本期词汇： approve • confirm • recognize • uphold • ratify • sustain • validate • certify
These words all mean to officially accept and approve of sth.
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS
► to approve/confirm/recognize/uphold/ratify/validate/certify sth as sth
► to approve/recognize/validate a course
► to approve/uphold/ratify a treaty
► to confirm/uphold/ratify a/an decision/agreement
► to be approved/confirmed/recognized/upheld/sustained by the court
► to officially approve/confirm/recognize/ratify sth
approve [ T , often passive ]
to say that sth is good enough to be used, or is correct
The course is approved by the Department for Education.
confirm [ T ]
to make sth such as a position or agreement more definite or official
After a six-month probationary period, her position was confirmed.
► confirmation noun [ U , C ]: You will receive written confirmation of our decision in the next few days.
recognize ( BrE also -ise ) [ T , often passive ]
to accept and approve of sb/sth officially
The UK has refused to recognize the new regime. This pattern is usually used in the passive.
uphold [ T ]
(especially of a court) to agree that a previous decision was correct or that a request is reasonable
The conviction was upheld by the Court of Appeal.
ratify [ T ]
to make an agreement officially valid by voting for or signing it
The treaty was ratified by all the member states.
► ratification noun [ U ]: The agreement is subject to ratification by the Senate.
sustain [ T ] ( law )
(especially in court) to decide that a claim or objection is valid
The court sustained his claim that the contract was illegal.
validate [ T ] ( formal )
to state officially that sth is useful and of an acceptable standard
Check that their courses have been validated by a reputable organization.
certify [ T , usually passive ] ( rather formal )
to give sb an official document proving that they are qualified to work in a particular profession
I was certified as a teacher in 1989.
approve [ T , often passive ] 批准（常用于过去式）
to say that sth is good enough to be used, or is correct
说某事好到足够使用，或者说某事是正确的
The course is approved by the Department for Education.
这门课程由教育系批准
confirm [ T ] 确认
to make sth such as a position or agreement more definite or official
使得某事，例如位置或协议，更正式或更明确
After a six-month probationary period, her position was confirmed.
经过六个月的试用期，她的位置得到了确认。
► confirmation noun [ U , C ]: You will receive written confirmation of our decision in the next few days.
□confirmation验证，确认，名词：在随后的几天里，你将收到我们的决定的书面确认。
recognize ( BrE also -ise ) [ T , often passive ]
认识，承认，识别（英国英语中也写作recognise）（常常用于被动语态）
to accept and approve of sb/sth officially
正式地接受和批准某人/某事
The UK has refused to recognize the new regime.
英国一直拒绝承认新政权。
This pattern is usually used in the passive.
这种模式通常被用于被动语态。
uphold [ T ]
支持，赞成
(especially of a court) to agree that a previous decision was correct or that a request is reasonable
（特别是法院）同意以前的决定是正确的，或者要求是合理的
The conviction was upheld by the Court of Appeal.
通过上诉到法院，维持了原判。
ratify [ T ]
批准
to make an agreement officially valid by voting for or signing it
通过投票或者正式签署，使得协议有效
The treaty was ratified by all the member states.
所有成员国一致批准通过了这项协议。
► ratification noun [ U ]: The agreement is subject to ratification by the Senate.
□ratification 批准，名词：这项协议须经上院批准
sustain [ T ] ( law )
维持，持续（法律用语）
(especially in court) to decide that a claim or objection is valid
（特别是在法院中）决定主张或异议是有效的
The court sustained his claim that the contract was illegal.
法院维持了他的这个合同是非法的的要求。
validate [ T ] ( formal )
确认，验证（正式的）
to state officially that sth is useful and of an acceptable standard
正式地陈述某事是有用的，或者是可接受的标准
Check that their courses have been validated by a reputable organization.
通过一个有信誉的机构的检查，他们的课程已经被确认。
certify [ T , usually passive ] ( rather formal )
证明（通常用于被动语态）（不正式）
to give sb an official document proving that they are qualified to work in a particular profession
给某人一个正式文件，以证明他们有资格在特定的行业工作
I was certified as a teacher in 1989.
我1989年就有资格做老师。
本期词汇： 
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