Sun Zen, E-tu(孫任以都). 1961. Ch' ing Administrative Terms: A Translation of the Terminology of the Six Boards with Explanatory Notes. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Ho, Ping-ti(何炳棣). 1959. Studies on the Population of China, 1368-1953, pp.3-97, 98-135. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.(中譯本:葛劍雄譯,上海:上海古籍出版社,頁3-96、99-136)。
Perkins, Dwight H.. 1969. Agricultural Development in China, 1368-1968, Pp.192-216, 217-240. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company.(中譯本:宋海文等譯,上海:上海譯文出版社,頁251-288、289-325)。
Santangelo, Paolo. 1985. “The Imperial Factories of Suzhou: Limits and Characteristics of State Intervention during the Ming and Qing Dynasties,” in Schram, S. R., ed., The Scope of State Power in China. pp.269-294. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
梁淼泰,1991,《明清景德鎮城市經濟研究》,南昌:江西人民出版社,頁28-70。
徐泓,1975,〈明代前期的食鹽生產組織〉,《台大文史哲學報》,24:161-193。
徐泓,1974,〈明代前期的食鹽運銷制度〉,《台大文史哲學報》,23:221-266。
韓大成,1987,〈明代的集市〉,《文史哲》(濟南社會科學院),1987(6):17-25。
Yang, Lien-sheng(楊聯陞). 1970. “Government Control of Urban Merchants in Traditional China.” The Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies 8(1-2): 186-209.
Mann, Susan. 1987. Local merchants and the Chinese Bureaucracy, 1750-1950, pp.12-28. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida. 1972. Agricultural Change and the Peasant Economy of South China pp.57-163. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Wiens, Mi Chu(居蜜). 1976. “Cotton Textile Production and Rural Social Transformation in Early Modern China.” The Journal of Chinese Culture. (Hong Kong) 7(2): 515-534.
Liu, Ts’ui-jung and Fei, John C. H(劉翠溶、費景漢). 1977. “An analysis of the Land Tax Burden in China, 1650-1865.” Journal of Economic History 37(2) : 359-381.
Pan, Ming-te(潘敏德). 1996. “Rural Credit in Ming-Qing Jiangnan and the Concept of Peasant petty Commodity Production.” Journal of Asian Studies 55(1): 94-117.
Faure, David. 1994. “Sprouts of Capitalism.” China and Capitalism: Business Enterprise in Modern China. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Pp.1-27.
Ho, Ping-ti. 1954. “The Salt Merchants of Yangchou: A Study of Commercial Capitalism in Eighteenth-century China.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 17(1/2): 130-168.
Liu, Ts‘ui-jung. 1989. “Features of Imperfect Competition of the Ming-Ch’ing Salt Market,” in The Second Conference on Modern Chinese Economic History. Taipei: The Institute of Economics, Academic Sinica. Pp. 559-627.
Bradstock, Timothy R. 1983. "Ch'ing Dynasty Craft Guilds and Their Monopolies, " Tsing Hus Journal 14(1/2).
Hsu, Wen-Chin. 1988. “Social and Economic Factors in the Chinese Porcelain Industry in Jingdezhen during the Late Ming and Early Qing Period, ca. 1620-1683.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1988(1): 135-159.
Liew, Foon Ming.1988. “Debates on the Birth of Capitalism in China during the Past Three Decades” Ming Studies 26:61-75.
Grove, Linda & Joseph W. Esherick.1980. “From Feudalism to Capitalism: Japanese Scholarship on the Transformation of Chinese Rural Society” Modern China, 6(4): 397-438.
Brook, Timothy. 1981. “The Merchants‘ Network in 16th Century China: A Discussion and Translation of Chang Han’s ‘On Merchants’.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 24(2): 165-214.
郭松義,1982,〈清代國內的海運貿易〉,《清史論叢》,4:92-110。
Fan, I-chun(范毅軍). 1992. Long-Distance Trade and Market Integration in the Ming-Ching Period, 1400-1850, pp. 14-61. Stanford: Dissertation of University of Stanford.
Wang, Gungwu(王庚武). 1990. “Merchants without Empire: The Hokkien Sojourning Communities.” In James D. Tracey (ed.), The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350-1750, pp.400-421. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chen, Fu-mei(陳富美) and Myers, Ramon H. 1989. "Coping with Transaction Costs: The Case of Merchant Associations in the Ch'ing Period." in The Second Conference on Modern Chinese Economic History, pp.317-341. Taipei: The Institute of Economics, Academic Sinica.
Rawski, Evelyn S. 1989. “Competitive Markets as an Obstacle to Economic Development,” in The Second Conference on Modern Chinese Economic History, pp.289-311 Taipei : The Institute of Economics, Academic Sinica.
Skinner, G. William. 1964. “Marketing and Social Structure in Rural China.” The Journal of Asian Studies. 24(1): 3-43; 24(2) : 195-228; 24(3) : 363-399.
Skinner, G. William. 1977. “Regional Urbanization in Nineteenth Century China.” in Skinner, G. William (ed.), The City in Late Imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Pp. 212-249.
Santangelo, Paolo. 1993. 'Urban Society in Late Imperial Suzhou,' in Johnson, Linda Cooke, ed., Cities of Jiangnan in Late Imperial China, pp.81-116. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Mote, F. 1973. "A Millennium of Chinese Urban History: Form, Time and Space Concepts in Soochow. " Rice University Studies 59(4):101-154。
Clunas, Craig. 1991. Superfluous Things: Material Culture and Social Status in Early Modern China, pp.141-165. Urbane, Ill.: University of Illinois Press.
Elvin, Mark. 1984. “Female Virtue and the State in China.” Past and Present 104: 111-152.
T’ien, Ju-k’ang(田汝康). 1988. Male Anxiety and Female Chastity: A Comparative Study of Chinese Ethical Values in Ming-Ch’ing Times, pp.39-69. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Leung, Angela Ki Che(梁其姿). 1992. “To Chasten the Society: the Development of Widow Homes in the Ch‘ing, 1773-1991.” in Family Process and Political Process in Modern Chinese History, pp.413-450. Taipei: Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica.
Rowe, William T. 1990. “Success Stories: Lineage and Elite Status in Hanyang County, Hubei, c. 1368-1949.” in Esherick, Joseph W. and Rankin, Mary Backus. Eds. Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, pp.51-81. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Watson, Rubie S. 1990. “Corporate Property and Local Leadership in the Pearl River Delta, 1898-1941.” in Esherick, Joseph W. and Rankin, Mary Backus. Eds. Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, pp.239-260. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Chang, Chung-li(張仲禮). 1955. The Chinese Gentry: Studies on Their Role in Nineteenth-century Chinese Society, pp.3-70 Seattle and London : University of Washington University.
Grove, Linda and Daniels, Christian. 1984. “Introduction.” in State and Society in China: Japanese Perstective on Ming-Qing Social and Economic History, pp.3-15 Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
Esherick, Joseph W. and Rankin, Mary Backus. 1990. “Introduction.” in Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp.1-24.
李孝悌,1993,〈十七世紀以來的士大夫與民眾研究回顧〉,《新史學》,4(4):97-139。
Brook, Timothy. 1993. Praying for Power : Buddhism and the Formation of Gentry Society in Late Ming China, Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, pp.1-34.
Leung, Angela Ki Che. 1992. “To Chasten the Society: the Development of Widow Homes in the Ch‘ing, 1773-1991.” in Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica etc. eds. Family Process and Political Process in Modern Chinese History, Taipei: Institute of Modern History, pp.413-450
何炳棣,1966,《中國會館史論》,台北:台灣學生書局,頁11-99。
王日根,1994,〈明清時代會館的演進〉,《歷史研究》,1994(4):47-62。
Hamilton, Gary G. 1979. "Regional Associations and the Chinese City: A Comparative Perspective." Comparative Studies in Society and History 21(3): 346-361.
Will, Pierre-Etienne. 1990(1980). Bureaucracy and Famine in Eighteenth-century China, Trans. By Elborg Forster. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, pp.79-265.
Will, Pierre-Etienne and Wong, R. Bin. 1991. Nourish the People: The State Civilian Granary System in China, 1650-1850, Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, pp.475-525.
Wang, Yeh-chien. 1992. 'Secular Trends of Rice Prices in the Yangzi Delta, 1638-1935, in Thomas G. Rawski and Lillian M. Li, eds, Chinese History in Economic Perspective. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Pp.1-68.
郭成康,1996,〈十八世紀中國物價問題和政府政策〉,《清史研究》1996(1):8-19。
Atwell, William S. 1982. “International Bullion Flows and the Chinese Economy, circa 1530-1650.” Past and Present. 95: 68-90.
Von Glahn, Richard. 1996. “Myth and Reality of China’s Seventeenth-century Monetary Crisis.” The Journal of Economic History. 56(2): 429-454.
Sun Zun, E-tu. 1992. “The Finance Ministry (Hubu) and its Relationship to the Private Economy in Qing Times.” In Jane Kate Leonard and John R. Watt eds., To achieve security and Wealth: The Qing Imperial State and the Economy, 1644-1911. Ithaca: East Asia program, Cornell University, pp.1-20.
Perkins, Dwight H. 1967. "Government as an Obstacle to Industrialization: The Case of Nineteenth-century China." Journal of Economic History 27: 478-492.
Metzger, Thomas A. 1972. “The Organizational Capabilities of the Ch‘ing State in the Field of Commerce: The Liang-huai Salt Monopoly, 1740-1840.” in W.E. Willmote ed., Economic Organization in Chinese Society. Stanford University Press, pp.9-45.
Van Glahn, Richard. 1991. “Municipal Reform and Urban Social Conflict in Late Ming Jiangnan.” The Journal of Asian Studies. 50(2): 280-307.
Rowe, William T. 1989. Hankow: Conflict and Community in a Chinese City, 1796-1895. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp.91-186
Rowe, William T. 1993. "The Problem of “Civil Society“ in Late Imperial China," Modern China 19(2):139-157。
Wakeman, Frederic Jr. 1993. “The Civil Society and Public Sphere Debate: Western Reflections on Chinese Political Culture.” Modern China 19(2) : 108-138.
Faure, David. 1990. “What Made Foshan a Town? The Evolution of Rural-urban Identities in Ming-Qing China.” Late Imperial China 11(2): 1-31.
Kamachi, Noriko. 1990. “Feudalism or Absolute Monarchism? Japanese Discourse on the Nature of State and Society in Late Imperial China.” Modern China 16(3): 330-370.
Huang, Philip C.C. 1993. "Public Sphere / Civil Society in China? The Third Realm between State and Society." Modern China 19(2): 216-240.
Metzger, Thomas A. 1977. “On the Historical Roots of Economic Modernization in China: The Increasing Differentiation of the Economy from the Polity During Late Ming and Early Ch’ing Times” Conference on Modern Chinese Economic History. Taipei, The Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica.