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2017年全国大学生英语竞赛A类(研究生)高分应试教程

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ooo 发表于 17-8-14 10:44:54 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式
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目录                                                                                        封面
内容简介
目录
第一章 听 力
 第一节 命题分析
 第二节 技巧指南
 第三节 专项练习[听力音频]
第二章 词汇、语法与文化
 第一节 命题分析
 第二节 技巧指南
 第三节 专项练习
第三章 完形填空
 第一节 命题分析
 第二节 技巧指南
 第三节 专项练习
第四章 阅读理解
 第一节 命题分析
 第二节 技巧指南
 第三节 专项练习
第五章 翻 译
 第一节 命题分析
 第二节 技巧指南
 第三节 专项练习
第六章 改 错
 第一节 命题分析
 第二节 技巧指南
 第三节 专项练习
第七章 智力测试
 第一节 命题分析
 第二节 技巧指南
 第三节 专项练习
第八章 写 作
 第一节 命题分析
 第二节 技巧指南
 第三节 专项练习
                                                                                                                                                                                                    内容简介                                                                                            
全国大学生英语竞赛(National English Contest for College Students,简称NECCS)是经教育部有关部门批准举办的全国惟一的大学英语综合能力竞赛活动。本竞赛旨在配合教育部高等教育教学水平评估工作,贯彻落实教育部关于大学英语教学改革精神,促进大学生英语水平的全面提高,激发广大大学生学习英语的兴趣,鼓励英语学习成绩优秀的大学生。

本书是专门为提高考生参加全国大学生英语竞赛A类(研究生)考试水平而编著的复习资料。本书按照最新一年真题及样题的试题结构设置章节,全面讲解听力、词汇语法与文化、完形填空等八大考试题型的命题规律及解题技巧,同时穿插大量真题示例以及精选各题型专项练习,帮助学员加深对解题思路的理解和掌握,并在实战中灵活运用。专项练习是在参考众多相关考试用书、国内外权威杂志以及优秀论文等大量素材的基础上精心设计而成,具有很强的针对性和实用性。


内容预览
第一章 听 力
第一节 命题分析
1.考核要求
全国大学生英语竞赛听力部分主要考查考生获取口头信息的能力(理解主旨大意、听懂重要事实和细节、推断隐含的意义、判断言语的交际功能、分辨说话人的观点态度等),要求学生在听完听力材料以后了解内容大意,抓住有关细节,并能进行综合归纳、推理,领会说话人的观点、态度、意图等。
2.试题结构
听力理解部分共30题,共计30分,时间30分钟。A类竞赛主要从四个方面来考查考生的听力理解能力:短对话、长对话、短新闻、笔记填空。

3.试题特点
1)题型的出题方式较为稳定,基本可归纳为四个方面:短对话、长对话、短新闻、笔记填空。
2)英语竞赛听力发音为标准的英音或美音,基本不会涉及方言;语速每分钟150词左右(六级水平左右)。
3)听力内容取材广泛,但不会涉及专业话题,基本为日常生活相关的内容,同时不乏一些社会热点,如埃博拉病毒、欧洲冠军联赛等。
4)听力部分录音均只放一遍(这是A类听力要求高于其他几类竞赛的一点,其他几类听力第四部分听力均放两遍录音)。相对其他题型来说,该部分是考生失分较多的地方。
第二节 技巧指南
为了帮助考生进一步明确所要考查的目标,对听力内容充分分析、概括、总结,并做出正确的推理、判断,最后得出答案,下面分别讲解四种类型考题的特点及解题技巧。
◆短对话
1.试题特点
(1)注重考查逻辑思维
在全国大学生英语竞赛听力对话部分中,能够从对话原文中直接找到答案的题目所占比重较小,而那些要求参赛学生对对话内容进行深刻的逻辑思维,从而判断出对话人的意图、态度或意见要求的题所占比重较大。
(2)对话内容涉及面广
无论是长对话还是短对话,话题基本以衣、食、住、行等日常生活为主。
(3)对话的方式多为一问一答
在短对话听力测试中,对话的方式多为问答式,首先由第一个人提出一个问题,再由第二个人予以回答。或者由第一个人陈述一个观点,第二个人表示附和或反对。问答的回合数一般不会超过三个。
2.解题攻略
短对话作为听力理解部分中较为简单的一类题型,有其特定的解题技巧。
(1)提前快速浏览题目及选项,把握听音重点
考生应充分利用试卷发下到Directions播完的这段时间,迅速浏览试卷上这部分所给的选项,这样在听的时候就能有的放矢地捕捉关键信息,弄清对话环境和意图,最后排除各干扰项,做出正确选择。
例1:[2014年A类决赛]
Howhas the company been affected by the change?
A. Lots of itsfactories have stopped running.
B. Many workershave been forced to retire early.
C. It is goingto close down soon.
D. Very fewworkers will be forced to resign.
【听音重点】题干问公司由于变化受到了什么影响,根据选项中出现的关键词factories,workers,closedown,可以猜出公司由于变化出现了危机,要么是在工厂运行方面的,要么是在员工方面的,并且注意B、D选项均是根据workers设置的选项,注意二者的区分。听录音时应重点注意关于factories,company和workers的描述。
【录音原文】
W:How has the takeover affected the company?
M: A plant inManila and another in Dubai will be closed down. About 300 people are going tolose their jobs. But most of them will be offered jobs in other plants andquite a few want to take early retirement.
W: So there are no compulsory redundancies?
M: Very few.
例2: [2012年A类初赛]
Why is the woman in a good mood?
A. The copier worked and she got the copies.
B. She kicked the copier and now feels better.
C. She had the copier fixed in time.
【听音重点】由题干中的woman以及选项中的copier,可知女士心情好是和copier有关,因此在听音时要注意女士是如何表述和copier相关的内容的。
【录音原文】
W:This stupid thing keeps getting jammed. I can’t get it to make any copies.
M: Soit makes sense you’re in such a good humor.
W: Igave it a good kick and feel better.
(2)注意捕捉说话人的弦外之音
对话部分有很多问题都不是针对讲话人的字面意思发问的,考生必须体会到讲话人的言外之意,才能推断出正确选项。
例1: [2007年A类初赛]
A.Excited. 
B. Annoyed.
C. Worried.
【录音原文】
A:Look, it’s already 8 o’clock, and Tom said he’d be here by 7.
B:Yes, but you know what the traffic is like at this time of the day.
A:He said he’d make a special effort not to be late. Why does he always do this?
B:Take it easy. There’s probably a reasonable explanation.
A:You mean he’ll give us one of his typical excuses? Well, I’ve had enough of italready.
Q:How does the woman feel about Tom’s being late?
【解析】根据录音中的关键词“always”及“had enough of”,可推测出女士对于Tom迟到这件事很生气。
(3)熟练掌握有关日常生活等方面的词语、习语、句型等
熟悉日常生活中常用的词汇、短语、习语、句型,能使考生听到相关对话时迅速做出反应,提高答题效率和正确率。
例:[2012年A类决赛]
How often does the man play cricket?
A. Seldom. 
B.Frequently.
C. Never.
【录音原文】
M: Igot a backache from playing cricket.
W: Ididn’t know you played cricket.
M:Well, once in a blue moon.
【解析】在回答这个问题时,男士说到once in a blue moon(极为罕见,千载难逢),可知他很少玩板球。如果知道这个习语,就不难选出正确答案。
3.题型分析
听力短对话试题类型多样,这里主要介绍常涉及的七种题型及针对各题型的答题技巧。
(1)地点与方向(Location and Direction)
地点与方向类试题在对话中经常出现。这类题目根据对话内容,就有关地点提问,要求考生从给出的选项中选出正确答案。这些地点包括对话进行的地点、对话涉及的事件的地点、涉及的人物的地点或人物来自哪里及要去的地点。
考题类型:
①直接型。地点在对话中会直接出现,但提到的地点通常不止一个,考生需要对其进行辨认、选择。A类比赛中直接型出题比较少。
例:[2008年A类样题]
A. At a bank. 
B. At adepartment store. 
C. At a lawyer’soffice.
【录音原文】
W: I juststopped by at your office in the bank. They told me that you had quit. Whereare you working now?
M: I am working for a lawyer now. The pay is better and the work ismuch more interesting.
Q: Where did the man work before?
【解析】从第一句I just stopped by at youroffice in the bank可知男士曾在银行工作过。
②间接型。没有直接提到地点或方向,要求考生根据对话的主题和内容进行推理判断。A类比赛的出题多为间接型。
例1:[2013年A类初赛]
Wheredoes the dialogue probably take place?
A. On atrain.
B. In arestaurant.
C. In a gym.
【录音原文】
M: Can I help you?
W: Oh, thank you. Would you mind putting my case on the rack?
M: Not at all. There you are.
【解析】录音中女士问男士“能帮你什么忙吗?”,男士回答说“Would you mind puttingmy case on the rack?”(你介意帮我把箱子放在行李架上吗?),由此可推测出这个对话发生在火车上。
例2:[2013年A类决赛]
Wheredoes this conversation probably take place?
A. In a swimmingpool.
B. In a bank.
C. On a plane.
【录音原文】
M: This is yourpassbook. The interest rate will automatically adjust depending on how much youhave in the account.
W: Oh, that’s good.There’s something else. I’d like to apply for a mortgage, please.
M: Certainly,I’ll make you an appointment with our mortgage adviser.
【解析】根据录音中的关键词和短语passbook(存折)、interest rate(利率)、account(账户)和apply for a mortgage(申请住房贷款)等,可推测对话的发生地点为银行,故答案选B。
答题技巧:
对于直接型考题,考生应先看题目,确定题目所问的对象是男士还是女士,然后再针对对话中的地点进行辨认、选择。
对于间接型考题,考生则应特别注意对话的主题,如在学校时,话题常围绕学习。这类考题所涉及的场所通常有:学校、邮局、图书馆、商店、医院、餐馆、机场、车站、银行等。考生要注意与这些特定场所有关的词语。
常考场景相关词汇总结:
学校用语:
bachelor’sdegree学士学位
master’s degree硕士学位
doctor’s degree 博士学位
graduate ceremony毕业典礼
academic year学年
make-upexamination补考
compulsory/required/obligatorycourse必修课
optional/electivecourse选修课
mid-termexamination期中考试
finalexamination期末考试
register/enroll 注册
campus校园
credit学分
quiz小测验
freshman大一学生
sophomore大二学生
junior大三学生
senior大四学生
postgraduate研究生
seminar研讨会
scholarship奖学金
tuition学费
diploma毕业证书
society学生社团
student union学生会
dormitory宿舍
clinic校医院
major专业
thesis论文
机场、车站用语:
first class头等舱
economy class经济舱
express train快车
direct flight直达航班
internationalflight国际航班
domestic flight 国内航班
behind theschedule晚点/误点
check-inprocedure登机手续
left-luggageoffice行李寄存处
stewardess/airhostess空姐
steward空少
waiting lounge 候机大厅
waiting room候车室
conductor列车长
car attendant列车员
passport护照
visa签证
airliner班机
flight航班
board登机
gate登机口
land着陆
departure起飞
take off起飞
seat belt安全带
银行用语:
current account现金账户
exchange rate汇率
foreign currency外汇
traveler’s check旅游支票
open an account开户
savings account储蓄账户
interest rate利率
installment分期付款
credit card信用卡
passbook存折
withdraw取钱
overdraw透支
cash现金
check支票
deposit存款
loan贷款
teller 出纳
图书馆用语:
loan desk借书处
library card借书卡
reference room参考资料室
reference book参考书
issue(期刊、报纸)期
due(书、作业等)到期应交还的
catalogue目录
current issue现刊
back issue过刊
periodical期刊
fiction/novel小说
index索引
renew续借
overdue超期
pay a fine交罚金
bookshelf书架
餐馆用语:
go Dutch AA制
Chinese food中餐
Western stylefood西餐
soft drink不含酒精的饮料
be full/stuffed吃饱
pay a bill付账
treat sb. tosth.请某人吃某物
rare三分熟的
medium五成熟的
well-done全熟的
appetizer开胃菜
refreshment茶点
cold dish冷盘
dessert甜点
soup汤
tender嫩的
menu菜单
tip小费
buffet自助餐
snack快餐
order点菜
邮局用语:
airmail航空快件
ordinary/regularmail平信
registered mail挂号信
stampscounter/window卖邮票处
ordinarytelegram普通电报
urgent telegram加急电报
express mail快递
special delivery限时专递
overweightcharge超重费
return address 回函地址
sender’s address寄件人地址
package包裹
parcel form包裹单
postage邮资
zip code 邮政编码
remittance汇款
商店用语:
daily necessity日用品
check-out/cashdesk付款台
men’s/women’sdepartment男/女装部
Cash or charge? 付现金还是记账?
bargain讨价还价
one price不还价
fixed prices定价
promotion促销
20% discount off打八折
packing/wrapping包装
on sale甩卖
sold out卖完
in stock有货
out of stock无货
cashier收银员
fashion时尚
医院用语:
blood pressure血压
emergency room急诊
operation room手术室
give aninjection注射
visiting hours探视时间
surgeon外科医生
physician内科医生
traditionalChinese medicine中医
take one’stemperature量体温
dentist牙医
cough咳嗽
flu流感
fever发烧
headache头痛
sneeze打喷嚏
a sore throat 嗓子疼
indigestion消化不良
prescription处方
check-up 体检
ward病房
treat治疗
cure/heal治愈
dose剂量
tablet药片
capsule胶囊
first-aid kit 急救箱
宾馆用语:
room service客房服务
single/doubleroom单/双人间
check in/out 登记入住/付账后离开
reservation预订
reception desk登记处
service counter服务台
duration of stay停留时间
suite套间
inn客栈
full up客满
vacancy空房
理发店用语:
hairdresser美发师
blow the hair吹头发
haircut理发
hairstyle发型
beard胡须
mustache髭
curly卷发的
bob剪短
shave刮胡子
cut剪发
海关用语:
allowance限额
go through thecustoms通关
declare申报
duty free免税的
visa签证
办公室用语:
vacancy空缺
appointment预约
candidate求职者
job applicant求职者
fire/dismiss解雇
employer老板
employee雇员
resume简历
scanner扫描仪
printer打印机
fax传真
file文件
copier复印机
schedule时间表
法庭用语:
jury陪审团
accuse控诉
My Lord/YourHonor 法官大人
guilty有罪的
innocent清白的
crime犯罪
witness证人
(2)时间与数字(Time and Numerals)
时间与数字类的题目包括直接型和隐含型。
考题类型:
①直接型。该类考题不需要计算,答案直接出现在对话的多个数字中,要求考生根据题目从所给选项中直接辨认出答案。主要考查考生对数字的辨认及记忆能力。A类竞赛中直接型的题目比较少。
例:[2007年A类初赛]
A. £ 78. 
B. £ 39.
C. £ 36.
【录音原文】
A:Good morning. Do you have any tickets left for this evening’s performance?
B:Let me just have a look. Well, there’re a few seats left in the front stalls.How many tickets do you want?
A:Just two.
B:Yes, I can give you two in the third row. They are 39 pounds each.
A:39 pounds! I see. All right, I’ll take them.
B:That’s 78 pounds altogether. You can come to pick them up by 6:30.
Q: What’s thetotal cost of the tickets?
【解析】录音中提到要买2张票,而每张票39 pounds,总共78 pounds。
②隐含型。选项中的时间或数字不会直接出现在对话里,有时需进行简单的计算。
例:[2013年A类初赛]
How much did Google approximately earn in the same period lastyear?
A. $2 bn
B. $2.2 bn
C. $2.5 bn
【录音原文】
Google had intended to release its earnings report afterthe close of trading, but the report was put out early by mistake. It showedthat Google’s earnings fell by around 20% in the third-quarter when compared tothe same period a year ago, to just over $2 bn. Google’s share price immediatelybegan to fall until trading was halted. Analysts said that the cost related tothe acquisition of Motorola and the strong dollar had contributed to the fallin earnings.
【解析】这则新闻是讲Google因为差错提前发布了它的收益报告表。其中显示Google第三个季度的收益只下降到是二十亿美元多,与去年同期相比下降了20%左右,由此可知去年同期Google的收益为超过$2 bn×(1+20%)=$2.4 bn,即接近$2.5 bn。
答题技巧:
对于直接型考题,考生需要根据题目和对话内容在给出的选项数字中进行选择,因此考生可以在听力开始前利用短暂的间隙浏览题目,查看题目所提问的对象,之后在听对话内容时将该对象所对应的数字记录下来。
对于隐含型考题,该类考题的答案有时需要进行简单的计算,如将数字进行加减等。这要求考生在听对话时需将对话中出现的所有数字和其对应的对象记下来,以便根据题目中要求回答的对象进行计算。
①对于时间题,要注意以下几点:
a. 时间、日期和年代的读法
“-teen”和“-ty”是众多考生容易混淆的,应该注意区分。主要区别为:第一,重音不同。前者重音在词末,而后者重音在词首。第二,是否有鼻音。结尾发音有鼻音/n/的单词为“-teen”。如:fourteen和forty, thirteen和thirty等。
b. 时间
5:12 fivetwelve/twelve past five
7:15seven fifteen/a quarter past seven (after seven)
8:45eight forty-five/ a quarter to nine
11:50eleven fifty/ ten to twelve
2:00pm/14:00 two pm/ fourteen hundred hours
12:00twelve/ noon/ midday
24:00midnight
c. 日期与年代
3月15日 March 15th/ the 15th of March
每隔一天(每两天)every other day/ every two days
几天前the other day /a few days ago
两星期fortnight/ period of two weeks
20世纪 the twentieth century
19世纪40年代 in the eighteen forties
公元前450年(450BC)four hundred and fifty BC/fourfifty BC
②对于数字题,要注意以下表达方式(相同意义的不同表达):
a. 多位数的表达
10ten/ a decade
12twelve/ a dozen
1960nineteen sixty
1900nineteen hundred
b. 分数与小数
分数:分子用基数表示,分母用序数表示
1/2 (0.5)one half (zero point five)
1/4 (0.25)one fourth/ a quarter (zero point twenty five)
c. 号码、货币
电话号码按位数逐个读出来87316789
房间号码、邮政编码、街道等:180 one-eighty/ one-eight-zero
注意数量单位与单位基数的不同。如:a penny=one cent, a nickel=five cents, a quarter=twenty-five cents,a half dollar=fifty cents.
③注意数字换算
掌握听力课堂中所列的与数字相关的表达方式。由于每个对话间隔的时间短,既要回忆对话内容,又要阅读选择项,还要进行计算,因此熟练掌握换算进率是十分必要的。
星期、日期、时、分的换算进率分别为7、30/31、24、60等。
Aquarter 指时间是15分钟,指月份是一季度(三个月),指百分比为25%。
(3)身份与关系(Identity and Relationship)
对话中身份与关系类题是指根据对话内容就与对话有关人物的职业、身份或人物之间的关系提问,要求参赛学生从所给选项中选出一个正确答案的题型。
该类考题包括考查职业身份和考查二者关系两种,其提问角度主要有以下四种:
1)就对话人某一方的职业身份提问。
Whatis the woman’s job?
2)就对话人之间的关系提问。
What’sthe relationship between the man and the woman?
3)就对话中涉及的第三者的职业、身份提问。
Whatdo you think is Mary’s profession?
4)就对话中涉及的第三者与第四者之间的关系提问。
Whatis the relationship between Tom and Jerry?
考题类型:
①考查职业身份
这类题涉及的职业主要有教师、学生、图书管理员、医生/牙医、营业员、服务员、修理工、家庭主妇等。
例1:[2014年A类样题]
Whatdoes Peter do?
A. Astudent.
B.A teacher.
C. Aheadmaster.
D. Anassistant.
【录音原文】
W:Peter, I’ve got your letter here requesting leave.
M:Yes, I’m still owed two and a half days and I’ve got an exam next week I mustprepare for.
W:You can’t just take leave whenever you want it. You know we’re very busy nextweek and we’ll need you to teach.
【解析】题目问的是:Peter是做什么的?录音中听到女士在看到男士的假条后说“Youcan’t just take leave whenever you want it. You know we’re very busy next weekand we’ll need you to teach.”,由teach一词可推出Peter应该是老师。
②考查二者之间关系
这类题涉及的二者关系主要有:教师与学生、医生与病人、丈夫与妻子、借书者与馆员、旅客与服务员、老板与雇员、修理工与顾客等。
例:[2008年A类样题]
A.Policeman and driver.
B. Teacher andpupil.
C. Driver andactress.
【录音原文】
M: Why didn’tyou stop when we first signaled?
W: I’m sorry. Will I have to pay a fine?
Q: What’s theprobable relationship between the man and woman?
【解析】从stop,firstsignaled以及pay afine等关键词,可知两人是警察与司机的关系。
答题技巧:
①如选项为关于职业、身份及关系方面的词汇,可断定该题属于身份与关系类对话。
②对话中一般不会直接提及人物的身份与关系,需要通过对话中的预期及关键词来进行判断。因此,考生应该掌握与特定语言环境及表示人物身份职业相关的词汇,并在做题时注意捕捉与人物职业身份相关的关键词。
③应该注意对话人的语气。不同关系的人物对话,其语气特征会比较明显。如夫妻、恋人之间常用比较亲昵的语气;同学、朋友之间常用比较随意的语气;而下属对老板则常用比较恭敬的语气。注意体会说话者的口气、语调及所用的称呼,这将有助于判断对话者之间的关系。如:
Dr. 是学生对老师或病人对医生的称呼
Mr., Mrs.反映下级对上级或学生对老师的称呼
Prof.用于对教授的称呼
Darling用于夫妻之间
常考身份与关系相关词汇总结如下:
职业身份
Postman(邮递员):
deliver, letter, parcel, mail, post, airmail, registered letter,postcard, mailbox, postage
Repairman(修理工):
fix, plug, gear, garage, vacuum, air-conditioner, heater,refrigerator, washing machine, drain, microwave, switch, plumber
somethingis wrong with…
Police(警察):
speeding, traffic light, driver’s license, fine, give a ticket to
Taxi-driver(出租车司机):
fare, meter, get off, change, tip, destination
Whereshall I take you?
Whereto?
Custom officer(报关员):
passport, restricted articles, free of duty
Doyou have anything to declare?
Anythingdutiable?
Librarian(图书管理员):
borrow, library card, periodical, journal, catalogue, book shelf,due, overdue, renew
Bank Clerk(银行职员):
balance, cash, check, an open account, interest, overdraft,withdraw, deposit
两者关系
Doctors and Patients(医生和病人):
examination, prescribe, injection, operation, fever, cough,headache, diagnose, medicine, flu, surgery, be operated on, indigestion
What’sthe matter with you?
What’swrong (with you)?
Isuffered…
Teachers and Students(教师和学生):
textbook, course, grade, mark, exam, term paper, test, assignment,homework, lesson, class score, scholarship, pass, fail, semester, credit, oralexam, written exam, make up an exam, school record, tuition, drop out
Customer and Waiter/Waitress(顾客和服务生):
shop-assistant, attendant menu, order, tip, on sale, for sale,marked price, discount, selling season, shopping record, treat, go Dutch,steak, ham, out of style, in fashion, all the rage, in good taste
Whatcan I do for you?
May Ihelp you?
May Itake your order now?
Wouldyou like something else?
Willthis be cash or charge/check/cheque?
Airport Staff andCustomer(机场人员和乘客):
cabin door, gate, business class, economy class, first class,restricted articles, single ticket, return ticket, difference in time, airsick,seat belt fasten, take off, board, land
礼貌用语:Hi!Please! How do you do? How are you? Hello!
Boss and secretary(老板和秘书):
typing,operating, copy, file, document, report, telephone, appointment, timetable,arrangement
(4)态度与建议(Attitude and Suggestion)
考生需根据对话内容的关键词、上下文甚至语气、语调的内涵意义并利用逻辑思维能力进行判断,找出对话中人物对某事件或某人的观点态度。
常见的提问方式:
Howdoes the man/woman feel about?
Whatdoes the man/woman think of...?
Whatdoes the man/woman mean?
Whatdoes the man/woman say about...?
例1:[2012年A类决赛]
Whatdoes the man think of David?
A. He thinksDavid is the best candidate.
B. He doesn’tthink David has a strong personality.
C. He doesn’tthink David is ideal for the project.
【录音原文】
M:David is of a similar age to the other contestants. He’s an unemployedmusician, he likes discussions and he’s got something different tooffer. 
W: So do youthink he’ll fit in the project?
M: Well, I doubtwhether we want people with too strong personalities.
【解析】在回答David是否适合这项任务时,男士提到I doubt whether wewant people with too strong personalities可知,他认为David个性太强,所以并不是合适的人选。故选C。
例2:[2007年A类初赛]
A. It will befine. 
B. It will betoo long. 
C. It will beboring.
【录音原文】
A:I must admit that I’m not really looking forward to it.
B:No?
A: Well, I’ve been to their parties before, and Idon’t suppose this one will be any better. All the same people are going on andon about their jobs.
B:Aha.
A:They all think they are so important. Honestly, I just can’t be bothered withthem. I never know what to say. Still I’ve been invited, so I suppose I’dbetter go.
B:Eh.
Q: What does theman think the party will be like?
【解析】由第一句话可知他并不期待这次的聚会,因为聚会上的人对他们的工作谈论不休,并自以为是,男士在这样的聚会上无话可说,所以他认为这次的聚会将很无聊。
答题技巧:
①答案通常与后者的话有关,选项中有关第一说话人的话通常不是正确答案。
第一人态度为肯定时,第二人的回答有:
支持:yes,sure, of course, that’s a good idea, out of question...
反对:no,not really, not likely, not at all, no way, out of the question...
第一人态度为否定时,第二人的回答有:
支持:no,of course not, you don’t
反对:yes,of course, you do
②看清问题,找准听音重点。
观点态度类试题主要是判断对话中说话人对所谈及的事或人所持的观点及态度。考生做这类试题时要注意理解对话中的大意,并且还要注意问题中考查的是男士还是女士的观点,以免判断错误。
③这里要注意几种关于态度的表达方式:
a. 双重否定表肯定
notimpossible, can’t agree... any more, not unusual等
b. 部分否定的词
not all…(或:all…not), not every(或:every…not), not always等
c. 虚拟语气表假设,非真实情况
If it weren’tfor…, It hadn’t been for…, but for, supposing等。
④熟练掌握表示建议的常用句式:
Whynot…?
Whydon’t you/we…?
Howabout…?
You’dbetter…
Youmay/might as well…
If Iwere you, I would…
I’drather you…
(5)行为与计划(Action and Plan)
行为与计划类题目的选项常以to + V(或不带to的不定式)短语形式、V-ing短语形式或V-ed短语形式出现。对话中常会出现一个或几个动作,要求考生根据对话的内容,迅速记忆提及的动作及相关信息、动作发生的前后顺序以及动作与动作发出者的对应关系等。
该类试题要求考生对对话的主题及题目中说话人的行为进行判断,主要的提问方式有:
Whatdoes the man want to do?
Whatis the man planning to do?
Whatis the man going to do?
Whatare the two speakers talking about?

①考查过去的行为
例:[2012年A类初赛]
Whatdid the woman do last night?
A. Watched TV. 
B. Went tothe circus. 
C. Practicedjuggling.
【录音原文】
M: Did you have fun lastnight?
W: Tobe frank, I’ve seen better things on television. I didn’t like seeing largeanimals performing tricks, and the jugglers weren’t as skillful as I thoughtthey’d be.
M: Sounds like a waste ofmoney, then.
【解析】女士说不喜欢看large animals杂耍和jugglers变戏法,反而还不如电视节目精彩,而男士也认为她的做法浪费了金钱。所以她昨晚去了马戏团看表演。
②考查将来的行为
例:[2011年A类初赛]
Whatwill the woman do next?
A. Visit the petmotel.
B. Write areview.   
C. Look forsome information.
【录音原文】
W:What should we do about the animals while we’re on vacation?
M: I wasthinking of asking our neighbor, Bob, to take them in. But, we’ve got threecats and a dog. It’s really a lot to ask.
W: Yeah, it is.You know, there’s a pet motel on Woodland Avenue. I’ll go online and look forreviews about the place.
【解析】女士说I’ll go online and look for reviews,可知她要去找和pet motel有关的信息,因此选C。
③考查现在的行为
例:[2009年A类初赛]
Whatis the patient suffering from?
A. A throatinfection.
B. A skininfection.
C. A seriouscut.
【录音原文】
M: Ifyou’ll just have a seat, Ms. Thomas, I’ll look into your mouth. Open wide! Em,still a bit red and swollen. Have you been taking the tablets I prescribed andcut down on the cigarettes?
W: Yes, doctor. It’s actually not half as sore as it was.
M: Em, yes. Yourvoice sounds better as well. Just take the tablets for a few more days andwe’ll have another look then.
【解析】医生检查时让病人张开口,医生还提到病人的声音听起来好多了,可推断病人得的是喉咙感染。
答题技巧:
听对话时要对与动作有关的内容特别注意,抓住表示时间顺序的词语,如since,before, after, then等,还要特别注意对话中所使用的时态和重复出现的词,这些往往是答题的关键。
(6)因果(Cause and Effect)
此类题型较难,因为原因的阐述通常会出现在第一句,容易被忽视,且该类题信号词较少,需听完完整对话后才能明白其内容重点。
常见的提问方式:
Whycan’t sb. do sth. ?
Whyis sb. ...?
Whydoes sb. ...?
例1:[2009年A类初赛]
Whyis the man late?
A.The trains were delayed.
B. Hecouldn’t find a bus stop.
C.Something went wrong with his friend’s motorbike.
【录音原文】
M:Sorry, I’m late. Did you hear about the trains?
W:Yes, I heard they were running late.
M:Well, I realized I might be late, so I tried to find a bus and on my way Ibumped into Jerry. He offered me a lift on his motorbike. But unfortunately, itwas exhausted by flameout, so in the end, I had to walk.
【解析】对话中提到男士已知道火车会晚点,为避免迟到已作出安排。男士迟到的原因是在搭乘朋友便车的时候,朋友的车总是flameout(熄火),只能步行上班。所以,正确答案应为C项。
例2:[2013年A类初赛]
Whydid the man get divorced according to the woman?
  A. He was bad-temperedall the time.
  B. He didn’t helptake care of the baby.
C. He spent toomuch time in the pub.
【录音原文】
M: It was all my fault. I wish I hadn’t been so thoughtless. I usedto come back late from work, after stopping off at the pub on the way home, anddidn’t lift a finger to help when I did get home. I should’ve helped more withthe baby and things like that.
W: Well yes, the main thing if you ask me is that you shouldn’t havetaken on that new job in London when she’d just had a baby.
M: Now I’m adivorced idiot.
【解析】录音中男士向女士讲述了自己犯的一些错误导致了离婚,而女士认为主要原因是“在她刚生孩子的时候,你本不应该接受那份新工作”。由此可知女士认为他没有照顾孩子是离婚的原因,即B项。
例3:[2014年A类初赛]
Whydid the man move?
A. He neededa larger building.
B. He wanted anenvironmental-friendly place for business.
C. He wanted tolive downtown.
D. He neededconvenient transportation.
【录音原文】
W: Have youalways been on this site?
M: No, we usedto be on an industrial estate on the outskirts of York.
W: Why did youmove?
M: We neededlarger premises so we moved to this greenfield site last year.
【解析】对话中女士问及男士搬家的原因,根据其回答“We needed larger premises so we moved to this greenfield site lastyear”,可知男士想要更大的经营场所,所以进行了搬迁。premises房屋;经营场所。
答题技巧:
①注意听清第二个人的讲话内容,尤其是当第二个对话人使用I’d like to..., but...句式时,but之后就是具体原因。
②熟悉一些表示因果关系的词和短语,在听录音时要特别注意以下词或短语之后的内容:
words: because, as, for , since, in that, hence, therefore,consequently, cause, reason
expressions:due to, owing to, because of, thanks to, on account for, as a result, resultfrom, result in, lead to, give rise to, contribute to, attribute to, now that,so that, so…that, such…that, in order to, be responsible for
(7)气候与天气
谈论天气的人一般是朋友或家庭成员,内容涉及气候、温度、环境及天气对人们生活和出行的影响。
解答该类题型要注意关于气候与天气的相关词汇及短语:
climate,forecast, get worse, sunny, bright, warm (up), cloudy, overcast, gloomy, windy,foggy, rain, snow, snow storm, etc.
冷暖:temperature,hot, cold, such a severe winter, etc.
(8)主题(Subject)
该类题目要求考生根据对话中的内容判断他们讨论的主题是什么。
常见提问方式为:
Whatare they/the two speakers talking about?
Whatdo we learn from the conversation?
...
例1:[2014年A类决赛]
Whatdo we learn from the conversation?
A. Landfillis now the main approach to waste disposal.
B. The man’sfactory has begun to burn its waste.
C. Burning wastewill do more harm to the environment.
D. Thegovernment is going to stop the use of landfill.
【录音原文】
W:How do you dispose of the waste in your factory?
M: We have to send it to landfill. It’s very expensive because thegovernment recently introduced a landfill tax so we’re planning to build a newincineration plant next year to burn our waste.
W: But doesn’tburning waste produce carbon monoxide?
M: Yes, it does.But we believe it’s less harmful to the environment than landfill.
【解析】当被问及如何处理工厂垃圾时,男士指出“We have tosend it to landfill”,并提到最近政府引入了垃圾掩埋税,进行垃圾填埋很昂贵,因此他们考虑在下一年建造焚烧车间。对于女士关于焚烧垃圾产生二氧化碳的质疑,男士回答说“But we believe it’s less harmful to the environment than landfill”,可见只有A项符合录音内容。
例2:[2012年A类初赛]
Whatare the speakers talking about?
A. Aphoto. 
B.Colors.
C. Apainting.
【录音原文】
M:What do you think of this one?
W: To be honest, it’s not really my taste. I’m not really into thisstyle of portrait. And it sort of looks like a photo to me.
M: Ilike the colors, and the expression on her face is kind of intense.
【解析】从女士的评价I’m not really into this style of portrait, photo以及男士的colors可知对话是在讨论一幅画。
答题技巧:
主题型试题主要考查学生对短对话的主要内容的把握能力。考生需要抓住关键字或主题句,根据所获得的关键信息,来分析概括主题。
注意不要只从对话一方的话语中寻找答案。由于是考查谈话主题,因此双方的话语中应都含有与主题相关的线索词。
◆长对话
1.试题特点
(1)取材广泛
长对话的题材涉及十分广泛,如选课、考试、借书、打工、社团活动等大学校园内发生的与学习、生活及娱乐有关的内容,人物关系主要以学生之间或师生之间为主;或是租房、求职、商务、旅行或访谈等校园以外的内容,人物关系相对多样。同一次考试之中的两组对话一般会选用不同题材。
(2)命题点多且分散
长对话与短对话有类似之处。短对话中考查的习语与词汇、场景与人物、时间与数字、原因与结果、虚拟与转折等内容同样会在长对话中出现。长对话与短对话相比,信息量增大很多,短对话只针对一处信息点命题,而长对话命题点多且分散。
(3)命题顺序一般与原文一致
长对话一般是按照与原文相符的先后顺序进行命题的。这条命题原则对于考生来讲很重要,因为在听的过程中如能按顺序把某些选项中的关键词适当地“对号入座”,必要时再做一些笔记,就会增加对原文的理解程度,从而提高该部分的成绩。
2.解题攻略
(1)听到什么选什么原则
长对话部分一般只要听见了某个词语,并且在选项里面也出现了该词语,那么这个选项就极有可能是正确选项。这个原则对考查细节的题目比较实用。对于听不懂或者没有听清楚的词句,可以采用此技巧。
(2)中心内容原则
考生在听对话的时候,要把精力集中在说话人想要通过他的话传达什么样的信息或者阐明什么样的观点上,而不是去想什么词没有听见,什么句子没有听懂。永远去关注说话人想说明的主要观点。
抓住这一点,不仅可以应对主旨类试题,还可以应对某些其他类型的试题,因为与短对话相比,长对话涉及的是一个“面”,必然有一个中心议题,中心议题就是该“面”的凝聚点,对话双方都是围绕该中心而展开对话的。因此对于长对话而言,做出正确选择的关键就是把握住对话的主题。
(3)问答原则
长对话中经常出现的问答的形式(即两个人对话时,其中一个人提问,另一个人对所提问的问题进行回答)是题眼。通常,对话中的提问往往成为问题的改写,回答的部分就是需要选的答案,因此考生要留心对话中的问句,学会在一问一答中把握考点。
(4)原因原则
原因在对话中常常会成为考试的焦点。因此,当对话中出现一些表示原因的标志词,如because, for, since, now that, so, consequently, therefore等时,考生要格外注意。
(5)but原则
这个原则非常简单,就是只要出现but,或者其他的转折连词,如however, although等,后面的内容往往就是考点。
(6)解释原则
有时候对话中会出现一些生僻的词或概念,如果这样的词或概念对理解整个对话没有影响,说话人是不会解释的,所以这个时候不需要对它多加注意,但是一旦说话人解释了,就说明它很可能对理解对话内容起到非常重要的作用,这时候,解释的内容就一定要仔细听,这极有可能就是题眼。
(7)建议原则
一般来讲,在对话中只要出现建议,建议就会是考点。实际上,这一原则不仅在长对话中适用,在短对话中往往也是如此,所以只要是建议就要把它记住,而且考生在复习时要尽可能地熟悉各种各样的建议方式。
3.题型分析
长对话部分的常考题型可分为以下三类:
(1)细节识别题(听懂重要的或特定的细节)
长对话中细节题所占的比重最高,一篇长对话中通常会出现4个以上的细节题,有时甚至全为细节题。细节题涉及对话中一些具体的信息,比如人物的身份、年龄、姓名、电话、事情发生的地点、原因等。可能的提问方式如下:
Wheredoes the conversation most probably take place?
Whenwill the show begin?
Howmuch is a child’s ticket?
Howlong does it take the man to…?
Whatgifts can children get from the library this year?
例1:[2011年A类初赛]
Whattime is Mike’s wife’s appointment?
A. At 2:00pm.
B. At 2:30pm. 
C. At 3:30 pm.
【录音原文】
Mike:This is Mike speaking. I’d like to make an appointment for my wife. She wants to come in at the end of the week.
Receptionist: How about thisFriday morning? That’s Friday the 21st.
Mike: Mmm, I don’t think shecan make the morning. Any openings in the afternoon?
Receptionist: Yes.Appointments are available at 2:00, 2:30 and 3:30.
Mike: We’ll take the firstone, please.
【解析】前台接待员说 “Appointments are available at 2:00, 2:30 and 3:30”,之后男士选了第一个,故选A。
例2:[2014年A类初赛]
Whatis the earliest record of alcohol about?
A. It is justmeaningless graffiti randomly drawn.
B. It is abouthow the earliest alcohol was produced.
C. It is thecomplaint about people adding water to the beer.
D. It is abouthow ancient people drank alcohol.
【录音原文】
W:Has alcohol always been a part of people’s lives?
M:Alcohol has been with us for thousands of years and must be nearly as old ascivilization itself. The earliest piece of graffiti ever found, on a wall inancient Sumeria, complained that the beer was being watered down. In mostsocieties, it is an integral part of celebrations and social gatherings.
【解析】题干问及关于酒的最早记录与什么相关,对话开头男士提到“The earliest piece of graffiti ever found, on a wall in ancientSumeria, complained that the beer was being watered down”,即在古苏美尔的一面墙上,对啤酒被兑水的抱怨,故答案选C。
(2)推理判断题(推论隐含的意义)
推理试题的难度相对比较大,主要的提问方式有:
Whatcan you infer from the conversation?
Whatmight be the man’s attitude toward…?
Whatdoes the man think about…?
长对话部分对推理判断题的考查不是很多,该类试题主要考查考生的推理判断能力,考生应根据自己对对话内容的理解找出与对话意义相符的选择项,而不仅仅以词句是否与材料中听到的词句完全和部分相同而定。对于没有听懂的句子,可以根据已经获得的部分信息以及自己具备的一般常识来判断可能性较大的选项。
例1:[2011年A类初赛]
Whatis the most probable relationship between the two speakers?
A.Travel agent and customer.
B.Professor and student.
C.Classmates.
【录音原文】
John:I know. I was hoping that they’d stay at 3,000 words or only go up to 3,500,but no luck, I’m afraid.
Jane: What about the deadline?
John:The first one has to be in by October 30th and the second by November 30th. Itlooks like one essay a month the same as last year.
Jane:Well, at least that hasn’t changed, but as it’s the end of September now, thatleaves only a month to get the first one done. I’m going to get onto thatstraight away.
John:Yes, you’d better. If you want to talk about it, I’m going to be at the campuscafeteria at 1:30 for lunch. We could go over some questions.
【解析】通过两人讨论作业的语气及对话发生的场景——校园,可以推知两人是同学,故选C。
例2:[2012年A类决赛]
Whatdoes John think of the Conservative government’s training schemes in the lastfive years?
A. It helped alot, but it didn’t solve unemployment.
B. It was atrick the government played and couldn’t solve the problem.
C. It was onlycarried out for a few months and few people got jobs in the end.
【录音原文】
W:Unemployment has been falling steadily over the last five years thanks to ourtraining schemes.
M:But those schemes just keep young people out of the unemployment statistics fora few months. Very few of them get jobs in the end. In fact, all you did was toplay with the statistics to make it look as if unemployment was falling. Well,what about more action on poverty?
【解析】在评价training schemes时,男士John说到allyou did was to play with the statistics to make it look as if unemployment wasfalling。所以他认为政府的这一小把戏并不能解决实际问题。
(3)主旨大意题
常见的提问方式:
Whatis the conversation mainly about?
Whatare the two speakers talking about?
Whatdoes the conversation focus on?
Whatis the main topic of the conversation?
长对话中对主旨大意题的考查不是很多,该部分是对整个对话内容的总结,属于难度较高的一类题目,因此考生仍需注意。长对话的主题句一般是出现在对话的开始部分,并且对话的主旨会通过对话场景体现在一些关键词中,考生应该注意把握。
例1:[2012年A类初赛]
Whatare the speakers talking about?
A.When to build a hotel.
B.The species of animals on the land.
C.The use of the land.
【录音原文】
W: Idon’t really have any expertise in managing. Have you got any idea what wecould do with it?
M: Well, when I see fiftysquare kilometers of land, I think of money.
W: Ha, that’s typical of you.
M:Well, yeah. I think, you know, a hotel will be great here. There’s enough roomfor it, and as it’s in the middle of this kind of wonderful environment, wecould really sell it.
W:Yeah, the land’s got these really lovely environmental features. You’ve gotthese lovely hills and there’re all these lovely trees, and a little forestdown there. Perhaps it would be nicer to do something that’s kind of moresympathetic with the environment, like, um, you could leave it wild and justlet the animals roam free, or you could have like a more organized animalsanctuary to get the most out of the features of it.
【解析】男士提及land,且进一步表示a hotel will be great here。而女士也认为the land’s got these really lovely environmental features,并给出了关于土地建设的具体意见。所以两人讨论的是土地利用的问题。
例2:[2013年A类初赛]
Whatis this conversation about?
A. Travelagencies. 
B. Spacetours. 
C. Holidayplans.
【录音原文】
W: Welcome to the Holiday Show. Today with me in the studio I haveRichard Bennet, a travel consultant who’s going to tell us about the holidayfor those who have been everywhere. So Richard, what’s the next frontier forthe fearless traveller?
M:We’re already working on plans that will get tourists into space within thenext ten years.
【解析】这是一篇采访。录音中女士介绍完之后,开始对男士进行采访,问道“对于无畏的旅行者来说下一个目标是什么”,男士回答到他们已经制订计划在未来的十年内让旅游者去太空。由此可知这个谈话是关于“太空旅行”的。
◆短新闻
1.试题特点
(1)新闻内容源自VOA、BBC等国外新闻广播;
(2)题材多样,主要为政治、经济、科技等方面的新闻,在人文、军事、体育、健康等方面也有所涉及;
(3)由于新闻语言本身的客观性,语音一般语气比较平稳,措辞不会带有个人色彩。
2.解题攻略
(1)听前预测
短新闻部分也可以进行听前预测,基本原则和对话的原则相同,即:
★把握时机,在听力开始宣读指令时预读题干和选项;
★纵向浏览选项,快速寻找选项的共同点和不同点;
★几个选项相结合,预测新闻的大意。
错误的选项也可以传递很多信息,因为它的出现就是为了让考生加以选择,所以肯定有“真”的地方。考生要做的就是找出几个选项的共同点,这些点一般都是“真”的,可以让考生对新闻的大致内容有所了解。对于选项的不同点,在听的过程中要做到“去伪存真”。
(2)听时注意
新闻的第一句一定要注意。因为这句往往是新闻的导语,会告知新闻的主要内容,而且往往是主旨类题目的答案出处。
★和题目相关的内容一定要注意。新闻听力题目的原文信息定位比较简单,关键是在听时一定要细心,这样才能有效排除干扰项。
★遇到听不懂的地方立刻跳过。新闻听力的语速较快,如果遇到一个不熟悉的单词或没听清楚的句子就开始想它的意思,往往会影响对下文的理解。所谓“一心不能二用”,绝不可以在听的同时回想上文的内容。要养成一个习惯,即遇到不太懂的地方不要停下来思考,专心听下去。对于新闻听力,这点尤为重要。
★忽略特殊或难懂的人名地名。在新闻听力中,常常会遇到不太熟悉的人名或地名,但大部分情况下这些人名或地名不会对理解新闻内容造成影响。当然,重要的经常涉及的新闻人物及地名还是得熟悉一下。
★利用5W1H原则。新闻六要素(who,what, when, where, why, how),即通常说的“五个W和一个H”。听新闻必须捕捉这几个方面的信息,才能准确知道这则新闻究竟要传达的是什么内容。
3.题型分析
短新闻的基本题型可分为细节题、推断题和主旨题。
(1)细节题
和对话类题目类似,短新闻部分的题目也是以细节题为主,针对新闻的六要素(when, where, what, who, why, how)中的一个或几个进行提问。
回答细节题时,考生首先要根据题干的关键词汇认真听取对话中的相关部分,然后再进行选择。当录音中出现题干中的关键词或题干原话时,往往就是答案所在。
例1:[2011年A类初赛]
Whatare the most damaging emissions?
A. Ultrafineparticles. 
B. Gases. 
C. Particlesproduced by gasoline engines.
【录音原文】
Peoplewho live in polluted cities can see the grit and dirt produced from vehicleengines but some of the most damaging emissions are only now starting to beunderstood. They’re ultrafine particles, way too small to be seen. Hundreds ofthem, placed side by side, match the width of a human hair. They are primarilyproduced by combustion in diesel engines.
【解析】新闻第一句末尾和第二句明确指出“the most damagingemissions…They’re ultrafine particles…”,故选A项。
例2:[2013年A类初赛]
Whatmeasure is mentioned in the news?
  A. Consolidatingbuildings.
  B. Implementing acurfew in cities.
  C. Storing food andwater.
【录音原文】
Heavyrains and strong winds are battering parts of Jamaica as Hurricane Sandyapproaches. Schools and airports have been closed, and a curfew is in place incities to keep people off the streets. Meteorologists have expected between 25and 50 centimeters of rain to fall. They predict Hurricane Sandy will reachHaiti, Dominican Republic and Cuba. Yvonne Nelson is a shelter manager inKingston, Jamaica. She described the preparations underway.
【解析】这则新闻是讲飓风Sandy到来时,强风暴雨重创了牙买加的许多地区。其中提到的措施是关闭学校和机场,而且“a curfew is in place in cities to keep people off the streets”(在城市里实行一项宵禁令,让人们远离街道)。
例3:[2014年A类初赛]
Whathas caused the dispute over South Korea’s law under consideration?
A. Benefitconflict among different industrial groups.
B. Thepopularity of online gaming in South Korea.
C. Parentsconcern about children’s mental health.
D. Conflictbetween social and economic priorities.
【录音原文】
SouthKorea’s parliament is considering a law that would classify online gaming as apotentially antisocial addiction alongside gambling, drugs and alcohol. Thebill has won support from parents, religious groups and doctors but has alarmedthe Internet industry and enraged gamers. The legislation includes provisionsto limit advertising, while a separate bill would take 1% of the gamingindustry’s revenue to create a fund to curb addiction. The uproar over thelegislation highlights conflicting social and economic priorities in SouthKorea.
【解析】该则新闻的重点为最后一句“The uproar over the legislation highlights conflicting social andeconomic priorities in South Korea”(关于该立法的喧嚣突出了韩国社会和经济首要任务之间的冲突),因此答案选D。
(2)主旨题
相比长对话部分,短新闻部分的主旨题略多。短新闻的主旨题一般情况下答案都出自新闻的首句或前几句,即新闻导语,所以考生对新闻的开头部分要特别注意。
例1:[2014年A类决赛]
What’sthe main idea of the news?
A. Theretirement saving schemes have benefited millions of UK workers.
B. Theretirement saving schemes will be reformed.
C. Theretirement saving schemes have just got started.
D. Theretirement saving schemes are being questioned.
【录音原文】
Millions of workers will be exposed to “risky” and outdatedretirement saving schemes under the government’s scheme to automatically enrolpeople into pensions, former Downing Street adviser Dr. Ros Altmann has warned.Pension schemes under the Government’s automatic enrolment initiative startedin October 2012 and are expected to result in around 11 million new pensionsavers over the next five years. Altmann said: “The future for pensions is morecomplex and risky than ever before.” She called for an overhaul of definedcontribution (DC) pensions which, she argued, “are not fit for 21st-centurylives”.
【解析】新闻开头点明主题“Millions of workers will be exposed to ‘risky’ and outdatedretirement saving schemes under the government’s scheme to automatically enrolpeople into pensions...”,即政府将民众自动纳入退休金的方案将令数百万工人陷入高风险、过时的退休金储备系统。因此D项“退休金方案正遭受质疑”概括了新闻主要内容。
例2:[2014年A类初赛]
Whatis the main idea of the news?
A. Obesity amongyouth in the UK is increasing rapidly.
B. The ObesityAction Campaign has won popular support.
C. Obesityhas resulted in the rapid increase in liver disease in the UK.
D. Liver diseaseis no longer to be neglected in the UK.
【录音原文】
“Cirrhosistriggered by obesity threatens to sweep through hospitals across the UK”, saidDoctor Jude Oben, a hepatologist. Oben recently launched the charity ObesityAction Campaign to help in the battle against the spread of the condition. Inthe past, excess alcohol consumption and hepatitis infections have been themain causes of cirrhosis in Britain. Now a third cause—obesity—has triggered amajor increase in cases of liver disease in the UK. Liver disease is the fifthlargest cause of death in the UK, and in the past 10 years there has been afivefold increase in cirrhosis for those aged between 35 and 55.
【解析】新闻中首先指出肥胖所导致的肝硬化(cirrhosis)在英国的普遍性,提到之前肝硬化的主要诱因是过度饮酒和传染性肝炎,而如今第三种诱因“obesity—has triggereda major increase in cases of liver disease in the UK”,由此可知该新闻主要内容是“肥胖导致英国肝脏疾病的快速增加”,即C项内容。
(3)推断题
推断题在短新闻题目中所占的比例很小,该类题目需要对某个事实细节进行推断。该类题能力要求较高,原文不会直接给出答案,必须在听懂的前提下才能做出准确的推断。
例1:[2012年A类决赛]
Whatdoes the reverse brain drain in the news refer to?
A.Talents flowing from developed countries to their motherland.
B.Talents flowing from developing countries to developed ones.
C.Talents flowing from big cities to rural areas.
【录音原文】
Congressis studying how to change immigration policies in an effort to get more foreignstudents to stay and work in the United States. Many foreign students come tothe United States to earn advanced degrees in science, technology, engineeringand math. But many are unable to get a visa to live and work here after theygraduate. So far no agreement has been reached on how to stop this so-calledreverse brain drain. The loss of highly skilled workers usually involves developingcountries losing them to wealthier ones. Critics say immigration policies inthe United States are too restrictive.
【解析】文中提到现行的移民措施导致many foreignstudents…unable to get a visa to live and work in the United States,即许多留学生归国,这将造成许多发展中国家的reverse brain drain“人才回流”。故选A。
例2:[2014年A类初赛]
Whatcould be inferred from the news?
A. There isno evidence that the planet is suitable for human existence.
B. There may beseveral planets that really resemble the Earth in space.
C. Scientistsare planning to explore the planet someday.
D.Astronomers have landed on an Earth-like planet in space.
【录音原文】
Scientistsbelieve one in five stars in our galaxy have Earth-like planets orbiting them.But the ultimate goal of finding a world that truly resembles our own hascontinued to elude astronomers. Now researchers have come a step closer byfinding Earth’s gassy twin in another solar system 200 light years away. Itorbits a dim red dwarf star at such a close distance that temperatures on itssurface could be as high as 104℃—too hot for most forms of life on Earth. KOI-314Cis only 30 percent more dense than water. This suggests that the world isenveloped by a blanket of hydrogen and helium hundreds of miles thick.
【解析】新闻中首先提到找到真正与地球相似的星球持续“elude astronomers”(elude使……迷惑;理解不了),随后指出研究者发现与地球相似的这个星球表面温度可达到104摄氏度,并且氢和氮的含量浓度很大。换句话说,就是并无证据表明该星球适合人类生存。故答案选A。
◆笔记填空
1.试题特点
(1)综合性
笔记填空是一种综合性的测试手段,它全面测试了考生的语音、词汇量、语法以及记笔记等能力。
(2)难度较高
相对复合式听写,笔记填空难度要更大一些。复合式听写时,考生可以根据空缺明确定位需要的单词在何时会读到,而在笔记填空时,考生只能看到针对文章的笔记提纲,需要根据笔记,在听懂的基础上准确捕捉空缺处信息。
(3)考查单词和短语
笔记填空只考单词和短语听写,不考句子听写。
2.解题攻略
(1)听前利用间隙浏览提纲
在录音播放前,尽快浏览提纲,通过已有内容预测文章大意并推测单词的词性,如果是动词或名词,要格外注意它们的词尾变化。这样考生在听录音时就更具有针对性,从而提高效率。
例1:[2014年A类决赛]
Mainlyfor students throughout the Southeast, Midwest, and ______ of the US…
【预测】通过and可知,空缺处和Southeast, Midwest并列,由此预判空缺处应填入一个名词,而且表示的是美国的某个地区或者地点。(答案为Rocky Mountain regions。)
例2:[2014年A类决赛]
Designedby ______ at the University of Iowa in 1959 to…
【预测】空格部分接在介词by的后面,因此需填入名词表示是由谁设计的。同时通过后面的at the University of Iowa in 1959可知,参加设计的人和大学有关系。(答案为researchers。)
(2)利用速记法
边听边记,快速填写。在很短的时间里要写下听到的单词或词组,同时要保证拼写正确,而且还要跟上后面的听力内容,确实有很大的难度。因此考生要尽量运用速记法,以便能做到事半功倍。由于笔记填空不是给出整篇文章,而只是给出一些要点,因此考生在听的时候要特别注意空白部分左右两侧的内容,通常以空白部分前面的内容作为信号词,即出现该词时就应将其后面的内容记录下来。在速记时要擅用通用符号和缩略语。
参考词汇:
knowl=knowledge
acti=activities
lit=literature
his=history
poli=politics
b=book
j=journal
desc=description
st=students
immed=immediately
irr=irrelevant
import=important
coher=coherently
devel=development
edu=education
explan=explanation
conversa=conversation
prepar=preparation
Q=questions
(3)听完录音后,重新检查已填的词是否正确,力求答案完整
一是根据空白部分左右两侧内容,检查所填入的词是否满足基本的语法规则,一般从词性、名词的单复数、动词的时态语态上检查是否有问题;二是检查单词的拼写是否正确。
3.题型分析
笔记填空的基本题型可分为要点题、细节题。其中细节题又可以分为直截了当型和细节理解型。
(1)要点题
要点题即针对文章的要点设置空缺,文章的要点一般为体现文章的主要内容和文章脉络的句子,多为段落的主题句。解答要点题需要考生从宏观上把握文章的脉络结构,对信息引导词句提高敏感度。
Nowlet’s move on to the disadvantages.
Nowlet’s look at the features of them one by one.
Thereare at least three components of...
Inthe next part of the lecture, I’d like to talkabout one of the basic steps...
Intoday’s lecture, I’ll try to answer these questions.
Theseare the steps shared between...and...
Generallyspeaking, there are two basic types of...
Firstly,...Secondly, ... Thirdly,...
Firstand foremost...
Then,...
Lastbut not the least...
Afterthis stage come the levels of...
Next,the level of...
Whatfollows is the top level of...
Forone thing,… Another component of... is..., and last...
Finally,...
Firstof all, what is...?
例:[2014年A类初赛]
Context
Definition: Our environment, particularlyits significance during (21) ______.
Two types of cultures:
A. High context cultures
·The emphasis is the environment (22) ______.
·A message may not be stated very (23) ______ whose meaning is (24) ______.
·A certain statement may have (25) ______.
B. (26) ______ context cultures
·The emphasis is the (27)______, which is often quite (28)______.
·(29)______ don’t often change the meaning of message very much.
·All the people are expected to understand the message in (30)______.
【要点题判断】从本答题卡给出的notes可以看出,第26题为要点题,体现了文章的脉络,这道题的note与“A.High context cultures”在结构上并列。
【录音原文】
  Temporal perception isjust one aspect of how we are shaped by our cultures. Another very strongelement of our cultures is context. This refers to our environment,particularly how much of it is significant during communication. In terms ofcontext, there are two types of cultures, high context cultures and low contextcultures…
【解析】录音开头部分便提到“In terms of context, there are two types of cultures, high contextcultures and low context cultures”,可知该空所在部分应该是对低语境文化的介绍,因此正确答案为Low。
(2)细节题
细节题是要点之下细节内容上的填空,是笔记填空采用最多的出题形式。细节题大致分为直截了当型和细节理解型。
①直截了当型
此类细节题可以直接拿来就填,文章内容和需要填入的内容完全吻合。竞赛中空缺处所填写的词绝大部分都是这种类型。
例:[2012年A类决赛]
The police finally found the man with the details he offered on hiswebsite, such as his ______ and instructions for collecting the money.
【录音原文】
…It also included the British man’s contact information andinstructions on how to collect the reward. The officers followed theinstructions exactly, which made it easy for them to “collect” the man forattempted murder.
【解析】文中提到“It also included the British man’s contact information andinstructions on how to collect the reward”,因此正确答案为contact information。
②细节理解型
该类题虽然也是对细节的考查,但听到的内容不能直接填入空缺,需要对听到的内容进行同义转换、词性转换、思维角度转换等来满足空缺处对字数、语法等的要求。
例1:[2012年A类初赛]
Name: Festival of Snakes
Country:Italy
Activities: Celebrationsbegin with people ______ and putting them in cages.
【录音原文】
Celebrationsbegin on Saint Joseph’s Day, March 19, when the first snakes of the season arecaptured and put in cages.
【解析】capturing snakes(思维角度转换,主动语态转为被动语态)
例2:[2012年A类决赛]
A man suspected of a jewelrystore ______ was arrested. He tried to find himself the alibi by saying he hadcommitted another crime somewhere else.
【录音原文】
InBelgium, a man who was suspected of robbing a jewelry store was tracked downand captured by the police.
【解析】robbery(词性转换,非谓语动词转为名词)
例3:[2012年A类决赛]
Buthe got arrested because when the policeman entered in the ID number in his driver’slicense, it showed on the screen that he was the ______ for a robbery.
【录音原文】
Theofficer took his driver’s license and entered in the ID number. A few momentslater, the screen lit up, showing that the man was wanted for armed robbery.
【解析】wanted man(词性转换,非谓语动词转为名词)
◆平时备考
为了提高听力效果,考生应在听力训练和复习中有意识地注意以下几个方面的训练:
1.通过“读”帮助“听”,努力扩大知识面
听力部分的内容取材广泛,几乎覆盖生活的各个方面。对现实生活各个领域的词汇都略知一二是听懂的基础,对于短新闻类题目尤其适用,新闻作为一种语言测试题型也是语言在现实生活中真实运用的体现。所以考生在平时的学习中要多读多听,不断积累各个方面的知识和词汇,尤其是实事政治词汇。
2.掌握正确的语音
掌握正确的语音是提高英语听力能力的重要基础。学习者有必要对音标、字母组合、发音规则等进行系统的复习,不断提高对语音的辨别能力和敏感程度。只有熟练地掌握了这些基础知识,才能逐步过渡到句子、段落以至于整篇文章的理解。
3.扩大词汇量
扩大词汇量,熟记新闻报道中的常用词汇。虽然英语新闻广播所使用的词汇量很大,但其中的常用词比较稳定,且重复率较高。如VOA广播中的SpecialEnglish节目要求的常用词汇约为1500个,如果能熟练掌握这些词汇,听懂Special English就不是问题。
4.加强储存记忆(memory span)
做到这一点需要按意群捕捉讲述的内容,不要一字一字地听,而要抓住关键词或句。听完一段不可能一字一句地回忆,而要建立整体概念。
5.加强及时反应(immediate recall)
只有当你建立了整体概念,才能达到立即回忆。
6.做简短笔记(brief note-taking)
在听较长材料时,用缩写或自己能看懂的点、线或其它标记做些快速记录,如:数字、地点、人名或其它关键词语等。
7. 多做听写和记笔记训练(dictating &note-taking)
这种练习有助于储存记忆,训练快速抓住关键词或句,以及中心思想的能力。
8. 精听与泛听(intensive & extensivelistening)
同一段内容反复听若干次,这样有助于增加记忆的持续时间;听不同内容的材料,有助于增加听各种不同声音、口音及语速的经验。前者属于精听,后者为泛听,两者应有机结合起来。
9. 训练听与寻找答案同时进行(looking for theright answer while listening)
在听的同时迅速浏览各项选择,只需细看各项选择的不同部分,而相同的部分只看第一个即可,这样可以节省时间以便多做思考。当然,如果能巧妙地利用每一部分考题的空隙快速浏览一下所要做的习题的选择项,那是再好不过了。因此,特别要提醒考生的一个诀窍就是:当听力理解的每一部分开始放音时,总要有一长段的题目指令(Instructions)与例题(Sample),考生可以不必去听它,因为听与不听根本不会影响你后面的答题。利用这一段时间,浏览题目及选项并大致推测一下录音内容大有益处。考生千万不要错过这个时机。
10.必须防止两种情况的发生
一是精神过度紧张;二是注意力长时间的滞留。要学会控制自己的注意力,尽量不使其长时间地滞留或努力缩短其滞留时间,而迅速再度集中注意力听下面的内容。
总之,听力的提高固然与个人的语音水平有关,但更重要的还必须通过大量的听的实践来提高。客观地讲,提高英语听力水平没有捷径可走,多听是唯一的办法。所谓“技巧”都是在英语新闻听力训练的过程中根据自己的实践总结的经验,任何“技巧”都代替不了“听”本身。所以,要想提高英语听力水平,一定要养成经常听英语的习惯。

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