一、总述
谓语动词用来表示动作或情况发生时间的各种形式称为时态。我们通常所说的时态，其实反映的是两个不同的概念，即tense （时）和aspect （态和体）。从时间上来看，英语的时态有现在、过去、将来及过去将来4 种。从表现形式（或称“体”）上来看，英语的时态有一般时态、过去时态、完成时态、完成进行时态4 种。两者的结合构成了英语的各种时态。共有16 种，具体见下表所示（以动词do 为例）。
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时态
现在 do does is
am doing
are has done
have done has been doing
have been doing
过去 did was doing were doing had done had been doing
将来 shall do
will do shall be doing
will be doing shall have done
will have done shall have been doing
will have been doing
过去将来 should do would do should be doing would be doing should have done would have done should have been doing would have been doing
二、重要考点
1. 一般现在时一般现在时通常表示习惯动作、一般状态、客观规律和永恒真理。如果主语是第三人称单数，其动词后需加s 或es。例如：
He always gets up late on Sundays.
He lives on a lonely island in the Pacific Ocean.
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
在以as soon as 、when 、after 等引导的时间状语从句中，或以if、unless 等引导的条件状语从句中，通常使用一般现在时态。例如：
I’ll ring you as soon as he comes back.
You’ll succeed if you try your best.
2. 现在进行时
现在进行时表示说话时正在进行的动作，也表示目前一段时间内正在进行的活动。表示后一种情况时，动作也一定正在进行。例如：
They are constructing that building.
Steve is studying Chinese best.
1) 并非所有动词都有进行时，有些表示状态和感觉的动词通常无进行时，除非这类动词的词义发生变化。这类动词有：be, love, like, hate, believe, think, feel, seem 等。例如：
Do you see anyone over there?
Are you seeing someone off?（see off 意思是“送行”。）
2) 现在进行时也可表示将来的动作：它指按人们的计划、安排将要发生的动作或指即将开始的动作。例如：
I’m leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
Imagine I’m seeing the Mona Lisa.
3) 现在进行时也可用来给习惯动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩。例如：
She is always cooking some delicious food for her family.
He is always finding fault with his employees.
3. 现在完成时
现在完成时表示目前已完成的动作或刚刚完成的动作，也可表示从过去某一刻发生，现在仍延续着的动作或情况。此时态强调动作对现在的影响。例如：
The conference has lasted for five days.
He’s just bought an unusual taxi.
1) 当句子中出现表示到现在为止这段时间的状语时，谓语动词一般用现在完成时。此类状语有up to (till) now 、so far、these days 、this summer 、for… （后接一段时间的短语），since…（后接过去某个具体时间）等。例如：
We haven’t seen each other again since we graduated in 1987. 2) 句中谓语动词是用一般过去时还是用现在完成时主要取决于动作是否对现在有影响。例如：
What did she say about it?
I have lived in Beijing for 15 years.
4. 一般过去时
一般过去时表示过去某个特定时间发生且一下子就完成的动作，也可表示过去习惯性的动作。一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响，只说明过去。例如：
I had a word with Mary this morning.
He smoked forty cigarettes a day until he gave up.
1) 一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语或从句连用，如yesterday 、last week、in 1993、at that time 、once、during the war 、before、a few days ago、when… 等。
2) “used to + 动词原形”表示“过去经常”而现在已经停止的习惯动作。例如：He used to work fourteen hours a day.
3) 另外，注意区别 “used to” 和“be/get/become used to” 。后者意为“习惯于⋯⋯”， to 为介词，后跟名词或动名词。
5. 过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某时正在发生的动作，也可表示过去某段时间内正在发生或反复发生的动作。例如：
At 8:00 last night, I was telling a story to my kid.
Bill was coughing all night long.
6. 过去完成时
过去完成时表示过去某时之前已完成的动作或状况。在时间上，它属于“过去的过去”。在句中常有明显的参照动作或有表示“到过去某时为止”的时间状语。例如：
By the end of the war, the small workshop had become a large factory.
They found that a stream had formed in the field.
7. 一般将来时
一般将来时表示某个将来时间会发生的动作或情况，也可表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性的动作。例如：
He will take part in an important race across the country.
The students will have five English classes per week this term.
be going to 、be to 、be about to 等也可表示将来的动作，但它们常常表示打算、计划、安排和即将要发生的动作。will 表示说话人认为、相信、希望或假定要发生的动作或情况。
8. 将来进行时
将来进行时表示将来某时正在发生的持续的动作。其构成：will + be + 动词的现在分词。例如：
I’ll be having an English class this time tomorrow.
Most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station.
9. 将来完成时将来完成时表示将来某时前已完成的动作，它也可用来表示推测。例如：
They will have stayed here for five months next week.
By the end of next month, they will have studied twenty passages.
10. 现在完成进行时
现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别是：前者一般表示已结束的动作或情况，它强调对现在的影响。后者一般表示仍在进行或刚刚还在进行的动作或情况，强调动作的延续性。例如：
I have thought it over. 我已经考虑过这件事了。
I have been thinking it over. 我一直考虑这件事。
Be careful! Peter has been painting the car. 注意！彼得刚才还在给这部车上油漆。（油漆未干。）
三、例题
1. Even if it ______ this afternoon, I will go there.
A. has rained B. will rain C. rains D. will have rained
2. ______ last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent.
A. He would leave school B. He left school
C. He had left school D. He has left school
3. We ______ each other for ten years.
A. had known B. have known C. have been knowing D. know
4. They fulfilled the plan earlier than they ______.
A. have expected B. expected C. were expecting D. had expected
5. “Will she finish the work soon?”
“Yes, she ______ it by next Friday. ”
A. shall finish B. finish C. have finished D. will have finished
6. It ______ almost every day so far this month.
A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has been raining
7. My wife ______.
A. has forever criticized me B. forever criticizing me
C. was forever criticizing me D. is forever criticizing me
8. He ______ in a small workshop, but now he is the head of a big business company.
A. used to working B. was used to work
C. used to work D. was used to working
9. My grandmother ______ rural life.
A. has used to B. used to C. is used to D. uses to
10. I ______ my breakfast when the morning post came.
A. had B. had been having
C. was having D. have been having
11. I’m glad that Peter decided to come to the party because we ______ him for several years.
A. haven’t seen B. don’t see
C. will have lasted D. hadn’t seen
12. The conference ______ a full week by the time it ends.
A. has lasted B. lasts
C. will have lasted D. is lasted
13. The computer, working very fast, ______ data at the speed of light.
A. has handled B. handled
C. handling D. handles
14. The sun ______ in the east and ______ in the west.
A. rise, set B. rises, sets
C. rose, set D. is rising, is setting
15. Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins ______ his experience as a young man.
A. was telling B. told
C. tell D. is telling
16. While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television ______ the newspaper completely.
A. replaced B. have replaced
C. replace D. will replace
17. The fifth generation computers with artificial intelligence ______ and perfected now.
A. developed B. have developed
C. are being developed D. will have been developed
18. Before the first non-stop flight in 1949, it ______ necessary for all planes to land for refueling.
A. would be B. has been
C. had been D. would have been
19. It’s reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory ______ by about 10%.
A. will have risen B. has risen
C. will be rising D. has been rising
20. It seems oil ______ from this pipe for some time. We’ll have to take the machine apart to
put it right.
A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking
21. The last half of the nineteenth century______ the steady improvement in the means of travel.
A. has witnessed B. was witnessed C. witnessed D. is witnessed
22. If she doesn’t tell him the truth now, he’ll simply keep on asking her until she ______.
A. does B. has done C. will do D. would
23. My train arrives in New York at eight o’clock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there ______ by then.
A. would leave B. will have left C. has left D. had left
24. She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she ______ too long.
A. has been reading B. had read C. is reading D. read
25. Not until the game had begun ______ at the sports ground.
A. should be have arrived B. had be arrived
C. did he arrive D. would he have arrived
26. I don’t think she’d be upset, but I’ll see her in case ______.
A. she’ll B. she is C. she does D. she would
27. The construction of the office building ______ before the end of next month.
A. must have completed B. must have been completed
C. must be completed D. must complete
四、例题解析
1. 答案：C
解析：主句如果是一般将来时，状语从句一般用一般现在时。
2. 答案：B
解析：句中有表示过去具体时间（last year）的状语，谓语动词一般用过去时。
3. 答案：B
解析：根据题中的时间状语for ten years，即可选出正确的答案。重点是对介词for + 时间长度这一时间状语的理解。
4. 答案：D
解析：过去完成时表示“过去的过去”。使用过去完成时时，句中常有明显的参照动作或有表示到过去某时为止的时间状语。
5. 答案：D
解析：根据题中的时间状语by next Friday ，即可选出正确的答案D。含介词by + 具体将来时间的句子，主句应该使用将来完成时态。
6. 答案：D
解析：根据题中的时间状语so far this month ，谓语动词一般用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。
7. 答案：D
解析：现在进行时可以表示某种感情色彩。
8. 答案：C
解析：“use to + 动词原形”从表示“过去常常”而现在已不复存在的动作或状态。“be used to + 名词或动名词”表示“习惯于⋯⋯”。
9. 答案：C
解析：参见上题。
10. 答案：C
解析：如果从句动作和主句动作几乎同时发生，并且从句动作发生在主句动作延续其间，主句谓语动词用进行式。
11. 答案：A
解析：根据because 从句中的时间状语for several years，可推断动词用完成式。
12. 答案：C
解析：根据句中时间状语by the time it ends ，可推知谓语动词用将来完成时。
13. 答案：D
解析：题中无任何时间状语，它说明一般情况，因此用一般现在时。
14. 答案：B
解析：表示客观规律、永恒真理时，用一般现在时。
15. 答案：A
解析：过去进行时表示过去某个时间正在发生的动作。强调动作进行的状态。
16. 答案：D
解析：unlikely 是“是不可能的”。后面的从句用将来时态表示将来不可能实现的事情。
17. 答案：C
解析：本题考查时态和语态的用法。从时间状语now 可看出谓语动词是正在进行的动作，同时和主语有被动的关系，所以用are being developed 表示“正在被开发”。
18. 答案：C
解析：本句是主从复合句。从题意来看，主句动作发生在从句之前，为“过去的过去”，应该用过去完成式。
19. 答案：A
解析：句中by the end of this month 说明是将来某一时刻已经完成的动作，因此用将来完成时。
20. 答案：D
解析：本题前一句讲油管一直在漏油，第二句说将采取措施停止漏油。第一句的动作一直进行到现在还在继续，应该用现在完成进行时。A 项的过去完成时，B 项的现在进行时，与第二句中的将来时不适合。C 项与同一句中的for some time 有冲突。
21. 答案：C
解析：根据主语the last half of the nineteenth century 可判断出时间为过去时，故C 正确。
22. 答案：A
解析：does＝tells him the truth 。时间状语从句按语法规定用一般时的谓语动词，而非将来时，所以选A。
23. 答案：B
解析：then 指将来时间eight o’clock tonight 。谓语动词用将来完成时表示在将来此时之前已经完成的动作。
24. 答案：A
解析：由前句可以推断出现在她仍在阅读，所以用现在完成进行时，表示从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到目前并且仍在继续的动作。
25. 答案：C
解析：此题考点为not…until… 句型中的时态。一般规则：如果主句是一般过去时态则从句多为过去完成时态。本句为not…until 句型的强调式，即将not until… 置于句首采用倒装式。
26. 答案：B
解析：she is = she is upset 。in case 引起的条件状语从句不用will 或would ，而用一般时态，如：In case he comes, let me know. /I left the door open in case the cat wanted to get in.
27. 答案：C
解析：时间状语before the end of next month 表示将来。办公楼的施工不能自动完成，要用被动语态，因此排除A 和D。B 表示对过去事情的推测，也不符合句子意思。选项C 表示将来某时必须完成，正合题意。
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