Lesson 1 Finding fossil man
发现化石人
We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.
But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas----legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.
But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first‘modern men’ came from.
Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.
ROBIN PLACE Finding fossil man
New words and expressions
生词短语
recount /ri'kaunt/ v.叙述 / ' rei'kaunt/ 再数一次 record / ' rek[d/ /ri' kC:d/ 第一个音节带重音，名前动后 叙述：recount : emotionless
重复
describe
depict： a little emotional
narrate： temporal&spacial 根据时间或空间顺序描述。
portray：描述
saga /'sa:g[/ n.英雄故事
描述的内容mostly real 北欧海盗活动的故事
legend /'ledV[nd/ n.传说，传奇
unreal e.g robin hood
anthropologist/ 'AnWr['pCl[dVist/ n.人类学家
anthrop：人
philosophere :philo＋sopher|爱＋智慧＝哲学家
philanthropist : 慈善家（对人有爱心的人）
anthropology :人类学
带-gy结尾的都是学科：biology 生物学 geography 地理学 ecology 生态学
remote/ ri'm[ut/ n.遥远
ancestor / 'Ansest[/ n.祖先
an
在前面
forefather,forebear ，predecessor祖先
rot/ rCt/ v.烂掉
leave me rot.＝leave me along
rot to death.
soon ripe,soon rotten.
decay 国家民族逐渐衰亡 decompose 逐渐衰竭 deteriorate关系逐渐恶化
trace /treis/ n.痕迹，踪迹
trace the problem
i follow your trace＝i follow where you go
polynesia 波利尼西亚
poly-多
polyandric: a wife with more than one husband polygeny : a husband with more than one wife
flint /flint/ n.燧石 flinting hearted
fossil /
' fCsl/ n. 化石 cobble 鹅卵石 Notes on the text
课文注释 read of 读到
谈到：speak of ,talk of ,know of,hear of
near east：近东 mediterranean, south europe,north afric far east
非限定性从句，表原因
oral(spoken) language is earlier than written language. precede :什么在什么之前，不用比较，直接跟名词 counterpart: two things or two people have the same position oral(spoken) language is earlier than written counterpart.
preserve: 保留，保存（腌制） 如果句中有only，那后面的表语结构就要用to do sth,而不是doing sth. storyteller: 讲故事的人
fortuneteller, palmreader: 算命先生
migration ：移民
１）migrant
２）immigrant v. migrate:迁移，迁徙
migratory bird:候鸟 none: no body people＋s 民族
if they had any: 即便是有
his relatives,if he had
any,never went to visit him when he was hospitalized.
find out千方百计，费尽周折＝explore modern men :the men who were like ourselves however－anywhere you want ,加逗号
but,yet－不加标点，only at the beginning of the sentence therefore－自由
so－自由
tool:小工具 instrument:实验器械 equipment:设备
shape:成型；教育，改造 may also have:表推测 peel:果皮
leather:皮革
hide:兽皮
cowhide:牛皮
without (any) trace:无影无踪
Lesson 2 Spare that spider
别伤害蜘蛛
Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends ? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings.
Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. One can tell the difference almost at a glance for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six.
How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf ? One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre, that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects. It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.
T. H. GILLESPIE Spare that Spider from The Listener
New words and expressions
生词短语
flocks and herds 牛群和羊群
／flCk/
the birds of the same feather flock together.物以类聚，人以群分
you are the same flock.也可指人
herd多指牛群
cowherd cowboy
throng and crowd swarm
owe /[U/ vt.感激,欠
i owe you.
i owe you a big favor.
欠 issue oblige indebt appreciate----常用口语词 正式：grateful thankful
beast /bi: st/ n 兽
形容人野蛮无比，不能用animal 形容
creature可以指小孩，女人，不用于男性．
fraction / ＇frAkF[n/ n.小部分
分数，小数
a fraction of rice will suffice on one＇s behalf 代表．．．利益
I beat you on your behalf.我打你是为你好 on behalf of somebody /something
e.g on behalf of chinese government
on behalf of ＝represent
authority /C:＇WCriti/ n.权威
authorize批准
authoritative权威性的
authoritarian独裁的
－tarian带有这种词缀的词都是坏词 dictator独裁者
dictatorial独裁的
authorities １．权威（可单数可复数）
２．当局（复数）
census /sens[s/ n.统计数据
the fifth national population census.
censor审查,censorious 挑剔的，挑刺的
acre /＇eik[/ n.英亩
１acre＝４０４７square meters
football pitch 足球场
football yard football court football field be content with 满足于
满足作表语，不能出现定语结构
He is content with status quo.
contented heart :心满意足的人
spare /spZ[/ v. 不伤害，宽恕
spare me He doesn’t spare himself. I spare no efforts to learn english.( spare no efforts: 不遗余力作什么)
Notes on the text
课文注释
why, you may wonder－you may wonder why插入语
先不管插入语，弄清句子结构
you may wonder why spiders should be our friends？插入语位置不固定
why以疑问句 开头
why,you may wonder,the problem of pollution befalls human beings. why,you may wonder,one of my friends is so kindhearted.
destroy程度比damage要重得多，片甲不留，消灭光
tear into pieces greatest enemies:天敌 dying enemy
crying enemy
dear enemy human race:人的种族，一般不加复数，表示一个总称词
impossible 和possible 永远不要以人开头
It is impossible for somebody to do something. likely可以以人做主语。i am likely to go.
probable 也不以人做主语
they would表示假设
devour狼吞虎咽devour the food
make a cake of myself
make a god of myself
devour the book it虚拟语气
前面是主句，下面是条件句 前面一般的加动词devour,后面用一般过去时
If it were not for:如果这不是因为
I would not survive if it were not for his timely help. but for 一定是虚拟语气 ＝if it were not for
owe感激，欠 i owe you.
引出主题
all of them put together:把他们堆到一起
谓语动词是kill destroyed 后置定语，重心转到 spider
Lesson 3 Matterhorn man
马特霍恩山区人
Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal--the top!
It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could--sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheesemakers. Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have been very hard indeed.
New words and expressions
生词短语
1、 alpinist(1.1)/'$lpinist/n．登山运动员
climber
mountaineer
词根：alp |
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