A非B错误
当着婴儿的面将玩具藏在两块相同的盖布A和B的一块下面， 例如藏在A之下，9个月的婴儿会伸手掀开A找出玩具，重复一次婴儿仍然能从A中找到玩具；然后当着婴儿的面将该玩具藏在B之下，结果婴儿继续到A之下去寻找那个玩具。皮亚杰将这种现象称为A非B错误。它说明此时的婴儿对客体存在的认识，还依存于他对客体所做出的动作之中。
A-not-B error (also known as "stage 4 error" or "perseverative error") is a phenomenon uncovered by the work of Jean Piaget in his theory of cognitive development of children. The A-not-B error is a particular error made by young children during substage 4 of their sensorimotor stage.
A typical task goes like this: An experimenter hides an attractive toy under box "A" within the baby's reach. The baby searches for the toy, looks under box "A", and finds the toy. This activity is usually repeated several times (always with the researcher hiding the toy under box "A"). Then, in the critical trial, the experimenter moves the toy under box "B", also within easy reach of the baby. Babies of 10-months or younger typically make the perseverance error, meaning they look under box "A" even though they saw the researcher move the toy under box "B", and box "B" is just as easy to reach. This demonstrates a lack of, or incomplete, schema of object permanence. Children of 12-months or older typically do not make this error.
Competing explanations
Traditionally, this phenomenon has been explained as the child seeing an image and remembering where it was, rather than where it is. Other accounts deal with the development of planning, reaching, and deciding things. There are also behaviorist accounts that explain the behavior in terms of reinforcement. This account argues that the repeated trials with hiding the toy in box "A" is reinforcing that specific behavior, so that the child still reaches for box "A" because the action has been reinforced before. However, this account does not explain the shift in behavior that occurs around 12-months.
Smith and Thelen used a dynamic systems theory approach to the A-not-B task. They found that various components of the activity (strength of memory trace, salience of targets, waiting time, stance) combine in the "B"-trial (where the object is hidden in the "B" location rather than "A") so the child either correctly or incorrectly searches for the toy. They experimentally manipulated the task to see if they could make 10-month-old babies (who typically make the perseverative error of searching at "A") perform like 12-month-old babies (who typically search correctly). Changing the stance of the baby (sitting or standing) was one manipulation they found could make the 10-month-old search correctly. Just standing instead of sitting for the "B"-trial made the prior experience of searching in location "A" less salient to the child and they searched correctly. The researchers concluded that the length of wait time was one of the crucial elements of the task that is influenced by age.
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[ 本帖最后由 elfishtao 于 2009-11-27 10:43 编辑 ] |
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