一、总述
虚拟语气（subjunctive mood ）用来表示说话人的愿望、请求、意图、建议、怀疑、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况。由于虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊表现形式，因而动词的变化形式体现出虚拟语气所包含的不同含义。虚拟语气用于非真实条件句时的构成如下表所述：
二、重要考点
1. 在非真实条件句中，有时从句的动词所表示的动作和主句的动词所表示的动作并不同时发生，这样的条件句中使用的虚拟式称为混合虚拟式。其构成视具体情况而定。例如：
If I had taken my raincoat when I came out this morning, I would not be wet now.
If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night.
2. 引导非真实条件从句的连词if 在正式文体中有时可以省去, were、had、should 等非行为动词这时应提到从句句首。例如：
If I were you, I wouldn’t feel sorry.
→Were I you, I wouldn’t feel sorry.
3. 有些句子从表层结构上看是无if 引导的非真实条件句，但从深层意思上看if 是存在的。这种情况下主句动词仍需用虚拟式。这类句子中常出现without （如果没有），but for （要不是），otherwise （否则），but that （若不，后接一从句）等词或词组。例如：
But for your help, they couldn’t have succeeded.
She wasn’t feeling well. Otherwise，she wouldn’t have left the meeting so early.
4. 在It is + 形容词 + that 从句的句型中，that 引导的主语从句中的谓语动词采用should + 动词原形形式，其中should 常省略。可用于此句型的形容词还有：absurd, advisable, better, best, desirable, (un)fair, fortunate, good, imperative, important, incredible, just, natural, (un) necessary, odd, pleasant, possible, preferable, right, ridiculous, sad, silly, unusual, urgent, vital, wrong 等，表示必要、应该、建议、要求、惊讶、不相信等含义。例如：
It’s necessary that we (should) set out at once.
It’s proposed that a committee (should) be set up to look into the matter.
5. 具有“提议、建议、请求、命令”等含义的动词所带的从句（包括宾语从句和主语从句）中，谓语动词用should + 动词原形形式。美国英语多用动词原形，英国英语多用should + 动词原形。有相同用法的动词还有：ask, advise, agree, arrange, beg, command, decide, demand, desire, determine, direct, instruct, insist, intend, maintain, move, order, persuade, pray, propose, recommend, request, require, stipulate, suggest, tell, urge。如：
I suggest that we (should) go camping tomorrow. He insisted that our laboratory reports (should) be handed in the day after the experiment was done.
应当注意的是，当suggest、insist 等词不再表示“建议”或“坚持要求”的含义时，其后面的从句不再用虚拟语气。例如：
His look suggested that he wasn’t telling the truth.
He insisted that he was right.
6. 虚拟式可用于wish 后的宾语从句中，表示与事实相反的愿望。其表达形式一般是将谓语动词提前一个时态。例如：
I wish I had been to the concert last night.
I wish he would forgive me.
7. It’s (high, about) time that… 的句型要求用虚拟式，表示应该做还没有做的事。其表达形式一般是谓语动词使用过去时态。例如：
It’s high time that he stopped smoking.
It’s about time that we took our leave.
8. 在I would rather 后的句子中，动词也要求用虚拟式，表示某人的愿望。其表达形式一般是将谓语动词提前一个时态。例如：
I’d rather you left tomorrow instead of today.
I’d rather he hadn’t done anything like that.
9. 在由as if、as though 引导的方式状语从句中，表示和现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑，或表示与主句谓语动词同时或其后的假设情况时，从句中谓语动词用过去时。表示过去想象中的动作或情况或表示在主句谓语动词所表示时间之前的假设情况，从句用过去完成时。如果表示的情况很可能发生或是事实，则用陈述语气。例如：
She looks as if she knew all about it.
They talked as though they had got acquainted with each other for years.
10. 在if only 引起的感叹句中，用谓语动词的一般过去时表示与现在的事实相反的情况，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的情况。例如：
If only he knew our telephone number!
11. 在lest、for fear that 、in case 等词引导的从句中，谓语动词用should + 动词原形表示虚拟，should 一词也可以省略。例如：
Grown people should never say or do anything wrong before children, lest they (should) set them a bad example.
（来源：新阳光教育）
三、例题
1. If you ______ that late movie last night, you wouldn’t be dozy ( 困倦的) now.
A. haven’t watched B. didn’t watch
C. hadn’t watched D. wouldn’t have watched
2. Had I known it, I ______ you.
A. have told B. and told C. wouldn’t be told D. would have told
3. ______ the storm, we should have reached our destination.
A. For but B. But for C. In spite of D. In case of
4. She insisted that what she had done ______ right.
A. was B. is C. be D. had been
5. I wish you ______ me yesterday.
A. tell B. could tell C. would tell D. had told
6. ______ it left to me to decide, I would not hesitate to prefer the latter.
A. If B. Were C. Had D. Should
7. It is important that you ______ to the dean before leaving for you vacation.
A. speak B. spoken
C. have D. speaks
8. It’s about time people ______ notice of what women did during the war.
A. took B. take
C. have taken D. will take
9. He talks as if he ______ the incident.
A. had witnessed B. witnessed
C. witness D. have witnessed
10. The boss asked that the letter ______ immediately.
A. be typed B. typed
C. witness D. being typed
11. Don’t you think it is time that you ______ smoking?
A. give up B. would give up
C. gave up D. must give up
12. Without computer, we ______ the tremendous medical advancement in the last few decades.
A. would not make B. will not have made
C. could not make D. couldn’t have made
13. ______ for your laziness, you could have finished the assignment by now.
A. Had it not been B. Weren’t it
C. It were not D. Had not it been
14. I’d have come with you ______ I am so busy.
A. except for B. provided that
C. but that D. so long as
15. It is strange that such a thing ______ in your company.
A. will happen B. happens C. happened D. should happen
16. It’s essential that these application forms ______ back as early as possible.
A. must be sent B. will be sent C. are sent D. be sent
17. We move that he ______ for his serious mistake.
A. will be discharged B. be discharged
C. is discharged D. must be discharged
18. It was arranged that they ______ the following week.
A. leave B. must leave C. will leave D. shall leave
19. He made the suggestion that a deadline ______ for handing in the plan.
A. be set B. must be set C. is set D. will be set
20. I wish I ______ to see the film last night.
A. went B. will go C. should go D. had gone
21. The manager would rather his daughter ______ in the same office.
A. hadn’t worked B. not to work
C. doesn’t work D. didn’t work
22. He feels as if he alone ______ responsible for the traffic accident.
A. should be B. is C. were D. would be
23. It’s about time that we ______ our old concept.
A. changed B. would change C. will change D. shall change
24. ______, he wouldn’t have left.
A. If he wasn’t given the cold shoulder
B. If he had not been given the cold shoulder
C. If he were to be given the cold shoulder
D. If he should given the cold shoulder
25. ______, he would be rich now.
A. If he were to take my advice B. If he took my advice
C. Had he taken my advice D. Should she take my advice
26. But for his help, I ______.
A. wouldn’t have passed the driving test B. wouldn’t pass the driving test
C. didn’t pass the driving test D. won’t pass the driving test
27. I don’t know his address; ______.
A. otherwise I will write to him B. otherwise I would write to him
C. otherwise I had written to him D. otherwise I would have written to him
（来源：新阳光教育）
四、例题解析
1. 答案：C
解析：此题考混合虚拟式。本题中if 从句是与过去事实相反的假设。而主句内容与现在事实相反，因此if 从句中的动词用过去完成式。
2. 答案：D
解析：非真实条件句省略if 时，从句常常用倒装。做这类题只需判断条件句的时态，再对应主句的时态即可。此处条件句为过去完成时态，主句应该用would + 完成时。
3. 答案：B
解析： but for 意思上相当于一个if 引导的虚拟条件句If it had not been for，作“若不是，要不是”解，谓语动词应该用虚拟式。
4. 答案：A
解析： insist 在这里作“坚持认为”解，因此不采用虚拟式，而应用陈述语气，即A。D 项选择的意思是“她曾经是对的”，与题意相矛盾。
5. 答案：D
解析： wish 后的宾语从句如表示某种与事实相反的愿望，一般用虚拟式。句中表示的愿望与过去事实相反，从句谓语动词用过去完成式。
6. 答案：B
解析：主句的谓语动词为虚拟式，这时就应考虑到前面应为一虚拟条件句，如没有if，就应考虑到if 省略、从句部分倒装的情况。本题如果选择if，句子中由于没有助动词be，所以不构成正确的被动语态形式。
7. 答案：A
解析：本题考虚拟式在主语从句中的应用，属于it is + adj. that sb. do sth. 这一句型。
8. 答案：A
解析：It’s about (high) time that… 句型中，that 从句一般用虚拟式，用过去时态。
9. 答案：A
解析： as if 或as though 引导的方式状语从句一般用虚拟式。本题中witness（目睹）的动作先于talk 的动作，因此，从句动词用过去完成式。
10. 答案：A
解析：根据题中asked（命令、要求）一词即可推知，从句谓语动词应用虚拟式，即（should）+ 动词原形。
11. 答案：C
解析：It is time that… 句型中，that 从句的谓语动词应是虚拟式，即动词的过去式。
12. 答案：D
解析： without 作“如果没有”解，表示一种与事实相反的假设，意思上相当于一个
if 引导的虚拟条件句。这时句中谓语动词应用虚拟式。根据题中in the last few decades 可看出without computer 是与过去事实相反的假设，因此主句应该用：would (should, could, might) + 动词的完成式。
13. 答案：A
解析：题中逗号前应为省略了if 并部分倒装的虚拟条件句，表示与过去事实相反的假设。此处主句用could + 完成时，条件句应为过去完成时态。
14. 答案：C
解析：but that 作“若不⋯⋯”解，后接一从句，表示一种与事实相反的假设，意思上相当于if 引导的虚拟条件句，这时主句要求用虚拟式。本题句中谓语动词是虚拟式，符合上述要求，因此C 为正确选择。注意but for 和but that 的区别：but for 后接名词，but that 后接从句。
15. 答案：D
解析：此题考虚拟式在主语从句中的使用，属于it is + adj. that sb. do sth. 这一句型。
16. 答案：D
解析：参见上题，属于it is + adj. that sb. do sth. 这一句型。
17. 答案：B
解析：此句中的“move ”意为“提议”。在表示“提议、建议、请求、命令”等意思的动词所带的从句（包括宾语从句和主语从句）中，谓语动词用should + 动词原形形式。
18. 答案：A
解析：因为that 从句前有过去式arranged，故用省略should 的虚拟语气。
19. 答案：A
解析：第五项重要考点所列举的动词派生或转换成的名词，其后带有表语从句或同位语从句时，从句中也同样用should + 动词原形表示虚拟。suggestion 后面的从句中用(should) do (be) 的虚拟形式。
20. 答案：D
解析：在wish 所带的宾语从句中，如果表示与现在事实相反的情况，用过去时谓语动词；如果表示与过去事实相反的情况，用过去完成时谓语动词；如果表示与将来事实相反的情况，用would/should/could/might + 动词原形。本句中last night 暗示与过去事实相反的情况，故用动词的过去完成时表示。
21. 答案：D
解析：在would rather/would sooner + that 从句结构中，that 从句中谓语动词用过去时表示现在或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况。
22. 答案：C
解析：本句中有as if 引导的方式状语从句。由于主句时态为现在时，所以从句中谓语动词用过去时。
23. 答案：A
解析：在“It is (about/high) time + that 从句”的句型中，that 从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时表示虚拟语气。
24. 答案：B
解析：既要考虑从句和主句的时态对应规律，也要考虑语态要求。
25. 答案：C
解析：非真实性条件句中，主句与从句在时间概念上是统一的。但在有些情况下会出现时间上的不统一，如从句表明过去的时间概念，而主句则表示现在的时间概念。这种情况被称为“错综句”。此外，从句的引导词if 可以省略，此时if 从句要倒装。本题之所以选择答案C， 是出于上述两方面的考虑。
26. 答案：A
解析：在but for 、without 、with 等介词短语表示隐含虚拟的句子中，主句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。
27. 答案：B
解析：在otherwise 或or 引导的并列分句中用虚拟语气。此时，otherwise 或or 引导的并列句相当于非真实性条件句中的主语部分。本题前一分句暗示了现在的情况，因而在otherwise 引导的分句中谓语动词用would + 动词原形，表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。
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