.［他停下(其他事)来写作］
(六) … used to后跟不定式和-ING分词，后跟不定式有两种情况：一种是used to是固定用法表示“过去经常干……”；另外一种情况是use的被动词态“be used”后跟不定式；后跟-ING分词的情况有一种，那就是当used to中的used是形容词时，to后跟名词或-ING分词
When he was in the plastic plant, he _____ together with the workers.［A］ has worked ［B］ had worked ［C］ had been worked ［D］ used to work
You will soon _____ this climate and then the changes in temperature will not affect you. ［A］ get used to［B］ get to［C］ get over［D］ get on with
Mr. Anderson used to jogging ［A］ in the crisp morning ［B］ air during ［C］ the winter months ［D］ , but now he has stopped.
(七)一般情况下，for后边跟接there to be,而of后边则跟接there being
It is fairly common in Africa for there _____ an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound.［A］ to be ［B］ being ［C］ to have been ［D］ having been
(八) be＋形容词后面要跟动词不定式作状语，而不用-ING
It is very difficult to manage the company.
二、-ING分词与-ED分词的区别
虽然在语法功能上，-ED分词在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同，但在意义上两者有差别：-ING分词表示主动的意义，而-ED分词则表示被动的意义；-ING分词表示一般性的或正在进行的动作，而-ED分词则表示已经完成和被动的动作。在表现形式上，-ING分词有“一般式”和“完成式”与“主动式”和“被动式”之分；而-ED分词只有一种形式。下边我们分析-ING分词与-ED分词在语法功用上的区别。
(一)作表语时，-ING分词表示主语所具有的特征而-ED分词表示主语所处的状态
The book is quite interesting.        I am insteredted in the book very much.       
The play is more exciting than any I haveever seen.        That piece of land lay deserted.       
(二)作状语时-ING分词表示主语正在进行的另一动作而-ED分词则表示主语发生动作的背景或情况
In his movies，W. C. Fields was always at war with the world，_____ .［A］ battling both people and objects［B］ both people and objects were battled ［C］ he was battling both people and objects［D］ both people and objects that were battled
Having been served lunch，_____ .［A］ the problem was discussed by the members of the committee［B］ the committee members discussed the problem ［C］ it was discussed by the committee members the problem ［D］ a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee
_____ for her anthropological research，Margaret Mead also was involved with the World Federation for Mental Health.［A］ She is noted primarily［B］ Noted primarily［C］ Primarily is noted ［D］ She primarily noted
Considered one of the leading poets in America today，_____ .［A］ a number of books and plays have also been written by Sonia Sanchez［B］ Sonia Sanchez has also written a number of books and plays［C］ a number of Sonia Sanchez’s books and plays have been written［D］ there have been a number of books and plays written by Sonia Sanchez
(三) ①作定语时，-ING分词表示正在进行的动作，而-ED分词表示动作发生在谓语动词之前；②-ING分词表示它所修饰的词经常或当时的状态，而-ED分词则没有时间性；③-ING分词表示主动，而-ED分词表示被动
The boiled ［A］ point of any liquid ［B］ is determined ［C］ by the pressure ［D］ of the surrounding gases.
High-grade ［A］ written ［B］ paper is frequently ［C］ obtained ［D］ from cotton rags.
Scientists ［A］ still cannot find ［B］ any convinced ［C］ link between intelligence ［D］ and the quantity or quality of brain cells.
(四)但少数几个动词的-ED分词，有两种形式而且在意义上有差别，如：bear的-ED分词有born和borne之分，前者只用于“出生”的意义，而后者用于“负担”，“负荷”，“承担”和“传送”之意
I was born in 1966.His borne responsibility to the whole workers of the factory is really great.再如：hang的-ED分词也有两种，一是hung,另一形式是hanged, 前者表示“悬挂”，后者表示“吊死，绞死”。strike的-ED分词也有两种：struck和striken, 前者有“打击”“冲击”“感动”等义，而striken只用作形容词，表示“受折磨”之意。来自及物动词的-ED分词所表示的是被动意义；来自不及物动词的-ED分词则可表示主动和完成的意义：fallen leaves (落叶)，a full-blown rose (盛开的玫瑰), escaped prinsoners(逃犯), the exploded bomb, her deceased husband, the retired workers, the vanished jewels, the newly arrived visitors, the returned students, the risen sun.
三、例题解析
1.A为正确答案。(一般性的动作。)   2.A为正确答案。(连续的动作。) 3.D错。改为harvesting(抽象的动作)。
4.A为正确答案。(已完成的动作。)   5.C错。 改为to be interviewed(将要发生的动作)。
6.C错。改为to kill(不定或未来动作)。   7.D为正确答案。(过去经常或总是干……)
8.A为正确答案。(习惯于……used是形容词)  9.A错。改为jog。(表示过去经常或总是干……)
10.A为正确答案。   11.A为正确答案。
12.B为正确答案。本句是由-ED分词“noted”引导的-ED结构，在句中说明主句谓语的背景。
13.B为正确答案。
14.B为正确答案。-ED分词“considered”的逻辑主语应为人，除B外的其他选项都无法和空白前-ED结构在逻辑主语上一致。
15.A错。改为boiling。-ED分词含有完成和被动的意思，-ING分词则表示主动、进行，也可用作前置定语表示性状、用途。如：“boiling water(water which is boiling.)”意思是“开水”，意即“正在开着的水”，而“boiled water(water which has been boiled.)”虽也可译为“开水”，但表示“已开过了的水(现在可能凉了)。”本句A处应改为boiling，“boiling point”意思是“沸点”。
16.B错。改用“writing”，“writing paper”意为“写字的纸，信纸”，-ING分词“writing”表用途。与此类似的还有“swimming pool”(游泳池) ，“sleeping car”(卧铺) 。“written”含有完成和被动意味，不合上下文。
17.C错。改为“convincing”。“令人信服的联系”应为“convincing link”，“convincing”含有主动的意味，即“联系”(link)本身具有这种性质，而“convinced”则含有完成或被动的含义， 修饰有生命的名词 。试比较：a surprising man (使人惊讶的人) ，a surprised man (被惊吓了的人) 。