20年考研英语真题超纲词汇大集合
abreast ad．并肩地，并排地
Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast (ad.) of jobs in a particular database；when you get e-mail，consider it a reminder to check the database again．[2004年阅读]
[译文]相反，最佳的策略是把代理当作一种提示服务来及时跟踪某一资料库里的工作岗位信息；当你收到电子邮件时，你就把官当作一种提醒再去查一查资料库。
advisory a．顾问的，咨询的，劝告的
That group?the National Bioethics Advisory(a.) Commission(NBAC)?has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper，and at a meeting on 17 May，members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations．[1999年阅读]
[译文]这个名为“全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会”(NBAC)的小组一直在非常积极的工作，并将其意见写成报告；在5月17日的一次会议上，委员们就接近定稿的意见书取得了一致意见。
affinity n．密切关系，吸引力
While history once revered its affinity (n.) to literature and philosophy，the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. [1999年翻译]
[译文]当历史学曾经重视其与文学和哲学的密切关系时，新兴的社会科学似乎提供了更多探求新问题的机会，并且为了解过去提供了有价值的研究方法。
allegation n．主张，断言，辩解
Hearing allegations (n.) of cruelty to animals in research settings，many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm all animal．[2003年阅读]
[译文]当人们听到医学实验虐待动物的指控时，许多人都不明白为什么有人会故意伤害动物。
apprehensive a．①有理解力的；②忧虑的，担心的
What is many captive shippers’attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?
[D]Apprehensive (n．②)．[2003年阅读]
[译文]许多受控制的托运人对铁路部门的合并是什么态度?
[D]担心。
arbiter n．仲裁者，主宰者
“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters (n.) of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici. a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper．[2003年阅读]
[译文]“我们是否真地想让铁路公司成为在市场上决定谁败谁荣的裁决者呢?”马丁•贝科维奇问道，他是一位常常代表铁路客户的华盛顿律师。
authorize v．批准
We can learn from the first paragraph that______．
[C]NBAC was authorized(v．)to control the misuse of cloning technique[1999年阅读]
[译文]从第一段我们可以了解到_______。
[C]NBAC被授权控制克隆技术的滥用
backbone n．脊椎，骨干，毅力
In other words，there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone(n．)and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news．[2001年阅读]
[译文]换言之，在媒介机构的新闻采编室文化中存在着一套约定俗成的写作模式，为纷繁复杂的新闻报道提供了一个主=F框架和一个现成的故事叙述结构。
bellyful n．满腹，满肚子，过量
Ralph Waldo Emerson and other transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children：“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful (n．) of words and do not know a thing．”[2004年阅读]
[译文]拉尔夫•瓦尔多•爱默生和其他一些先验主义哲学家认为学校教育和严格的书本学习限制了孩子们的天性，“我们被关在中小学和大学的朗诵室里十年或十五年，最后出来满肚子墨水，却啥都不懂。”
beneficence n．慈善，捐赠物
Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence (n．) of technological advance．[1996年阅读]
[译文]美国人纷纷涌向这些集市和博览会去欣赏新机械，因而更加坚信技术进步会造福人类。
bidding n．①命令；②出价，投标
Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding (n．①)so fascinating．[1998年阅读]
[译文]可能正是因为人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布才使得让水听从人的调遣如此令人痴迷.
bombard vt．炮轰，攻击
At the same time，the American Law Institute?a group of judges，lawyers，and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight?issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard (vt.) them with a lengthy list of possible ones．[1999年阅读]
[译文]与此同时，美国法学会一该学会由一群举足轻重的法官、律师、学者所组成一签署了新的民事侵害法纲要，宣布公司不必警示顾客那些显而易见的危险，或者给顾客列出一份冗长的可能造成的危险的清单。
breakthrough n．突破
Through his research，Pearson is ahle to put dates to most of the breakthroughs(n.) that can be predicted．[2001年翻译]
[译文]通过研究，皮尔森能够指出大多数可预言的突破的时日。
broker n．经纪人
"Instead of 20 to 30 offers．now maybe you only get two or three，"says John Deadly，a Bay Area real-estate broker(n)．[2004年阅读]
[译文]海湾地区房地产经纪人约翰•梯尔迪说：“已经卖出二十到三十套，剩下的可能只有两三套了。”
byproduct n．副产品
By the late 1970s，neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just“mental noise”?the random byproducts (n.) of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep．[2005年阅读]
[译文]到了20世纪70年代，神经学专家又转而把梦视作“精神上的杂音”一睡梦中神经修复工作的随机性副产品。
capuchin n. (猴子的一种)僧帽猴
However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins (n.) and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. [2005年阅读]
［译文］但是，这种愤愤不平之心是人类和猴子独立地进化出来的，还是他们三千五百万年前从老祖先那遗传来的，这一问题尚没有定论。
carefree a．无忧无虑的，轻松愉快的
How do the public feel about tile current economic situation?
[C]Carefree (a．)．[2004年阅读]
[译文]公众觉得目前经济形势如何?
[C]无忧无虑。
cataract n．①大瀑布；②白内障
Failing hips can be replaced，clinical depression controlled，cataracts (n．②) removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure．[2003年阅读]
[译文]髋骨不行了可以更换，临床的忧郁症得到了控制，白内障仅用30分钟手术便可以切除。
centerpiece n．中心
The centerpiece (n.) of the argument of a technology-yes，genius-no advocate was an analysis of Gialileo's role at the start of the scientific revolution．[1994年翻译]
[译文]这场拥护“肯定技术否定天才”的争论的中心是对伽利略在科技革命初期的作用的分析。
charitable a．仁慈的，(为)慈善事业的，宽恕的
Today there are many charitable(a.) organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler．[1997年阅读]
[译文]如今，有了很多的慈善组织专门帮助疲劳的旅行者。
chunk n．大块
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry chunks (n.) of memorized poetry in their heads，while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English speakers.[2005年阅读]
[译文]俄罗斯人深爱着他们自己的语言，并在他们的脑海中存储了大量诗歌，而意大利的政客们却更倾向于精心准备的演讲，这在大多数讲英语的人们眼里已经过时。
citizenry n．公民或市民(集合称)
If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry(n.) will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress．[2003年阅读]
[译文]如果好人无所作为，一群不明真相的公众真地有可能扑灭医学进步的宝贵火种。
collectivism n．集体主义
It was moreover a step away from individual initiative，towards collectivism (n.) and municipal and state-owned business．[1996年阅读]
[译文]而且这也是公司摆脱个体创造，走向集体化和向市营、国营迈出的一步。
commitment n．承诺，责任
(38：On the contrary)they can help students acquire a sense of commitment (n.) by (39：planning)for roles that are within their (40：capability) and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules．[2003年完形]
[译文]正相反，成年人可以通过计划青少年能所参与的活动以及清晰表述规则来帮助他们树立责任感。
compassionate a．有同情心的
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate (a．)，understandable way-in human terms．not in the language of molecular biology．[2003年阅读]
[译文]科学家必须把他们的意思传达给公众，并且要使用富有感情和通俗易懂的语言，即用通俗的语言，而不是使用分子生物学的语言。
compulsion n．强迫，强制
That compulsion (n.) has resulted in robotics-the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines．[2002年阅读]
[译文]这种不得已的行为导致了机器人科学的产生??一门将人类的能力赋予机器的科学。
connotation n．含蓄，内涵
Nevertheless，the word“amateur”does carry a connotation (n.) that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and，in particular，may not fully share its values．[2001年阅读]
[译文]但是“业余”这个词的确具有特殊的含义，那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，具体地说，他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。
conclusive a．确实的；最后的，决定性的
The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle，and so is not conclusive(a.) evidence of a revival in the underlying trend．[1998年阅读]
[译文]问题在于，近年发生的生产力快速增长部分是由于商业周期通常到了这时候就会出现的反弹造成的,因此，还不能作为一次确凿的证据来证实在这一潜在的趋势背后会出现经济复苏的迹象。
conformity n．一致，符合
Nor, if regularity and conformity(n.) to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to refleet，is management to be blamed for discriminating against the“odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who“work well with the team．”[1999年阅读]
[译文]如果像他们的论文所反映的那样，科学家也想看到规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性，那么如果管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”，而赞赏“擅长团队协作”的具有传统思维模式的人，那也是无可指责的。
cosmos n．宇宙
The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang，first put forward in the 1920s，to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos(n.)．[1998年翻译]
[译文]巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使20年代首创的大爆炸论得以处于其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。
corporate a．共同的，全体的
Everywhere you go in America，you hear tales of corporate(a．)revival．[1998年阅读]
[译文］在美国，无论你走到哪里都会听到企业复苏的故事。
cortex n．(植物的)皮层，树皮，(脑或肾的)皮层，皮质
But not all parts of the brain are equally involved；the limbic system(the“emotional brain”)is especially active，while the prefrontal cortex (n.) (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet．[2005年阅读]
[译文]但并不是所有大脑的部位都参与活动；控制情绪的大脑部位异常活跃，然而控制智力和理性的大脑部位却相对平静。
courteous a．有礼貌的，谦恭的
It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteons(a．)convention and individual interest．[1997年阅读]
[译文]要想正确区分礼貌是出于文化习俗还是个人兴趣，单凭一次公共汽车上的邂逅是不够的。
counterbalance vt．使平均，使平衡，弥补；n．平衡，势均力敌
Razitch’s latest book，Left Back：A Century of Failed School Reforms，traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools，concluding they are anything but a counterbalance (n.) to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits．But they could and should be．[2004年阅读]
[译文]莱维西最新著作《回顾：一百年来学校改革的失败》探索学校里反学识倾向的根源，书中的结论是：学校根本未能制衡美国人对学识追求的厌恶，但学校是能够并应该做到这一点的。
counteract v．①抵抗；②抵制；③消除，抵消
“If we can understand how cancer works，we can counteract (v．③) its action．”[1994年阅读]
[译文]“如果我们能弄清癌症的活动规律，我们就能采取相应的措施。”
coverage n．①新闻报导(范围)；②保险项目
They are brought sport，comedy，drama，music，news and current affairs，education，religion，parliamentary coverage(n．①)，children’s programmes and films for an annual licence fee of￡ 83 per household．[1996年阅读]
[译文]每户每年交83英镑的使用费便可收看体育、喜剧、戏剧、音乐、新闻时事、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童节目及电影。
credibility n．可信性
Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility(n．)project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers．[2001年阅读]
[译文]然后它又出资组织研讨会和可信度调查项目，去探究为什么顾客们恼火了，为什么会有那么多人逃避新闻。
criteria n．标准
Narrowing your criteria (n.)，for example，may work against you：“Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility．”says one expert．[2004年阅读]
[译文]比如缩小你的要求条件就有可能对你不利，一位专家说：“你每回答一次问题你就丧失一次机会。”
cuff n．袖口，没有预料到的事情
Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff (n.) remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner．[2002年阅读]
[译文](练习幽默)包括一些很随便的、看上去是即兴的话，你可以用轻松的、不做作的方式把它们说出来。
cult n．①宗派；②崇拜；③时尚
But the cult (n．②) of the authentic and the personal，“doing our own thing，”has spelt the death of formal speech，writing，poetry and music．[2005年阅读]
[译文]然而，“做我们自己的事”??这一对事物真实性和个性的崇拜信条，已经给正式的演讲、写作、诗歌和音乐画上了句号。
customize v．定制
Subscribers can customize (v．) the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site．[1999年阅读]
[译文]用户可以定制自己想要接受的信息，然后直接进入某个公司的网址。
cute a．可爱的，聪明的，伶俐的
They look cute (a.)．They are good-natured，co-operative creatures，and they share their food readily．[2005年阅读]
[译文]它们(猴子)看起来很可爱，温顺合作，总是能分享食物。
deception n．欺骗，诡计
He describes their programmes and tactics，and，for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists，the extent of their deception (n.) and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise．[1996年阅读]
[译文]他揭露了这些人的伎俩和手段，对那些不了解创世纪论者惯用手法的人来说，其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会让他们感到气愤和吃惊。
defendant n．被告; a．辩护的
As personal injury claims continue as before，some courts are beginning to side with defendants (n.)，especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything．[1999年阅读]
[译文]尽管个人伤害的指控一如既往地继续着，但有些法庭已开始站到被告一方，特别是在处理那些有警示语也无法避免伤害的案件时。
degradation n．降级，退化
In his latest book，Doing Our Own Thing：The Degradation (n.) of Language and Music and Why We Should，Like，Care，John McWhorter，a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views， see the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English．[2005年阅读]
[译文]语言学家约翰•麦克沃特(John McWhorter)喜好争论，他的观点混杂着保守派与自由派的看法，在他的近作《做我们自己的事：语言和音乐的退化，以及为什么我们应该喜欢或在意》一书中，这位学者认为20世纪60年代反文化运动的胜利要对正式英语的退化负责。
delinquency n．行为不良，犯法，犯罪
Most theories of juvenile delinquency (n.) have focused on children from disadvantaged families，(26：ignoring)the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes．[2004年完形]
[译文]大部分将少年犯罪主要归咎于贫困家庭的理论忽略了一个事实，即，那些来自富裕家庭的孩子也会犯罪。
demographer n．人口统计学家
Moreover，demographers (n.) see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon：More and more，Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people，too．[1998年阅读]
[译文]而且，人口统计学家发现，向南部和向西部的不断迁移还伴随着一种与之相关却又较新的现像：越来越多的美国人显然不再仅仅寻找有更多工作机会的地方，也在寻找人口稀少的地方。
depressant a．有镇静作用的；n．镇静剂
Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system，whereas depressants(n.) slow it down．[1997年阅读]
[译文]兴奋剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用，而镇静剂则相反：减缓它的活动。
depression n．沮丧，消沉，低气压，低压
Failing hips can be replaced，clinical depression (n.) controlled，cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure．[2003年阅读]
[译文]髋骨不行了可以更换，临床的忧郁症得到了控制，白内障仅用30分钟手术便可以切除。
depletion n.损耗
The true enemies of science，argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University，a pioneer of environmental studies，are those who question the evidence supporting global warming，the depletion (n.) of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth．[1998年阅读]
[译文]环境研究的先驱者、斯坦福大学的保罗•埃利希反驳说，科学真正的敌人是那些对工业发展导致全球变暖、臭氧层逐渐损耗以及其他后果的证据提出质疑的人。
determinism n．决定论
Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages，Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism(n.)．[2004年翻译]
[译文]虽然Sapir和Whorf都强调语言的差异性，但是，Sapir本人从未明确支持语言决定论的观点。
detrimental a．有害的
All these are beneficial，not detrimental (a.)，to consumers．[2001年阅读]
[译文]所有这些对消费者来说都有益而无害的。
digit n．从0到9的任一数字
Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit (n.) inflation and global economic decline．[2002年阅读]
[译文]前两次的油价暴涨都导致了两位数的通货膨胀率和全球性的经济衰退。
disparage vt．蔑视
With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging (vt.) remarks about their canteen or their chairman．[2002年阅读]
[译文]而对于其他听众，你就不能试图贸然地讲这种幽默，因为他们也许不喜欢外人对他们的餐厅或总裁有如此微词。
dispassionate a．冷静的，平心静气的
Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassionate (a.) manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena．[2003年翻译]
[译文]社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
disproportionate a．不成比例的
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate (a.) emphasis on examinations．[1995年阅读]
[译文]学校里最糟糕的竞争形式就是不恰当地强调考试。
downshift v. ①（汽车等）调低速档；②（引申义）降低生活节奏
For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80s, downshifting (v. ②) in the mid-90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life-growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one-as a personal recognition of your limitations.[2001年阅读]
［译文］对我们这一代女性来说，整个80年代我们曾被迫忙碌地生活，90年代中期的简化生活与其说是寻求神话般的好生活??自己种有机蔬菜并试图与之合一??倒不如说我们都认识了自身的局限。
dosage n.剂量，配，用量
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’ pain, even though increasing dosages(n.) will eventually kill the patient.[2002年阅读]
［译文］近年来，医生们一直在借用这项原则，为自己替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛的做法提供正当的理由，尽管他们知道，不断增加的剂量最终会杀死病人。
domino n．骨牌，多米诺骨牌
In the US and Canada，where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength，observers are waiting for the dominoes (n.) to start failing．[1997年阅读]
[译文]在美国和加拿大，死亡权利运动正在积蓄力量。观察家们正在等待多米诺骨牌产生效应。
doormat n．(放于门前的)擦鞋垫
Luckily, if the doormat (n.) or stove failed to warn of coming disaster，a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles．[1999年阅读]
[译文]但是假如门垫或炉灶上没有警示语告诉你可能发生的危害，那么你或许可以就自己所受的伤害通过法律诉讼，成功地获得赔偿。
dormant a．不活跃的，静止的，隐匿的
Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant (a.) oncogene，but how remains unknown．[1994年阅读]
[译文]从宇宙射线、辐射到日常饮食，任何东西都可能激活一个处于静止状态下的致癌基因，但如何激活尚不为人知。
downsize vt．较小尺寸
While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline?after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing (vt.) in the late’80s?and is still linked to the politics of thrift，in Britain，at least among the middle class downshifters of my acquaintance，we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives．[2001年阅读]
[译文]在美国，这种趋势一开始是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应一出现于80年代后期缩小经济规模导致大规模裁员??在英国，至少在我所认识的中产阶级的简化生活者中，这种趋势仍被认为与节俭政治有关联，虽然如此，然而我们有着不同的理由使自己的生活简单化。
downscale v．缩减…的规模
So Spero is downscaling (v.)，shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland home，instead of Neiman Marcus．[2004年阅读]
[译文]因此斯派罗相应地缩减规模，在克利夫兰郊区的她家附近的中档迪拉德百货公司买东西，而不再去内曼•玛科斯。
downshifter n．过俭朴生活的人，放慢生活节奏的人
While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline?after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’80s?and is still linked to the politics of thrift，in Britain，at least among the middle class downshifters (n.) of my acquaintance，we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives．[2001年阅读]
[译文]在美国，这种趋势一开始是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应一出现于80年代后期缩小经济规模导致大规模裁员??在英国，至少在我所认识的中产阶级的简化生活者中，这种趋势仍被认为与节俭政治有关联, 虽然如此,然而我们有着不同的理由使自己的生活简单化。
drummer n．鼓手
Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer(n.)．[1994年阅读]
[译文]极富创造性的人的确是伴着不同的鼓手前进的。
dynamics n．①动力学；②动态
A variety of small clubs can provide (30：multiple) opportunities for leadership，as well as for practice in successful (31：individual) dynamics (n．②)．[2003年完形]
[译文]丰富多彩的俱乐部活动能提供多种机会来锻炼他们的领导能力也为参与成功组织的动态关系提了练习。
elitism n．杰出人物统治论
From the beginning of our history，says Hofstadter，our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism (n.)．[2004年阅读]
[译文]霍夫斯塔特说：自我们的历史之初，我们对民主化和大众化的渴望就驱使我们排斥任何带有精英优越论味道的东西。
embryo n．胚胎，胎儿，胚芽；a．胚胎的，初期的
NBAC will leave the issue of embryo(a.) research undiscussed because______．
embryo research is just a current development of cloning[1999年阅读]
[译文]NBAC将不讨论胚胎研究问题，因为胚胎研究不过是克隆的新发展。
emulation n．竞争，效法
When all these shaping forces?schools，open attitudes，the premium system，a genius for spatial thinking?interacted with one another on the rich US mainland, they produced that American characteristic，emulation(n.)．[1996年阅读]
[译文]当所有这些成因一学校、开放的态度、奖赏制度及空间思维天赋在美国大陆上相互结合时，便造就了美国人的特点??竞争。
ember n．灰烬，余烬
If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers (n.) of medical progress．[2003年阅读]
[译文]如果好人无所作为，一群不明真相的公众真的有可能扑灭医学进步的宝贵火种。
encompass v．包围，环绕，包含
By its very name，anthropology encompasses (v.) the study of all humankind．[2003年翻译]
[译文]根据名称本意，人类学包括对整个人类的研究。
enlist v．①参军，入伍；②获得(赞助，同情等)
The latest was，a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted (v．②) by the White House，to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made．[2005年阅读]
[译文]最近，国家科学院在白宫赞助下开了一次会，告诉大家地球的大气正在变暖，而且这一麻烦主要是人为的。
enthrone vt．①立…为王，使登基，任为主教，崇拜；vi．①热心
This development?and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead?has enthroned (vt.①) the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting．[1998年阅读]
[译文]这一发展??以及它对今后几年美国政治和经济的强大影响??使南部在美国人口普查史上第一次成为人口最密集的地区。
entitlement n．权利
Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract．as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements (n.)．[1997年翻译]
[译文]有些哲学家认为，权利只存在于社会契约中，是责任和权益相交换的一部份。
entrenched a．确立的，不容易改的(风俗习惯)
It will not solve our problems，however，until it replaces traditional prescientific views，and these are strongly entrenched (a．)．[2002年翻译]
[译文]然而只有当这种技术手段取代传统科学出现前的观点时才能解决这些问题，而这些传统观念相当根深蒂固。
epithet n．绰号，称号
Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet (n.) is in danger of becoming meaningless．[1998年阅读]
[译文]一些观察者的确担心“反科学”这个词会失去意义。
equate vt．使相等，视为平等；vi．等同
It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources，and to social science historians who equate (vt.) their activity with specific techniques．[1999年翻译]
[译文]这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史研究是具体方法的研究。
espionage n．间谍;侦探
Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the“great game”of espionage (n.)一spying as a “profession”．[2003年阅读]
[译文]多诺万相信，在谍报职业这个“大游戏”中可以使用任何手段。
ethical a．伦理的，道德的
The most elementary form of moral reasoning?the ethical (a.) equivalent of learning to crawl-is to weigh others' interests against one's own．[1997年翻译]
[译文]道德推理的最基本形式一相当于人学习爬行的阶段的道德，就是权衡他人与自己的利益。
euthanasia n．安乐死
In Australia?where an aging population，life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part?other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia(n.)．[1997年阅读]
[译文]在澳大利亚，人口老龄化、延长寿命技术和公众态度的变化都发挥着各自的作用。其他州也将考虑制定类似的法律来处理安乐死问题。
expectancy n．期待，期望
Americans’ life expectancy(n.) has nearly doubled over the past century．[2003年阅读]
[译文]在过去的一个世纪里，美国人的寿命几乎翻了一番。
explanatory a．说明的，解释性的
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory (a.) items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find．[2002年翻译]
[译文]行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
exotic a．异国情调的，外来的，奇异的
Other linguists in the earlier part of this century，however，who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from“exotic (a.)”language，were not always so grateful．[2004年翻译]
[译文]这一世纪早期，另外一些语言学家对此并无感激之情，因为他们并不对研究“另类”语言的奇异数据太感兴趣。
fallacy n．谬误，谬论
Also common in the natural sciences，the technicist fallacy (n.) mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation．[1999年翻译]
[译文]在自然科学领域里，这种现象也很普遍，技术谬误错误地将历史研究技术实施过程中的某些过程当成了历史研究的整体。
farfetched a．牵强的
However farfetched (a.) and unreasonable their principles may seem today，it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal．[2000年阅读]
[译文]不管他们的论断今天看起来是多么牵强，多么没道理，若干年后，人们可能会认为它们是正常的。
feverishly ad．兴奋地
That group-the National Bioethics Advisory Commission(NBAC)?has been working feverishly (ad.) to put its wisdom on paper and at a meeting on 17 May，members agreed on a near?final draft of their recommendations．[1999年阅读]
[译文]这个名为“全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会”(NBAC)的小组一直在非常积极的工作，并将其意见写成报告；在5月17日的一次会议上，委员们就接近定稿的意见书取得了一致意见。
fissure n．裂缝，裂沟；v．(使)裂开，(使)分裂
As the dome grows，it develops deep fissures (n.) (cracks)；in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures，so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean[1998年阅读]
[译文]随着这个圆顶的增大，板块出现深深的裂缝。至少有几次，大陆可能会沿着其中的一些裂缝完伞裂开,因此这个热点就引发了一个新的海洋的形成。
forsake vt．放弃，抛弃
Computer-education advocates forsake (vt.) this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook．[1999年阅读]
[译文]倡导计算机教育的人抛弃了这一乐观理念，取而代之的是与他们乐观外表相悖的悲观论调。
frenzy n．狂暴，狂怒；vi．疯狂，狂热
In San Francisco，prices are still rising even as frenzied (vi.) overbidding quiets．[2004年阅读]
[译文]在旧金山，高价抢购现象虽然销声匿迹了，可价格依旧看涨。
genre n．类型，流派
Equally，in poetry，the highly personal，performative genre (n.) is the only form that could claim real liveliness．[2005年阅读]
[译文]同样地，在诗歌领域，惟一能够具有真正活力的就是那种高度个人化和富有表现力的文学形式。
gizmo n．小发明
As a resuh，the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos (n.) whose presence we barely no
tice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor．[2002年阅读]
[译文]因此，现代社会有了越来越多的智能装置，虽然我们几乎都注意不到它们，但它们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳动。
gloom n．①阴暗，阴沉；②忧愁，忧郁；v．(使)变阴暗，忧伤地说
So where are the headlines warning of gloom (n．②) and doom this time?[2002年阅读]
[译文]那么，这一次警告人们经济衰退在劫难逃的新闻标题在哪里呢?
hallucinogen n．迷幻剂
Hallucinogens(n.) have their primary effect on perception，distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations．[1997年阅读]
[译文]迷幻剂主要影响人的感知，通过多种方式对感知加以扭曲或改变，其中包括产生幻觉。
haunt v．(鬼魂)出没
As funding for science has declined，scientists have attacked“anti-science”in several books，notably Higher Superstition，by Paul R．Gross，a biologist at the University of Virginia，and Norman Levitt，a mathematician at Rutgers University；and The Demon-Haunted(v．)World，by Carl Sagan of Cornell University．[1998年阅读]
[译文]由于科研经费减少，科学家已出了几本书来抨击“反科学”势力，比较著名的有弗吉尼亚大学生物学家保罗•R•格罗斯和拉特格斯大学的数学家诺曼•莱维特合著的《高级迷信》及康奈尔大学的卡尔•萨根著的《鬼怪世界》。
hallucination n．幻觉，幻想
Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception，distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations (n.)．[1997年阅读]
[译文]迷幻剂主要影响人的感知，通过多种方式对感知加以扭曲或改变，其中包括产生幻觉。
healthcare n．卫生保健
The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive (48：while) avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens(49：imposed)by employment rules，healthcare (n.) costs and pension plans．[1997年完形]
[译文]这种现象可以使公司保持全球范围的竞争力，同时避免了市场的恶性循环和由于雇佣规定、医疗保险费用和养老金计划所造成的压力。
holodeck n．全息舱面
In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck (n．)will be a reality．[2001年翻译]
[译文]再过不到30年，“星球旅行”号的全息舱面就会变为现实。
homicide n．杀人，杀人者
“It's like surgery，”he says，“We don’t call those deaths homicides (n.) because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients，although they risked their death．If you’re a physician，you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide．”[2002年阅读]
[译文]“这就像做手术，”他说，“我们不能称那些死亡为杀人是因为医生并没有故意杀死病人，尽管他们敢冒病人死亡的危险。假定你是一名医生，只要你并没有故意让病人自杀，你就可以去冒令你的病人自杀的风险。”
horrify v．使恐怖
That's a prospect that horrifies (v.) Net purists．[1999年阅读]
[译文]这种前景让网络纯粹主义者感到不安。
hospice n．旅客住宿处，收容所
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices (n.)，to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies，to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care，and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life．[2002年阅读]
[译文]医疗行业采取步骤，让年轻医生去晚期病人休养所培训，对各种大胆的镇痛疗法方面的知识进行评估，为医院护理制定一份符合美国医疗保障方案的付款条例，以及为评估和治疗临终痛苦制定新的标准。
humane a．仁慈的，人道的
Research institutions could be opened to tours，to show that laboratory animals receive humane (a.) care．[2003年阅读]
[译文]科研机构应该对外开放，让人参观，向人们展示实验室里的动物获得了人道的对待。
husbandry n．畜牧业
Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry (n.) technique to clone humans，he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment?although no one had proposed to do so?and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning．[1999年阅读]
[译文]他(克林顿总统)宣称反对利用这种非同寻常的畜牧学技术去克隆人，并下令禁止使用联邦资金做这样的实验??尽管还没有人提议要那样做??并责令成立一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德•夏皮罗为首的独立专家小组，在90天内拿出有关克隆人的国家政策的建议，向白宫汇报。
hydroelectric a．水力电气的
Hydroelectric (a.) power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams．[1998年阅读]
[译文]水利发电、治理洪水以及灌溉即使不建大型水坝也是可能的，不一定非要建大坝。
hyperactive a．活动过度的，极度活跃的
The process sweeps from hyperactive (a.) America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might．[2001年阅读)
[译文]这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国席卷到欧洲，并以不可比拟的威力影响到正在崛起的国家。
hypocritical a．伪善的，伪善者的
Instead，we are treated to fine hypocritical (a.) Spectacles，which now more than ever seem in ample supply．[2000年阅读]
[译文]相反我们目睹了比以前任何时候都多的虚伪景观。
impartial a．公平的，不偏不倚的
The author's attitude toward the issue of“science vs．anti-science”is_______．
[A]impartial (a.)[1998年阅读]
[译文]作者对“科学与反科学”这场争端的态度_________。
[A]公平的
impoverish vt．使贫穷，使枯竭
To take advantage of this tool，some impoverished (vt.) countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment．[2001年阅读]
[译文]要想利用互联网，某些贫困国家必须克服对国外投资所持的过时了的反殖民的种种偏见。
intellect n．智力
But not all parts of the brain are equally involved；the limbic system(the“emotional brain”)is especially active，while the prefrontal cortex(the center of intellect(n.)and reasoning)is relatively quiet．[2005年阅读]
[译文]但并不是所有大脑的部位都参与活动；控制情绪的大脑部位异常活跃，然而控制智力和理性的大脑部位却相对平静。
inconclusive a．非决定性的，不确定的
That the evidence was inconclusive (a.)，the science uncertain? [2005年阅读]
[译文]证据不充分，没有科学定论?
ingenuity n．机灵，独创性，精巧，灵活性
Since the dawn of human ingenuity (n.)，people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous．boring, burdensome，or just plain nasty．[2002年阅读]
[译文]从人类最初有了智慧至今，人们一直在设计日益巧妙的工具来处理那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者只是简单肮脏的工作。
interpretation n．解释，阐明，口译，通译
(39：Publication)of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a(40：storm)of media protest when he said the(41：interpretation (n.)) of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges(42：rather than)to Parliament．[2001年完形]
[译文]Irvine勋爵说，对欧洲立法中所包涵的关于个人隐私监控权的解释，将留给法官，而不是议会，这招致新闻媒体的一片抗议。此后两天，此信被公之于世。
ineptly ad．不适当地，无能地
First，some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly (ad.) done．[1998年阅读]
[译文]一种解释是近年来所进行的公司重组也许并未奏效。
inflationary a．通货膨胀的，通货膨胀倾向的
If the small hot spots look as expected，that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea，a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary (a.) universe theory．[1998年翻译]
[译文]假如那些小热点看上去同预测的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀学说。
info n．①消息；②资料；③信息
A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide?the division of the world into the info (n．③) (information) rich and the info poor．[2001年阅读]
[译文]今天，人们十分关注所谓的是信息差异问题??世界上信息资源丰富的地区和信息资源贫乏的地区之间的差异；
infringement n．违反，侵害
Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements (n.) to fair competition?[2001年阅读]
[译文]当一个国家对破坏公平竞争的行为的处理过于严厉时，跨国公司会不会把它们的生产从一地转到另一地呢?
inhuman a．野蛮的
Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is________．
[B]inhuman (a.) and unacceptable[2003年阅读]
[译文]被误导的人们往往认为：在研究中使用动物是______。
[B]不人道、不可接受的
innate a．先天的，天生的
Its hero avoids being civilized?going to school and learning to read?so he can preserve his innate (a.) goodness．[2004年阅读]
[译文]该书(马克•吐温的小说《哈克贝利•芬》)的主人公逃避教化??不上学和不学习读书写字??因此他才得以保住善良的天性。
innermost a．最里面的，内心的，秘密的
Researchers have come to believe that dreams________．
[C]reflect our innermost (a.) desires and fears[2005年阅读]
[译文]研究人员最终认识到梦________。
[C]反映了我们内心的愿望和恐惧
insatiable a．不知足的，贪求无厌的
Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable (a.) curiosity．[2003年翻译]
[译文]人类既善于思考又善于创造，拥有永不满足的好奇心。
insidious a．阴险的
But one insidious (a.) form continues to thrive：alphabetism. [2004年阅读]
[译文]但是有一种隐蔽的(歧视)形式还在蔓延：按字母表顺序排名。
instantaneously ad．立即
But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant，instantaneously (ad.) focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd．[2002年阅读]
[译文]但是人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景，迅速排除98％的不相干的物体，立即聚焦于森林中蜿蜒道路旁的一只猴子，或者人群中的一张可疑的脸。
juggle v．杂耍，同时做(两种以上活动等)
For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling(vi．)through the’80s，downshifting in the mid-’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life?growing your own organic vegetables，and risking turning into one?as a personal recognition of your limitations．[2001年阅读]
[译文]对我们这一代女性来说，整个80年代我们曾被迫忙碌地生活，90年代中期的简化生活与其说是寻求神话般的好生活一自己种有机蔬菜并试图与之合一一倒不如说我们都认识了自身的局限。
jurisdiction n．权限
So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list，they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction (n.) that would help their budgets and patients．[2005年阅读]
[译文]所以，在下一次，当省政府官员们在尼亚加拉瀑布再次开会时，他们不仅要继续争论药品价格；而且还会在预算和病人的管辖权上吵的声嘶力竭。
lawsuit n．诉讼
In May，Julie Nimmons，president of Schutt Sports in Illinois，successfully fought a lawsuit (n.) involving a foot ball player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet．[1999年阅读]
[译文]五月份，伊利诺斯州的Schutt体育公司总裁朱利•尼蒙斯就成功地打赢了这样一场官司。一名橄榄球队员戴着该公司的头盔在一场比赛中受伤瘫痪，遂将该公司告上法庭。
landmark n．里程碑，划时代的事
What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected：the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite?Cobe?had discovered landmark (n.) evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy)．[1998年翻译]
[译文]研究人员所发现的宇宙云系既令人惊讶，又是人们所期待的，因为美国国家航空航天局的宇宙前景探索者Cobe号卫星已经发现了划时代的证据证明宇宙的确起源于最早的一次爆炸，即人们一直所称的“大爆炸”(此理论认为宇宙起源于一大团能量)
linguist n．语言学家
As a linguist(n.)，he acknowledges that all varieties of human language，including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive?there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas．[2005年阅读]
[译文]作为一位语言学家，他承认多种多样的人类语言，包括那些非标准的语言，比如黑人英语，都具有极强的表达力一世上没有传达不了复杂思想的语言和方言。
limbic a．边缘的
But not all pans of the brain are equally involved；the lirnbic(a．)system(the“emotional brain”)is especially active．while the prefrontal cortex(the center of intellect and reasoning)is relatively quiet．[2005年阅读]
[译文]但并不是所有大脑的部位都参与活动；控制情绪的大脑部位异常活跃，然而控制智力和理性的大脑部位却相对平静。
lining n．内衬，衬里
Many folks see silver linings(n.)to this slowdown．[2004年阅读]
[译文]许多人对于经济减速抱有乐观的希望。
liken vt．把…比作
Hence the analogy that likens (vt.) the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen，a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel．[1997年阅读]
[译文]因此，才会有人将货币政策的指导作用比做是驾驶一辆带有黑色挡风玻璃、破碎的后视镜及方向盘失灵的汽车。
literate n．学者；a．有文化的，有阅读和写作能力的
Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics，especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states，were generally literate (a.) and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry．[1996年阅读]
[译文]为什么要提小学教育?正是因为有了这些学校，我们的早期技工才普遍能读会写，并精通算术及部分几何和三角，这种情况在新英格兰和大西洋中部各洲尤为可见。
livelihood n．生活，生计
Rather，we have a certain conception of the American citizen，a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood (n.) and happiness are affected by things outside of himself．[1999年阅读]
[译文]我们更应该具有的是作为美国公民的某种观念，即他必须准确判断自身的生活和幸福是如何受到外界影响的，否则他的公民特征就是不完整的。
lockout n．停工，封厂
The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout (n.) taught the two parties to respect each other's strength and understand the value of fair negotiation．[1996年阅读]
[译文]罢工和封厂的无情惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重对方的力量，理解公正谈判的价值。
logo n．标识语
“Anthropology”derives from the Greek words“anthropos”“human”and logos (n.) “the study of．”[2003年翻译]
[译文]“Anthropology”(人类学)一词来源于希腊词“anthropos”(人类)和“loges”(研究)。
manifestation n．显示，表现，示威运动
At Time Warner，however，such questions are simply the latest manifestation (n.) of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990．[1997年阅读]
[译文]不过，对于成立于1990年的时代华纳公司而言，这样的质问仅仅只是公司自我反思的最新表现。
marketplace n．集会场所，市场
“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace (n．)?”asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper．[2003年阅读]
[译文]我们是否真地想让铁路公司成为在市场上决定谁败谁荣的裁决者呢?”马丁•贝科维奇问道，他是一位常常代表铁路客户的华盛顿律师。
maximize vt．最大值，最佳化
Thus，in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers，coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize (vt.) profits and the desire，of individuals to maximize their incomes，that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it．[1994年阅读]
[译文]因此，在美国经济体制中，消费者个人的需求，加上商人获取最大利润的追求及消费者想最大限度提高购买力的愿望三者共同决定应该生产什么和如何利用资源来生产这些产品。
manicurist n．指甲修饰师
But the 47-year-old manicurist (n.) isn't cutting，filling or polishing as many nails as she'd like to，either．[2005年阅读]
[译受]但是，这位四十七岁的指甲修饰师修剪、锉磨、上油的指甲数量却难遂其愿了。
manifesto n．宣言，声明
Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber，whose manifesto (n.)，published in 1995，scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia．[1998年阅读]
[译文]将该词(反科学)用在仇视现代文明的恐怖主义者身上，也不会引起多大争议，它在1995年公开发表蔑视科学、渴望回到前技术时代理想社会的声明。
marathon n．马拉松赛跑，耐力赛
Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences：remember that Pheidippides，the first marathon (n.) runner, dropped dead seconds after saying：“Rejoice，we conquer!”[1995年阅读]
[译文]过分地热衷于获胜会产生危险的后果：记住，第一位跑马拉松的费迪皮迪兹在说完“欢呼吧，我们赢了”之后几秒就倒地而死。
markedly ad．显著地，明显地
However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers，so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock，their behaviour became markedly (ad.) different．[2005年阅读]
[译文]但是当两只猴子被分别关在相邻的笼子之后，而且每只猴子还能看到对方用石头交换了什么物品时，它们的行为习惯发生了明显的变化。
media n．媒体
In Europe，as elsewhere，multi-media (n.) groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television，radio，newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another．[2005年翻译]
[译文]像其他地方一样，欧洲的传媒集团越来越成功，这些集团将相关的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社组合在一起。
methodology n．方法学，方法论
There is no agreement whether methodology(n．) refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry．[1999年翻译]
[译文]所谓方法是指在一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
medication n．药物治疗，药物处理，药物
Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
[C]The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication (n.) can be prescribed．[2002年阅读]
[译文]根据本文，下面哪项说法正确?
[C]法院裁定，医生可以开大剂量减轻病痛的药。
millennium n．太平盛世，一千年
Pearson has pieced together to work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium (n.) technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place．[2001年翻译]
[译文]皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
mediation n．仲裁，调停，调解
Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center，contends that the principle will shield doctors who“until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation (n.) to control their pain if that might hasten death．”[2002年阅读]
[译文]蒙特非奥里医疗中心主任南希•都博勒认为，这项原则将消除部分医生的疑虑，这些医生在此之前一直强烈地认为，如果给病人充分的药品来止痛会加速他们的死亡的话，那就不能这样做。
mediocrity n．平常，平凡
The grand mediocrity (n.) of today?everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring?means that natural selection has lost 80％of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes．[2000年阅读]
[译文]今天这种极其显著的平均化??每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同??意味着与部落相比较，自然选择在印度中、上层已经失去了80％的效力。
megamerger n．大规模合并
A few weeks ago，Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers (n.) in the banking industry．[2001年阅读]
[译文]几星期以前，格林斯潘对银行业的巨大合并发出了警告。
milestone n．里程碑，转折点
The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones (n.) that mark the passage of the plates．[1998年阅读]
[译文]热点及其火山痕迹是板块移动的标志。
miniaturization n. 小型化
And thanks to the continual miniaturization (n.) of electronics and micro-mechanics，there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy?far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone．[2002年阅读]
[译文]由于电子和微观机械仪器的不断缩小，现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到微米的脑部和骨髓手术，其精确性远远超过熟练的医生用他们的双手所能达到的水平。
misdeed n．罪行，犯罪
Theories (21：centering) on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22：because) they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds (n.) or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23：interactions) with others．[2004年完形]
[译文]将少年犯罪主要归咎于个人的理论认为少年犯罪是因为他们以前的过错没有得到足够的惩罚，或是因为他们在和其他人交往的过程中学会了犯罪行为。
momentarily ad．即刻，暂时地
From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained________.
[C]easily and momentarily (ad.)[2000年阅读]
[译文]从最后一段我们可总结出：应____拥有雄心。
[C]轻松、暂时地
morphine n．吗啡
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine (n.) to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient．[2002年阅读]
[译文]近年来，医生们一直在借用这项原则，为自己替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛的做法提供正当的理由，尽管他们知道，不断增加的剂量最终会杀死病人。
municipality n．市政当局，自治市
At the same time the great municipalities (n.) went into business to supply lighting，trams and other services to the taxpayers．[1996年阅读]
[译文]与此同时，大城市也开始涉足实业界，为纳税人提照明、电车及其他服务
mutability n．易变性
Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents，so hot spots may explain their mutability (n.) (inconstancy)．[1998年阅读]
[译文]这样，正像早期的理论解释了大陆的移动性一样，热点理论或许能解释大陆板块的不稳定性。
neural a．神经系统的，神经中枢的
By the late 1970s，neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just“mental noise”?the random by-products of the neural (a.) -repair work that goes on during sleep．[2005年阅读]
[译文]到了20世纪70年代，神经学专家又转而把梦视作“精神上的杂音”一睡梦中神经修复工作的随机性副产品。
newsletter n．时事通讯
However，the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be(27：wise) to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers，(28：for example)，publishing newsletters (n.) with many student-written book reviews，(29：displaying) student artwork，and sponsoring book discussion clubs．[2003年完形]
[译文]然而，青少年的生活已经充满竞争，所以为他们安排赢家多于输家的各种活动是明智的。例如，出版由学生自己撰编书评的新闻小册子，展出学生的艺术品和赞助成立读书俱乐部等等。
newsroom n．编辑部，阅览室
There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers，which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom (n.) seem alien to many readers．[2001年阅读]
[译文]新闻记者和读者之间存在着社会和文化方面的脱节，这就是为什么新闻编辑室的“标准模式”与众多读者的意趣相差甚远的原因。
negligence n．疏忽
The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because _____．
[A]they both suffered from the government's negligence(n．)[2005年阅读]
[译文]作者将全球变暖问题与吸烟相联系是因为_______。
[A]两者都被政府忽视了
neurologist n.神经学家
By the late 1970s，neurologists (n.) had switched to thinking of them as just“mental noise”?the random by products of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep．[2005年阅读]
[译文]到了20世纪70年代，神经学专家又转而把梦视作“精神上的杂音”??睡梦中神经修复工作的随机性副产品。
nonconformist a．／n．不符合传统规范的(人)，不墨守成规旧习的(人)
Straitford is most proud of its_______．
[B]nonconformist (n.) image[2003年阅读]
[译文]“Straitford”感到最骄傲的是它的_______。
[B]不落俗套的现象
nuclei n．①(nucleus的复数形)核心；②原子核
NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei (n．①)to create a child．[1999年阅读]
[译文]NBAC计划呼吁继续禁止使用联邦政府基金利用人体细胞核去克隆婴儿的任何企图。
oncogene n．致癌基因
If several oncogenes (n.) are driven into action，the cell，unable to turn them off，beeoines cancerous．[1994年阅读]
[译文]如果若干致癌基因被激活，细胞无力排除也就演变成了癌细胞。
oncologist n．肿瘤学家
“Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process，”says oncologist (n.) Williarn Hayward．[1994年阅读]
[译文]“变化是进化过程中的一个正常部分，”肿瘤专家威廉•海沃德说道。
optimism n．乐观，乐观主义
History and news become confused，and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism (n.)[2005年翻译]
[译文]历史和新闻往往混为一谈，人们的这种印象往往也是怀疑和乐观的混合体。
outburst n．(火山、感情等)爆发、喷出，突发，破裂
What accounts for the great outburst (n.) of major inventions in early America?breakthroughs such as the telegraph，the steamboat and the weaving machine?[1 996年阅读]
[译文]在早期美国，像电报、汽船和织布机这样重大的发明纷涌而出，这是什么原因呢?
outcry n．大声疾呼
Amid the outcry (n.)，many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education．[2000年阅读]
[译文]在一片抗议声中，许多保守党领导人正在力图回复到战前，强调道德教育。
outpour v．(使)泻出，(使)流出；n．倾注，流出物
The best title for this passage might be______．
[D]Outpouring (v.) of Inventions[1996年阅读]
[译文]对本文来说最佳的标题可能是______。
[D]发明的涌现
overfund vt．对…提供充足资金
As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives．[2003年阅读]
[译文]作为一个民族，我们可能在寻求不可能奏效的治疗方法上花钱太多，而在研究能提高人们生活质量的更平常的方法上花钱太少。
overstate vt．夸大，夸张
In Line 8, Paragraph 1,“the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes”means____.
[B]Americans tend to overstate (vt.) their incomes[1994年阅读]
[译文]第一段第八行中的“the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes”指_____。
[B]美国人往往夸大他们的收入
panick v．使惊慌，使恐慌；n．惊慌，恐慌
Consumers seem only concerned，not panicked (v.)，and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects，even as they do some modest belt-tightening．[2004年阅读]
[译文]消费者只是略有担心，并没有恐慌，许多人虽然稍微勒紧腰带，但他们说对于经济的长期前景还是乐观的。
paralysis n．瘫痪，麻痹
Instead of a plan of action，they continue to press for more research?a classic of“paralysis (n.) by analysis．”[2005年阅读]
[译文]不但没有行动计划，反而取而代之的是他们在反复不断地敦促继续研究??一个典型的通过分析来拖延，大事化小，小事化了的案例。
pancreas n．胰腺
But other survival statistics are still discouraging?13 percent for lung cancer，and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas (n.)．[1994年阅读]
[译文]但其他类型癌症的存活数据却仍令人沮丧一一肺癌13％，胰腺癌2％。
paraphrase v．解释；n．解释
To paraphrase (v.) 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke，“all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing．”[2003年阅读]
[译文]18世纪政治家埃德蒙•博克曾说过类似这样的话，“误导之所以得逞，就是因为好人无所作为”。
participatory a．供人分享的，参与的
The journalist advocating participatory (a.) democracy in all phases of life，whose own children are enrolled in private schools．[2000年阅读]
[译文]倡导终生参与民主制的新闻记者却把自己的子女送进私立学校。
partisan n．帮派(之争)
In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered，it is also frequently partial or partisan (n.)．[1999年翻译]
[译文]这样的研究中所发现的证据总是不完整的，通常也会带来片面性，还会出现帮派之争。
pathway n．路径
“Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway (n.) between them and the supplier，”says senior analyst Blanc Erwin of Forrester Research．[1999年阅读]
[译文]Forrester研究所的高级分析师布兰•欧文说，“商家需要认识到他们可以信赖销售商和供应商之间的这种途径。”
patriarchal a．家长的，族长的
The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands，but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal (a.) system of the old family business now passing away．[1996年阅读]
[译文]领取报酬后代表公司经营的经理与工人和工人的需求形成更加直接的关系，但甚至他也很少像正在被淘汰的旧式家族企业的家长制中的雇主那样对工人有着亲近的、个人化的了解。
perception n．①洞察力；②理解力;③知觉
What they found，in attempting to model thought，is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented?and human perception(n．③)far more complicated?than previously imagined．[2002年阅读]
[译文]在试图建造思维模型的过程中，研究人员发现，人类大脑中的近1，000亿个神经细胞要比以前想像的更聪明，人类的感觉器官也比以前想像的更复杂。
pervasive a．普遍深入的
symptoms of pervasive (a．)anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find．[2004年阅读]
[译文]学校里不难发现反学识倾向的普遍表现。
penalize v．处罚
Theories (21：centering) on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22：because) they were not sufficiently penalized (v.) for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23：interactions) with others．[2004年完形]
[译文]将少年犯罪主要归咎于个人的理论认为少年犯罪是因为他们以前的过错没有得到足够的惩罚，或是因为他们在和其他人交往的过程中学会了犯罪行为。
perceptual a．知觉的，有知觉的
First of all，most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual (a.) distortions．[1997年阅读]
[译文]首先，大多数物质的过量使用都会产生负面的影响，如中毒或严重的知觉错乱。
permissible a．可允许的
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide，the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects?a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen?is permissible (a.) if the actor intends only the good effect．[2002年阅读]
[译文]尽管裁决认为，宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利，然而最高法庭实际上却认可了医疗界的“双效”原则，这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为，如果某种行为具有双重效果(希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果)，那么，只要行为实施只是想达到好的效果，这个行为就是可以允许的。
permissive a．许可的，放纵的
Blaming the permissive (a.) 1960s is nothing new，but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education．[2005年阅读]
[译文]责难放纵的60年代并不新鲜，但这并不是另一份批评教育滑坡的长篇大论。
pharmaceutical n．药物；a．制药(学)上的
Of course，the pharmaceutical(a.) companies will scream．They like divided buyers；they can lobby better that way．[2005年阅读]
[译文]当然药厂不会同意，他们喜欢散客买家，那样他们可以暗中运作。
populate v．①居住；②开垦
As a result the modern world is increasingly popu]ated (v．①) by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely not
provincial a. ①省的．区域的[生] a．②(贬)眼光狭隘的，守旧的，迂腐的
What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial(a.) body much like the recently created National Health Council．[2005年阅读]
[译文]全国性指什么?罗曼诺先生和科比议员的建议是，像近来创立的国家健康咨询中心那样，是一个各省联邦的实体。
psychoactive a．作用于精神的，影响(或改变)心理状态的
Psychoactive(a.) substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants，depressants，or hallucinogens．[1997年阅读]
[译文]影响精神状态的物质通常分为兴奋剂、镇静剂和迷幻剂。
prefrontal a．额叶前部的，前额的
But not all parts of the brain are equally involved；[he limbic system (the“emotional brain”)is especially active, while the prefrontal (a.) cortex(the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet．[2005年阅读]
[译文]但并不是所有大脑的部位都参与活动；控制情绪的大脑部位异常活跃，然而控制智力和理性的大脑部位却相对平静。
pushing a．有进取心的，急切的
What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams，as easily and openly as once they could，lest they be thought pashing (a．)，acquisitive and vulgar．[2000年阅读]
[译文]现在的情况是人们不能像以前那样轻易地、公开地坦陈自己的梦想，惟恐别人认为自己爱出风头、贪婪、庸俗不堪。
pipeline n．管道，传递途径
Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism／evolution are in the publisher's pipelines(n.)．A few have already appeared．[1996年阅读]
[译文]有传言说，有20多本关于创世纪论与进化论之争的书即将出版，有几本已经面世了。
pointless a．无意义的
Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is_______．
[D]pointless (a.) and wasteful[2003年阅读]
[译文]被误导的人们往往认为：在研究中使用动物_______。
[D]没有意义、纯属浪费
populace n．平民
Specialists (48：in) history and economics，have (49：shown) two things：that the period from 1650 to 1750 was (50：marked) by great poverty，and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace (n．)．[1998年完形]
[译文]历史和经济方面的专家们已经证明了两点：第一，极端贫困是1650年至1750年这段时期的标志；第二，工业化肯定没有使大多数民众的生活状况恶化。或许，正是工业化才真正改善了大多数平民的生活状况。
populist a．大众化的
From the beginning of our history，says Hofstadter，our democratic and populist (n.) urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism．[2004年阅读]
[译文]霍夫斯塔特说：自我们的历史之初，我们对民主化和大众化的渴望就驱使我们排斥任何带有精英优越论味道的东西。
practicable a．能实行的，行得通的，可以实行的
Everybody gets ideas，but innovators work consciously on theirs，and they follow them through until they prove practicable (a.) or otherwise．[1994年阅读]
[译文]每一个人都有想法，但创新者会自觉地钻研他的想法，并不懈努力直到证明想法切实可行或不可行。
preconception n．预想，偏见
Some，however，are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take，by persons in authority，act to alter the growth pattern of different areas．[1996年翻译]
[译文]然而，在不同的发展过程中，有些不怎么合理一在这些发展过程中，一些权威人士对科学研究应该采取的方式有偏见，从而改变了不同科学领域的发展模式。
preoccupation n．当务之急
If the preoccupation (n.) of schools with academic work was lessened，more time might be spent teaching children surer values．[1995年阅读]
[译文]如果学校对学业的强调减少一些，也许就有更多的时间教孩子更重要的价值观念。
presumptively ad．据推测
He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear…that painful deaths are presumptively (ad.) ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension．”[2002年阅读]
[译文]他说，行医资格理事会“必须明确表明一病人痛苦地死亡，可以推定，是由于医生处理不力造成的，应该因此吊销其从医资格”。
presumptuous a．专横的。自以为是的
It is，however，presumptuous (a.) to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists，so many businessmen，so many accountants．[1999年阅读]
[译文]然而，去臆断科学家、商人、会计职位的数量就太自以为是了。
primeval a．原始的
What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected：the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite?Cobe?had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin With the primeval (a.) explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy)．[1998年翻译]
[译文]研究人员所发现的宇宙云系既令人惊讶，又是人们所期待的，因为美国国家航空航天局的宇宙前景探索者Cobe号卫星已经发现了划时代的证据证明宇宙的确起源于最早的一次爆炸，即人们一直所称的“大爆炸”(此理论认为宇宙起源于一大团能量)。
profess v．表示，公开承认
This does not mean that ambition is at an end，that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings，but only that, no longer openly honored，it is less openly professed (v.).[2000年阅读]
[译文]但这并不意味着雄心已经穷途末路，人们不再感觉到它对人们的激励了，只是人们不再公开地以它为荣，更不愿公开地承认了。
prompting n．促进，激励，提示
This does not mean that ambition is at an end．that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings(n.)，but only that．no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed．[2000年阅读]
[译文]但这并不意味着雄心已经穷途末路，人们不再感觉到它对人们的激励了，只是人们不再公开地以它为荣，更不愿公开地承认了。
promptness n．敏捷，机敏
For personal growth，the author advocates all of the following except______.
[B]promptness (n.) in self-adaptation[1995年阅读]
[译文]对于个人成长，下面所有各项中作者不倡导______。
[B]自我迅速适应
provincialist n．地方居民，乡下人
A．Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist (n.) ideology．[2005年阅读]
[译文]A．魁北克省拒绝加入全国性代理机构是出于地方保护主义思想。
psychedelic a．起幻觉的，迷幻的；n．迷幻剂
These are the substances often called psychedelic (n.) (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifestation”) because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness．[1997年阅读]
[译文]这些物质常被称为迷幻剂(该醋源于希腊语，指“心灵显现”)，因为它们似乎能完全改变人的意识状态。
publicize v．宣扬
I have discovered，as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized (v.) resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress，that abandoning the doctrine of“juggling your life”，and making the alternative move into“downshifting”brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status．[2001年阅读]
[译文]我已经发现(由于压力过大，凯尔茜已多次公开宣称要辞去《她》杂志编辑的职务，在这之后她也许会有同样发现)放弃“忙忙碌碌”的生活哲学，转而过一种“放慢生活节奏”的生活所带来的回报，比经济成功和社会地位更有价值。
quadruple a．四倍的，四重的；vt．使成四倍；vi．成为四倍
This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock，when prices quadrupled (vt.)，and 1979-1980，when they also almost tripled．[2002年阅读]
[译文]这次近3倍的涨价令人想起了1973年和1979至1980年两次可怕的石油恐慌，当时的油价分别涨了4倍和近3倍。
rearview n．(车辆上的)后视镜
Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen，a cracked rearview (n.) mirror and a faulty steering wheel．[1997年阅读]
[译文]因此，才会有人将货币政策的指导作用比做是驾驶一辆带有黑色挡风玻璃、破碎的后视镜及方向盘失灵的汽车。
reasoning n．推理；推论
When that happens，it is not a mistake：it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning(n.) in action，an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at．[1997年翻译]
[译文]这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应得到鼓励，而不应受到嘲弄。
revival n．苏醒，复兴，复活，再生效，复苏
The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle，and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival(n.)in the underlying trend．[1998年阅读]
[译文]问题在于，近年发生的生产力快速增长部分是由于商业周期通常到了这时候就会出现的反弹造成的，因此，还不能作为一次确凿的证据来证实在这一潜在的趋势背后会出现经济复苏的迹象。
receptor n．接受器，感受器，受体
The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors (n．) (19：available)for unfamiliar and emergency signals(20：such as)the smell of smoke．which might indicate the danger of fire．[2005年完形]
[译文]我们发现，大脑能在有不熟悉或紧急信号时，使嗅觉接收器工作，例如，烟味就是着火和危险的信号。
redundancy n．冗余
While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline?after the mass redundancies (n.) caused by downsizing in the late'80s?and is still linked to the politics of thrift，in Britain，at least among the middle class downshifters of my acquaintance，we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives．[2001年阅读]
[译文]在美国，这种趋势一开始是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应一出现于80年代后期缩小经济规模导致大规模裁员??在英国，至少在我所认识的中产阶级的简化生活者中，这种趋势仍被认为与节俭政治有关联，虽然如此，然而我们有着不同的理由使自己的生活简单化。
referee n．仲裁人，调解人，裁判员；v．仲裁，裁判
The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs，a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing (v.)，first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century．[2001年阅读]
[译文]其整体的结果是使业余人员进入专业性地质学杂志更加困难，而审稿制度的全面引进使这个结果得到加强。这一制度开始是在19世纪的全国性杂志进行，进入20世纪后也在一些地方性地质杂志实行。
reformatory a．①改革的；②起改革作用的
The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is_____．
[D]radically reformatory (a.①)[1999年阅读]
[译文]作者认为：目前匆忙将计算机引入课堂的做法_______。
[D]具有彻底的革命性
remold vt．改造
The emergence of the Net has_______．
[B]remolded (vt.) the intelligence services[2003年阅读]
[译文]网络的出现已经_______．
[B]重塑了情报业
revere v．尊敬
While history once revered (v.) its affinity to literature and philosophy，the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past．[1999年翻译]
[译文]当历史学曾经重视其与文学和哲学的密切关系时，新兴的社会科学似乎提供了更多探求新问题的机会，并且为了解过去提供了有价值的研究方法。
righteous a．正直的，正当的，正义的
Feelings of righteous (a.) indignation，it seems，are not the preserve of people alone．[2005年阅读]
[译文]看起来，义愤不仅仅是人类独有的。
scanty a．缺乏的，稀疏的
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty (a.).[2001年阅读]
[译文]目前证明这股合并浪潮是带来利还是弊的实例并不多。
scapegoat n．替罪羊
You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats (n.) like the Post Office or the telephone system．[2002年阅读]
[译文]如果你选择去评论邮局或电话局这样的替罪羊，那你就会处于比较安全的境地。
schism n．分裂
The schism (n.) between science and the humanities has，if anything，deepened in this century．[1998年阅读]
[译文]本世纪，(自然)科学与人文科学之间的分裂更深了。
sensory a．感觉的，感官的
“By linking directly to our nervous system，computers could pick up what we feel and，hopefully，simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory (a.) environments，rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck”he says．[2001年翻译]
[译文]他说：“通过直接与我们的神经系统连接起来，计算机可以感知我们感觉到的东西，并且，它有希望模仿感觉，致使我们能够发展全方位感知环境，就像电影《全部回忆》中的假期或特列克星号上的全息舱面。”
shareholder n．股东
The “shareholders(n.)” as such had no knowledge of the lives，thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares，and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good．[1996年阅读]
[译文]这类股东不了解他们所持股的公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求。他们对劳资关系也不会产生积极的影响。
shipper n．托运人，发货人，货主
Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers(n.)fear that they will，as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market．[2003年阅读]
[译文]谁来支付其余的费用?许多“被控”客户担心他们会因为南诺弗克和CSX公司将增加对市场的控制。
shortlist n．最后候选人名单
Shortlists (n.) for job interviews，election ballot papers，lists of conference speakers and attendees：all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them．[2004年阅读]
[译文]求职面试、选举投票、会议发言或参加会议等诸多名单，也是按字母表顺序排序的，当人们费劲地向下查看时，兴趣随之索然。
silt n．淤泥，泥沙；v．(使)淤塞，充塞
The Aswan Dam，for example，stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt (n.) that floods left?all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity．[1998年阅读]
[译文]以阿斯旺大坝为例，它阻止了尼罗河洪水泛滥，但也使埃及失去了洪水冲击过后留下的肥沃土壤,换回来的是这么一个有弊病的水库。现在这个水库积满了淤泥，几乎不能发电了。
sizable a．相当大的，大小相当的
A sizable (a.) portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline．[2002年阅读]
[译文]世界上很多地区才刚刚走出经济衰落。
skepticism n．怀疑论
History and news become confused, and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism (n.) and optimism．[2005年翻译]
[译文]历史和新闻往往混为一谈，人们的这种印象往往也是怀疑和乐观的混合体。
skyrocket v．暴涨，猛涨
Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket (v.) with annual increases from 14．3 percent to 26．8 per cent![2005年阅读]
[译文]A．魁北克省药品保险基金发现药品价格一年就从14．3％暴涨到26．8％!
smallpox n．天花
A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well．from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox (n.) virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research．[1998年阅读]
[译文]1996年对新闻报道的调查表明，反科学的标签也贴在了许多其他群体上，这些人包括从提倡消灭所有现存的天花病毒的官方人士到倡议削减基础研究基金的共和党人。
sovereignty n．君主，主权，主权国家
Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty (n.) might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society)in the United States．[2001年阅读]
[译文]那些认为外国投资是对本国主权的侵犯的国家最好还是研究一下美国的基础设施(社会的基本结构基础)建设历史。
spatial a．空间的
They are both experts in spatial (a．)thinking．[1996年阅读]
[译文]他们都是空间(立体)思维的专家。
spontaneity n．自发性
In both oral and written English．talking is triumphing over speaking，spontaneity (n.) over craft．[2005年阅读]
[译文]无论作为口语还是书面语言的英语，侃侃而谈胜过了雅致的言辞，而自我发挥也经过了精心准备。
spook n．间谍，特务
The spooks (n.) call it “open-source intelligence”，and as the Net grows，it is becoming increasingly influential．[2003年阅读]
[译文]间谍们把它称为“公开渠道情报”，随着互联网的增长，这样的情报变得越来越有影响力。
spymaster n．间谍首脑
Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution，a spymaster's (n.) dream．[2003年阅读]
[译文]该公司的总裁乔治•弗莱德曼说，他把网络世界视为情报收集和情报发布两方面相互增强的工具，这是间谍大师的梦想。
standstill n．静止，停顿
Population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill(n.)．[1998年阅读]
[译文](美国)东北部和中西部的人口已接近零增长。
stark a．刻板的，完全的；ad．完全地
The problem is simple and stark (a.①)：health-care costs have been，are，and will continue to increase faster than government revenues．[2005年阅读]
[译文]问题简单而又显而易见，那就是，健康福利的支出过去、现在和将来都会比政府税收增加得快。
statistics n．统计学，统计表
This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in，a fact underlined by statistics(n.) that show that out of eighty European television networks，no less than 50％ took a loss in 1989．[2005年翻译]
[译文]这一点就足以证明，要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事，统计数字尤其说明了这一事实，在80个欧洲电视网中，多达一半在1989年亏损。
stepladder n．活梯
Today，stepladders (n.) carry labels several inches long that warn，among other things，that you might?surprised!?fall off．[1999年阅读]
[译文]现在，梯子上警告标签有几英寸长，除了警告你其他可能发生的意外情况外，还警告你可能会摔下来，简直是莫名其妙!
stimulant n．刺激物，兴奋剂
Stimulants (n.) initially speed up or activate the central nervous system，whereas depressants slow it down.[1997年阅读]
[译文]兴奋剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用，而镇静剂则相反：减缓它的活动。
stimulus n．刺激物，促进因素，刺激
A further stimulus (n．) to invention came from the“premium”system，which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it．[1996年阅读]
[译文]推动发明的另一激励因素来自“奖赏”制度，它产生于我们的专利制度之前，且多年来与后者一同实施。
stirring a．激动人心的，活跃的，忙碌的; n．激励
This does not mean that ambition is at an end，that people no longer feel its stirrings (n.) and promptings，but only that，no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed．[2000年阅读]
[译文]但这并不意味着雄心已经穷途末路，人们不再感觉到它对人们的激励了，只是人们不再公开地以它为荣，更不愿公开地承认了。
stockpile n．积蓄，库存；vt．储蓄，贮存
Adding to social changes today is an enormous stockpile (n.) of information．[1995年阅读]
[译文]除了当今的社会变化之外，还有信息量巨大的问题。
stomp n．跺脚; v．践踏，跺脚
A man in a white coat rushes to the head of the line，grabs his food and stomps (v.) over to a table by himself．[2002年阅读]
[译文]一个身穿白外套的人冲到队伍的最前面，抓起他的食物，大踏步地独自走到一张桌子边。
subtitle n．副标题，小标题
But it is less clear，to take the question of his subtitle (n.)，why we should，like，care．[2005年阅读]
[译文]但考虑到其副标题所提的问题：为什么我们应该、喜欢或在意?答案还不够明白。
suspension n．悬浮，暂停，中止
He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear … that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension (n.)．”[2002年阅读]
[译文]他说，行医资格理事会“必须明确表明??病人痛苦地死亡，可以推定，是由于医生处理不力造成的，应该因此吊销其从医资格”。
supervision n．监督，管理
This lack of parental supervision (n.) is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates．[2004年完形]
[译文]缺乏父母监督也被认为是影响少年犯罪率的一种因素。
supercluster n．超星系团
Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures，but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well，the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters (n.) of galaxies．[1998年翻译]
[译文]Cobe卫星设计的目的就是观察这些最大的物体结构，但宇航员还是想看到更为微小的热区，即像星系中的星团和超星团这样一些局部物体的粒子。
supposedly ad．想像上，据推测，大概
Sir Isaac Newton supposedly (ad．)discovered gravity，through the fall of an apple．[1999年阅读]
[译文]艾萨克•牛顿爵士通过苹果落地发现了万有引力。
surveillance n．监视，监督
A boom in neighborhood surveillance (n.) cameras will，for example，cause problems in 2010，while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids．[2001年翻译]
[译文]比如，住宅区附近监视器的猛增在2010年会引发问题；逼真的机器人将意味着人们可能无法区分人类朋友和仿真机器人。
tangible a．切实的，真实的
When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires，you have something tangible (a.) tosell．[1996年阅读]
[译文]当你为自己的能力和欲望仔细地筹划了一幅蓝图后，你就有确切的东西可以兜售了。
technicist n．技术员，技师
Also common in the natural sciences，the technicist (n.) fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. [1999年翻译]
[译文]在自然科学领域，这种现象也很普遍，技术谬误错误地将历史研究技术实施过程中的某些过程当成了历史研究的整体。
telecom (=telecommunication)n．电信
The mergers of telecom (n.) companies，such as WorldCom，hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress．[2001年阅读]
[译文]像世界通讯这样的通讯公司合并似乎没有给消费者带来更高的价格，或者降低技术进步的速度。
template/ templet n．模板，样板
There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers，which helps explain why the “standard templates (n.)” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers．[2001年阅读]
[译文]新闻记者和读者之间存在着社会和文化方面的脱节，这就是为什么新闻编辑室的“标准模式”与众多读者的意趣相差甚远的原因。
teller n．(银行)出纳员
Our banking is done at automated teller (n.) terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction．[2002年阅读]
[译文]自动柜员机处理着银行业务，完成业务后，它们还会机械地、有礼貌地感谢我们。
therapist n．临床医学家
Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist (n.)．[2005年阅读]
[译文]长期受恶梦困忧的人应该去找专家看看。
thermostat n．自动调温器，温度调节装置
Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat (n.)，regulating moods while the brain is“off-line．”[2005年阅读]
[译文]现在，研究人员怀疑，梦是大脑调节情感的一部分，当大脑“掉线”时，梦能调控情绪。
thrilling a．①毛骨悚然的；②颤动的
Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling (a．①) explanation is，unfortunately，a little defective．[1997年阅读]
[译文]通货膨胀为何如此的和缓?可惜的是，这最令人震惊的解释有一点缺陷。
tort n．民事侵权行为
At the same time，the American Law Institute?a group of judges，lawyers，and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight?issued new guidelines for tort (n.) law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones．[1999年阅读]
[译文]与此同时，美国法学会??该学会由一群举足轻重的法官、律师、学者所组成??签署了新的民事侵害法纲要，宣布公司不必警示顾客那些显而易见的危险，或者给顾客列出一份冗长的可能造成的危险的清单。
transcendentalist a．[哲]先验论者的，超越论者的
Ralph Waldo Emerson and other transcendentalist (n.) philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children：“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing．”[2004年阅读]
[译文]拉尔夫•瓦尔多•爱默生和其他一些先验主义哲学家认为学校教育和严格的书本学习限制了孩子们的天性，“我们被关在中小学和大学的朗诵室里十年或十五年，最后出来满肚子墨水，却啥都不懂。”
treasury n．财政部，国库
There is，as Robert Rubin，the treasury (n.) secretary，says，a“disjunction”between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics．[1998年阅读]
[译文]正如财政部长罗伯特•鲁宾所说的，商业界的大量趣闻暗示生产率大幅增长了，但这同官方的统计数字所显示的情况“不符”。
trigonometry n．三角学
Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics，especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states，were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry (n.)．[1996年阅读]
[译文]为什么要提小学教育?正是因为有了这些学校，我们的早期技工才普遍能读会写，并精通算术及部分几何和三角，这种情况在新英格兰和大西洋中部各州尤为可见。
trillion num．万亿
Inflation says that very early on，the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion (num．) fold in much less than a second，propelled by a sort of antigravity．[1998年翻译]
[译文]膨胀学说告诉我们，早在很久以前，宇宙的体积在不到一秒钟内被一种反引力驱动而发生了无数倍的膨胀。
triviality n．琐事
“Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities (n.)，”says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines．[1999年阅读]
[译文]康奈尔大学法学院一位参与起草新纲要的教授说，“重要的信息会淹没在细枝末节的汪洋之中”。
trucking n．①货车运输；②货车运输业
But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances，such as coal，chemicals，and grain，trucking (n．①) is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat．[2003年阅读]
[译文]但许多客户却抱怨说，对于依赖长途运输的大宗商品来说，如煤炭、化学制品和粮食，由于公路运输花费太大，这样铁路公司就会主宰他们。
underfund vt．对…提供资金不足
As a nation，we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding (vt.) research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives．[2003年阅读]
[译文]作为一个民族，我们可能在寻求不可能奏效的治疗方法上花钱太多，而在研究能提高人们生活质量的更平常的方法上花钱太少。
underprivileged a．穷困的，下层社会的
For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged (a.) youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances．[1995年翻译]
[译文]例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此，它们说明不了一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大的才干。
underrate vt．低估，看轻
The human nose is all underrated (vt.) tool．[2005年完形]
[译文]人们低估了鼻子的嗅觉作用。
understatement n．保守的陈述，掩饰
Search for exaggeration and understatements (n.)．[2002年阅读]
[译文]留意夸张和打折扣的话。
undervalue v．低估
We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of______．
[A]undervaluing (v.) intellect[2004年阅读]
[译文]根据本文，我们可以了解到：美国人有______的历史。
[A]轻视才智
unenlightened a．无知的，不文明的，落后的
The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened (a.) citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life．[1996年阅读]
[译文]所有这些书的目的是试图告诉那些迷惑而且常常是还不开通的人：就宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题而言，不可能存在两种都成立的科学理论。
universalize vt．使一般化，使普遍化
As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized，it is in the interest of business to universalize (vt.) access-after all，the more people online，the mole potential customers there are．[2001年阅读]
[译文]随着互联网的日趋商业化，网络普及对商家是有利的一毕竟，上网人数越多，潜在的客户就越多。
unparalleled a．无与伦比的，空前的
When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War，it had a market eight times larger than any competitor．giving its industries unparalleled(a.) economies of scale．[2000年阅读]
[译文]二战结束后，美国恰好进入了这样的一个辉煌时期，当时，它拥有比任何竞争者大8倍的市场，这使其工业经济具有无与伦比的规模经济。
upsetting a．令人心烦意乱的，令人苦恼的
As soon as you awaken，identify what is upsetting(a.) about the dream．[2005年阅读]
[译文]当你一觉醒来，首先弄清楚梦中是什么使你不安。
unsustainable a．不能成立的，不能支持的
Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable (a.)．Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it．[2003年阅读]
[译文]任何人都明白这个趋势不能维持下去，但是很少有人愿意扭转它。
upend v．颠倒，倒放
Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended (v.) the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation．[1997年阅读]
[译文]一些经济学家认为，世界经济结构强有力的变化已经推翻了那个以经济增长和通货膨胀的历史上相互关联为基础的旧的经济模式。
upscale a．高消费的
Replies show that compared with other Americans，journalists are more likely to live in upscale (a.) neighborhoods，have maids，own Mercedeses，and trade stocks，and they’re less likely to go to church，do volunteer work，or put down roots in a community．[2001年阅读]
[译文]结果表明，与其他美国人相比，新闻记者更有可能居住在富人区，有女佣、有奔驰车、炒股，而他们去教堂、参加志愿服务、扎根社区的可能性却很小。
utility n．①功用，效用 vt．(有效)利用，使用[生] n．②公用事业
But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility(n.)，they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves??goals that pose a real challenge．[2002年阅读]
[译文]但是如果机器人要进一步实现劳动力节省，他们必须能够在更大程度上减少人的监控，并且至少能够独立地做一些决定，这些是具有真正挑战性的目标。
vaccination n．种痘，接种疫苗
We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement，a father’s bypass operation，a baby’s vaccinations (n.)，and even a pet's shots．[2003年阅读]
[译文]我们需要说明动物实验与祖母的髋骨更换、父亲的心脏搭桥、婴儿的免疫接种、甚至宠物的注射针剂都密切相关。
vaccine a．疫苗的，牛痘的；n．疫苗
To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments，as well as new treatments and vaccines (n.)，animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst．[2003年阅读]
[译文]许多人不明白获得这些新的治疗方法和疫苗都必须进行动物实验。对于他们来说，动物实验说得好是浪费，说得不好是残忍。
validate vt．批准，证实
How well the predictions will be validated (vt.) by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted．[1995年翻译]
[译文]这些预测在多大程度上被后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
vice versa ad．反之亦然
Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (ad.) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force．[1994年翻译]
[译文]政府究竟是以牺牲对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。
visualize v．想像，显现
Visualize (vt.) how you would like it to end instead；the next time it occurs，try to wake up just enough to control its course．[2005年阅读]
[译文]想像你想让它(这种梦)如何结束，下一次再发生时，设法醒来以控制梦的进程。
ware n．货物，商品
While talking to you，your could-be employer is deciding whether your education，your experience，and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares (n.)”and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner．[1996年阅读]
[译文]在与你谈话时，你未来的雇主将根据你的教育、你的经验和你其他的资历来确定雇用你是否值得，因此你必须把你的“品质”和“能力”以有序而合理连贯的方式陈列出来。
whereby ad．凭什么，由此
Straitford’s briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing，whereby (ad.) agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong．[2003年阅读]
[译文]Straitford公司的简报听上去不像华盛顿当局常常提供的躲闪的言辞，政府机构往往避免发表引人注目的言论，因为这些言论可能出错。
windscreen n．风档玻璃
Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen (n.)，a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel．[1997年阅读]
[译文]因此，才会有人将货币政策的指导作用比做是驾驶一辆带有黑色挡风玻璃、破碎的后视镜及方向盘失灵的汽车。
worldview n．世界观
Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts．creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview (n.)．[1998年阅读]
[译文]而萨根则更关注那些相信鬼怪、上帝造物论和其他与科学世界观相左的人。
workmate n．同事，工作伙伴
Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips，computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates (n.) rather than tools，relaxation will be in front of smell television，and digital age will have arrived．[2001年翻译]
[译文]儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就来到了。 |
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