考研命题人张剑教授解析2012年考研真题

考研命题人张剑教授解析2012年考研真题                                http://www.sina.com.cn  2012年04月13日 16:34   新浪教育微博
                                                                                                                               

考研(微博)命题人张剑教授解析2012年考研真题(一)

　　还在感慨考研英语难度很大、过线很难吗？还在苦恼真题做了一遍又一遍，却始终不得要领吗？还在苦苦揣摩出题人的意图却毫无头绪吗？打开外语教学与研究出版社的新书《张剑考研10年真题5套模拟》，考研英语命题人张剑教授将亲自为你分题型精解10年真题，教你领会出题人的意图；并融会自己多年的命题经验亲自命制了5套高仿真模拟题，带你走出题海战术的误区，达到事半功倍之效！
　　第一部分：英语知识运用(选择填空)
　　2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题分析
　　Directions:
　　Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
　　The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot  1  its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law  2 justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that        3  the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.
　　…
　　1.［A］ emphasize   ［B］ maintain   ［C］ modify     ［D］ recognize
　　2.［A］ when    ［B］ lest   ［C］ before      ［D］ unless
　　3.［A］ restored    ［B］ weakened  ［C］ established  ［D］ eliminated
　　…
　　【答案解析】
　　1. 答案：B      【考点：动词辨析】
　　分析：句子相关部分提到：法院无法……它作为法治卫士的合法性。需要判断什么动词能够参与“合法性”搭配。四个选项是［A］emphasize(强调)，［B］maintain(维护，维持)，［C］modify(修改)，［D］recognize(认识，辨认出)。显然，“维护合法性”是最佳搭配，因此选项［B］maintain是正确答案。其他选项的意思可能在局部能讲得通，但是从整体来看会扭曲或误解作者的意图。
　　2. 答案：A      【考点：逻辑关系】
　　分析：句子相关部分提到：法院无法维护它作为法治卫士的合法性，……法官的行为像政客一样。由上下文可知，文章在谈论政治与司法的关系。作者认为两者应该分离，否则司法就无法保持其独立性，甚至会沦为政治的帮凶。因此本句应该是一个条件句，表明在怎样的条件下，“法院无法维护它作为法治卫士的合法性”。再来看四个选项：［A］ when(如果……；当时)，［B］lest(免得)，［C］before(在……之前)，［D］unless(除非……)。不难看出，选项［A］when最符合句意。解答此题的关键是知道when可以引导条件句，意为“如果”。
　　3. 答案：B      【考点：上下文推理和动词辨析】
　　分析：句子相关部分提到：然而，好几个例子显示，法官的行为方式……法院的独立性和公正性的声誉。需要根据上下文的意思推断“法官的行为”对“法院的独立性和公正性的声誉”产生了什么影响。由上一题的分析可知，政治与司法应该分离，否则司法就无法保持其独立性。从Yet推测，本题所在句是在举例说明法官的行为损害了司法的独立性。四个选项是：［A］restored(恢复)，［B］weakened(削弱)，［C］established(建立)，［D］eliminated(消除；消灭)。正确答案肯定不会是“恢复”、“建立”，这与文意矛盾；“消除；消灭”无法与“声誉”搭配。因此，选项［B］weakened符合题意。
　　……
　　本节内容选自外研社出版的新书《张剑考研10年真题5套模拟》作者简介：张剑，北京外国语大学(微博)英语学院教授、博士生导师，英语学院副院长。连续多年参与全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题的命题工作，并曾参与英语专业四、八级考试，北京市高等教育自学考试和全国高考(微博)口试等工作。

考研命题人张剑教授解析2012年考研真题(二)

　　第二部分：阅读理解(Part A 多项选择)
　　2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题分析
　　Text 2
　　A deal is a deal—except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.
　　Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.
　　The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012.In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along。
　　…
　　26. The phrase “reneging on” (Line 3, Para.1) is closest in meaning to
　　［A］condemning.　［B］reaffirming。
　　［C］dishonoring.　 ［D］securing。
　　27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to
　　［A］obtain protection from Vermont regulators。
　　［B］seek favor from the federal legislature。
　　［C］acquire an extension of its business license。
　　［D］get permission to purchase a power plant。
　　…
　　【答案解析】
　　26. 答案：C      【考点：猜测生词】
　　分析：本题要求考生根据上下文信息猜测生词reneging on的意思。四个选项如下：
　　［A］谴责。            ［B］ 重申。
　　［C］不遵守。          ［D］ 获得。
　　文章首段一开始，作者就暗示安特吉公司将不遵守交易规则：“交易就是交易——除非涉及到安特吉公司”。由此可知该公司违约的事实，并且就此还引起轩然大波：这家新英格兰的主要电力供应商上周宣称将……严格遵守核能规定的长期承诺时，这在佛蒙特州激起了合情合理的愤怒。因此，reneging on 的意思应为“不履行，不遵守”，［C］dishonoring是正确答案。
　　27. 答案：D      【考点：识别正确信息】
　　分析：本题要求考生根据文意判断，安特吉公司签署2002年的协议时的意图。四个选项如下：
　　［A］从佛州营监管部门获得保护。
　　［B］寻求联邦立法机关的支持。
　　［C］获得蒙特业执照的延期。
　　［D］获得批准去收购一个电厂。
　　文章第三段提到，“这个冲突在2002年就开始显现了，那时该公司收购了佛蒙特州唯一的核电厂，位于弗农的一个老旧的核反应堆。作为获得州政府批准该交易的条件，公司承诺如果2012年后继续运营需获得州监管部门的许可。”显然，该公司在2002年作出承诺，如果在2012年后继续运营，必须获得批准，承诺的目的是为了让州政府批准它收购那里的一座核电厂。因此［D］get permission to purchase a power plant是正确答案。
　　……
　　本节内容选自外研社出版的新书《张剑考研10年真题5套模拟》
　　考研命题人张剑教授解析2012年考研真题(三)
　　第三部分：阅读理解(Part B 选择匹配)
　　2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题分析
　　Part B
　　Directions:
　　In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
　　Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.
　　The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.　41.
　　The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century’s culture machine。
　　But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution.　42.
　　I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing。
　　…
　　[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.
　　[B] Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.
　　[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day。
　　[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading — between passive consumption and active creation — whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.
　　[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players。
　　[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world’s media culture has been defined by a single medium — television — and television is defined by downloading.
　　[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.
　　【答案解析】
　　41. 答案 C
　　分析：文章第一段设想了一个梦，即坐飞机时怀里放着纸一样薄的笔记本电脑，手里拿着薄薄的手机。第二段谈了这个梦的实现：在20世纪，这个既是打字机、又是印刷机，既是画笔，又是美术馆，既是工作室、又是剧院，既是邮件、又是邮差的个人电脑已经出现。然后，第三段谈互联网使个人电脑成了21世纪集生产、发布、接收、评论于一身的“文化机器”。［C］段讲：个人电脑通过网络被联在一起，形成了一个世界性的网络。这正好在第二段和第三段之间形成一个过渡，逻辑关系很明显。因此，本题的答案是 ［C］。
　　42. 答案 D
　　分析：文章第四段提醒人们注意互联网和个人电脑带来的问题：“尽管有所有的理由来赞扬计算机，我们还是要多加小心。”接着开始讲上传和下传、创造和消费的关系问题，作者将此描述为它们之间的“秘密战争”。［D］段讲：联网的电脑引起了上传和下载之间、被动接受和主动创造之间的一场秘密战争，这正好解释了为何要“多加小心”。因此，本题的答案是 ［D］。
　　……
　　本节内容选自外研社出版的新书《张剑考研10年真题5套模拟》
　　考研命题人张剑教授解析2012年考研真题(四)
　　第四部分：阅读理解(Part C 英译汉)
　　2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题分析
　　Part C
　　Directions:
　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
　　…
　　Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are Line age — specific and not governed by universals。
　　【答案解析】
　　……
　　50. 乔姆斯基的语法应该显示出语言变化的模式，这些模式并不受语言谱系或贯穿谱系的路径的影响；而格林堡的普遍性原则却预言了特定的语法词序关系类型之间所存在的紧密互依性。
　　【注释】 本句是whereas引导的并列句，前后是转折关系。1)主句的结构是“简单句 + 定语从句”。 patterns of language change that are independent of…，可译为“独立于……的语言变化模式”。其中，family tree指“语言谱系”，而不是“族谱”；pathway指的是语言的“发展路径”。2)后半句中的whereas译为 “而……”，co-dependencies意为“紧密互依性”。Particular types of word-order relations意为“特定的语法词序关系类型”。总体上讲，文章的话题较偏，涉及语言学和语言史。对于学习语言学的同学比较有利，因为他们知道乔姆斯基和格林堡等人，以及他们的理论。而对于广大理工科学生而言，可能文章有一定难度。
　　本节内容选自外研社出版的新书《张剑考研10年真题5套模拟》
　　考研命题人张剑教授解析2012年考研真题(五)
　　第五部分：写作(Part A 应用文)

2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题分析

　　Part A
　　Directions:
　　Some international students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to
　　1) extend your welcome and
　　2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here。
　　You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
　　Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead。
　　Do not write the address. (10 points)
　　【分析】
　　本题要求考生给即将来华的外国留学(微博)生写一封100词左右的电子邮件，对他们的到来表示欢迎，向他们介绍校园生活，并且提供建议。考生需要考虑欢迎信函如何措词、外国留学生到校之后需要做的事情、在中国大学生活的特点以及如何才能适应。
　　写这样一封信要求考生熟练掌握撰写英文书信的格式和写作方法。通常来讲，一封电子邮件应该包括：1)称呼(address)；2)主要内容(body)，包括问候、事由、说明等；3)收尾和落款(signature)。下面这篇范文供考生参考。
　　Dear international students,
　　Congratulations on your admission to this university. On behalf of the Students’ Union, I extend a warm welcome to you and look forward to your safe arrival at the beginning of the new term。
　　I’d like to offer you some information about life in this university. After paying the tuition fee and getting registered, you will need to check into your dormitory. The university canteen is probably the best place to have meals during the term, because food is tasty and inexpensive. If you prefer Western food, there is a cafeteria where you can get sandwiches and spaghetti. You will need to get a student card, which is identity card as well as cash card. You can use it to borrow books, pay for shop purchases, etc. The orientation for new students will probably take a whole week.
　　In advance I send you our best wishes and hope you will become a member of the Students’ Union。
　　Sincerely yours,
　　Li Ming
　　本节内容选自外研社出版的新书《张剑考研10年真题5套模拟》

考研命题人张剑教授解析2012年考研真题(六)

　　第六部分：写作(Part B 议论文)
　　2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题分析
　　Part B
　　Directions:
　　Write an essay of 160 ~ 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
　　1) describe the drawing briefly,
　　2) explain its intended meaning, and
　　3) give your comments。
　　You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
　　【分析】
　　本题要求考生根据所提供的图画写一篇160 ~ 200词的文章。文章必须包括三个方面：1)简单描述图片；2)解释图片的含义；3)发表自己的评论。
　　在作文的第一部分中，考生应该描述图画：图中一个瓶子被打翻了，瓶中的液体流出了一半。两个人看见了这一幕后，表情各不相同。一个很沮丧地说：“全完了！”；另一个开心地说：“幸好还剩点儿。”
　　在第二部分中，考生应该解释图画的含义：两个人的不同表情实际上表明了两种不同的心态，即他们看待事物的视角不同，一个悲观，另一个乐观。一个只看到了事物的阴暗面，另一个则看到了事物的光明面。
　　在第三部分中，考生应该对这种现象进行评论：这幅图给我们留下了这样一种思考―我们应该怎样看待生活？应该以怎样的态度面对人生？
　　下面这篇范文仅供读者参考。
　　In the picture, a bottle falls to the ground and a liquid spills out. Two men witness the accident and respond differently to it. One sadly holds his head with his hand, saying, “Everything is spoiled!” The other gladly notices the half of the oil that still remains in the bottle and rushes to pick it up, saying, “Fortunately, we still have some left。”
　　The picture is not just showing us a small accident, but it intends to tell us a matter of greater significance. The two men’s different responses to the accident actually show two different attitudes to life, or two different perspectives to view tragedy in life。
　　Life is full of ups and downs, which are part of one’s life journey in this world. The question is how we are going to take life’s pains or tragedies. Pessimists feel like the end of the world is coming, while optimists believe they can overcome them and become stronger. A girl student jumped from a tall building after she was abandoned by her boyfriend. A mother drowned her two mentally-handicapped twin sons because she could not see the end of her own suffering. While we are sympathetic for these unfortunate people, we sigh for their desperate actions.
　　No one’s life is plain sailing. But hard labour will make a person physically strong; hardships will make a person mentally strong. We sigh because one man did not see the bright side of life, “the half of the liquid that still remains”. The girl student did not understand that life could begin anew and happiness could be achieved elsewhere. The mother did not realize that the society and the government were willing to offer help. If they were more optimistic, things could be different. If we are all optimistic, the world will be changed。
　　本节内容选自外研社出版的新书《张剑考研10年真题5套模拟》