My book is about to be published. 我的书即将出版。
一般将来时的关键是记住表示将来的几种句型及其用法。
练习:
用be going to 或will.填空:
1)What are you doing with that spade? ?I ___ (plant) some trees. (am going to plant)
2)This is a terribly heavy box. ?I ___ (help) you carry it. (will help)
3) I’ve left my watch upstairs. ?I ___ (go) and get it for you. (will go)
4) Who will post this letter for me? ?I ____. (will)
5) She has bought a length of cloth; she ____ (make) herself a dress. (is going to make)
10、将来进行时
(1)构成:shall/will be + 现在分词
(2)用法:将来进行时动词表示在将来某一段时间内将会发生的动作。
This time next week we shall be working in that factory. 下星期这时候,我们将在那个工厂劳动。
When I get up tomorrow morning, my mother will be getting breakfast for me. 当我明天早晨起床时,我妈妈将在为我准备早饭。
I will be seeing him next month. 我下个月将要见他。
Tomorrow we will be going to the village fair. 我们明天去赶集。
We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July. 七月份我们要去海边度假。
一般将来时与将来进行时都表示将来,那么如何区别一般将来时和将来进行时呢?将来进行时不表示个人意愿,强调主观上感觉某事即将发生,并对这一事情有着期待,感情色彩较浓,强调动作。一般将来时主要是对某一事情即将发生做一个事实性的说明或陈述,强调事实或意愿。
翻译下列句子:
1)下月这个时候,我们将呆在南京了。
This time next month we shall be staying in Nanjing.
2)在今天下午的会议上,你们讨论这个计划吗?
Will you be discussing the plan at the meeting this afternoon?
3)你会见到我的兄弟吗?
Will you be seeing my brother?
4)下学期你教我们吗?
Will you be teaching us next term?
5)你来的时候,我们将在开会。
When you come we shall be having a meeting.
6)下周这个时候,我们将在考试。
This time next week we shall be taking our exams.
11、过去将来时
(1) 由should/would + 动词原形构成。第一人称用should; 第二、三人称用would。美国英语所有人称一律用would. should/would 的简略形式为’d, 如I’d, you’d; would not 和should not的简略形式分别为wouldn’t 和shouldn’t.
(2)过去将来时表示从过去某时间看将要发生的事情,多用在宾语从句中。还可以表示过去的倾向或过去经常发生的事情。如:
They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon. 他们问我是否很快要去广州。
She told me she would come again next week. 她和我说她下周还来。
I told him to leave immediately, but he wouldn’t. 我告诉他马上离开,但他不。
He’d play the violin when he was in low spirits. 他情绪低落的时候,就拉小提琴。
When I was in college, I would find a part-time job during the summer holidays every year to earn my tuition. 我上大学的时候,每年暑假都找份临时工挣学费。
(3)其他表示过去将来时的结构:
1)were/was going to + 动词原形,表示过去的安排、打算或确信某事会发生,多用于口语。如:
I told her I was going to see her that afternoon. 我告诉她我那天下午要去看她。
I was sure (that) they were going to do that. 我确信他们要做那件事。
2)were/was to + 动词原形,表示安排,命令或后来将要发生的事。如:
He didn’t know he was to become famous later on. 他不知道以后他会出名。
They were to receive salaries from the government. 他们将接受政府的工资。
She and I were to meet at an agreed place. 她和我将在一个约定的地方见面。
3)were/was about to + 动词原形,表示正要、即将发生的事。如:
Mrs. Brown was about to begin, but Jennie spoke first. 布朗夫人刚要开始,但是珍妮先说话了。
He was about to say something more, but then checked himself. 他正要再说点什么,却又打住了。
He waited until she was about to leave. 他一直等到她即将离开。
12、将来完成时
(1)构成:shall/will + have + 过去分词
(2)用法:将来完成时动词主要表示在将来的某一时刻或将来的某一时刻之前完成的动作,这一动作也可能继续进行。例如:
By seven o’clock this afternoon we shall have got to Shanghai if the train keeps good line. 如果火车运行正常,我们今天下午七点就到上海了。
Before bedtime Xiao Ming will have completed his work. 到上床睡觉的时候,小明会做完他的工作(或作业)。
By February next year this foreign expert will have been here on this job for five years. 到明年二月,这个外国专家在这儿做这项工作就满五年了。
By Sept. 2008 Beijing will have held/hosted the Olympic Games. 到2008年9月,北京将举行完了奥运会。
翻译练习:
1)七月份你们再来时,他们就搬进新房子里去了。
When you come again in July, they will have moved into a new house.
2)到下一个五一节,我们在一起的时间就很长了。
By next May Day we shall have been together for a long time.
3)我相信,在你到那儿之前,这些困难他已经解决了。
I’m sure he will have settled/solved the difficulties before you arrive there.
4)到明年七月,我就大学毕业了。
By July next year, I will have graduated from college.
二、关于动词时态的几点说明
1、一般不用进行时的动词,它们用一般现在时表示现在进行时
(1)表示心理状态的词:accept, agree, allow, believe, care, dislike, fear, forget, hate, know, like, love, mean, mind, need, prefer, realize, remember, respect, understand, want, wish等。还有 admit, decide, permit, promise, receive, refuse等。
I accept what you say. 我接受你说的话。
I don\'t agree to this proposal. 我不同意这个建议。
(2)感官动词和表示状态的动词一般不用进行时。系动词:如hear, look, notice, see, smell, sound, taste等词。表示状态的词:be, belong to, exist, have, remain, seem, stay等词。例如:
I see him now; he’s talking to a girl. 我看见他了,他正在和一个女孩说话。
The warships belong to the navy and the tanks belong to the army. 军舰属于海军,坦克属于陆军。
The tea tastes fresh. 这茶味道很新鲜。
It sounds strange, but it is true. 听起来很奇怪,但这是真的。
2、下列句型常用一般现在时表示现在进行时
Here/There+动词+名词主语:
Here comes the bus! 公共汽车来了。
There goes the bell. 铃声响了。
Here/There+代词主语+动词:
Here he comes! 他来了!
There he goes! 他走了!
在make sure (certain) 后面的从句常用现在时表示将来时:
There aren’t many seats left for the concert; you’d better make sure that you get one today. 这场音乐会剩下的座位不多了,你最好今天订妥一个位子。
I’m leaving now。 -Make sure you lock the window. 我现在走了。 你务必把窗户关上。
3、将来时常用的表达方式
(1)单纯将来时用shall/will+动词原形表示。如:
I shall be twenty years old next year. 明年我就二十岁了。
Tomorrow will be September 10th. 明天是九月十号。
(2)“be going to +动词原型 ”这种形式用于人时表示打算,意图,也表示说话者确信无疑;用于物时表示可能或必然性。
They are going to get married in July. 他们打算七月份结婚。
Mr. Brown says he is going to buy a new car next year. Brown 先生说他们打算明年买辆新车。
His wife is going to have a baby. 他妻子要生小孩子了。
There is going to be a storm. 将有一场暴风雨。
Look!It’s going to snow. 看,要下雪了。
(3)“be to +动词原形 ”表示命令,安排,疑问句中表示征求意见。例如:
You are to clean the window. 你要擦窗。
The President is to arrive in Rome at three o’clock this afternoon. 总统今天下午三点到达罗马。
Am I to set to work? 要着手工作吗?
Is he to leave/come, too。 要他也走/来吗?
(4)“be about to +动词原形 ”表示即刻就要发生的动作。例如:
They are about to go out when it begins to snow. 他们正出去的时候开始下雪了.
The ship is about to sail。 船要扬帆起航了。
(5)现在进行时可表示将来。主要是表示“来,去,留,住,开始,结束 ”等意义的动词,如:come, end, leave, return, go, start, set out, meet, open, die, arrive。
We are going to Paris on Friday. We are leaving from London Airport. 我们星期五离开巴黎,我们从伦敦机场出发。
The poor dog is dying. 那条可怜的狗快要死了。
The tragedy is ending/beginning. 悲剧就要结束了/开始了。
4、现在完成时的用法
现在完成时强调的是现在的结果或影响,是个现在时态,不与明确表示过去某个时间的状语连用;常与 already, ever, lately, just, now, recently, today, tonight, yet, this week, this year, for+时间名词,in the last three years, in the past three years, so far (到目前为止),up till now (直到现在), up to the present (直到现在) 等包括现在在内的时间状态语连用。例如:
Where have you been this year? 今年你去过哪里。
Up to the present, great changes have taken place. 到现在已经发生了巨大变化。
Did Mary come here for a visit? She has visited China twice since 1989.
5、过去完成时的用法
过去完成时表示动作发生在过去某个时间或动作之前。如果发生有两个动作都是在过去发生的,先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的用一般过去时:
It is five years since I left middle school.(以现在为依据) 我离开中学到现在已经有五年了。
It was five years since I had left middle school.(以过去为依据) 我离开中学到那时已经有五年了。
By the end of last month they had already made 25 million dollars. 到上月底他们已经挣了两千五百万美元了。
The film had been on for minutes when he arrived at the cinema. 电影已经开始几分钟了他才到电影院。
注意:动词 expect, hope, mean, plan, suppose, think的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图。例如:
They had hoped to be able to come and see me. 他们本希望能来看我的。
I had thought to meet her there. 我想过(或我本想)在那里见她。
6、时态的呼应
时态的呼应也叫时态的一致,是指在复合句中,某些从句(主要是宾语从句等名词性从句)的时态常受主句时态的影响,因而要注意主从句两部分的时态呼应。
(1)主句是现在时态或将来时时,从句可以用任何所需要的时态。
He says his father is/was/will be a teacher. 他说他父亲是(过去是,将来要做)一个教师。
They will tell you that they are living/lived/will live/have lived in shanghai. 他们会告诉你他们正住在上海/在上海住过/将住在上海/一直住在上海。
(2)主句是过去时态时,从句的时态要注意下列几点:
A. 从句与主句动作同时发生,从句须用一般过去时或过去进行时。
I thought he studied hard. 我认为他学习努力。
He told me his son was watching TV. 他告诉我他儿子在看电视。
B. 从句动作发生在主句动作之后,从句须用过去将来时。例如:
He said he would post the letter. 他说他将要寄这封信。
They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall. 他们不知道什么时候去参观长城。
C. 从句动作发生在主句动作之前,从句须用过去完成时。例如:
He said he had posted the letter。 他说已经把信发了。
They asked me whether I had been there before. 他们问我以前去没去过那里。
但是,如果从句有具体的过去时间状语,尽管从句动作发生在主句动作之前,有时仍用一般过去时。例如:
She told me her brother died in 1960. 她告诉我她哥哥1960年去世的。
They said they checked everything yesterday. 他们说昨天他们全部检查过了。
另外,从句说的是一般真理或客观事实,即使主句用过去时态,从句仍用一般现在时。例如:
The teacher told the pupils that the earth is round. 老师告诉学生们地球是圆的。
Somebody told me you are a writer. 有人告诉我你是个作家。
除了宾语从句外,其他名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)一般也要遵守这种时态呼应的规律。而状语从句和定语从句则是根据本身意思的需要选用适当的时态。例如:
He saw the boy whose mother is our teacher. 他见过那个他妈妈是我们老师的男孩。
It was not so hot yesterday as it is today. 昨天没有今天这样热。
三、几个常用时态的比较
1、一般现在时与现在进行时
(1)一般现在时用以说明客观事实,或用于强调动作的永久性、经常或反复性。而现在进行时强调动作正在进行,因此它表示动作含有暂时性(即动作的持续时间是有限的)和未完成性。
The writer writes children’s stories. 那位作家是写儿童小说的。(说明客观事实)
The writer is now writing a story. 那位作家现在正在编写一个故事。
She is kind. 她很善良。(指她一贯心地善良)
She is being kind. 她现在显得很善良。(表示暂时性,平时她并不善良)
Tom types his own letters. 汤姆自己用打印机打信。(说明经常性)
Tom is typing his own letters today. 汤姆今天自己正在用打印机打信(表示暂时性、未完成)
(2)有些动词,如:like, hate, believe, guess, know, mean, remember, hear, see, sound, seem等,不能用于进行时,即使表示说话时正在进行的动作也通常用一般现在时。如:
I know him. 我认识他。(不说:I am knowing him.)
Jenny likes this green coat. 珍妮喜欢这件绿大衣。(不说:Jenny is liking…)
某些动词既可用于一般现在时,又可用于现在进行时,但意义有所不同。试比较:
I feel (=think, believe) you are right/there’s something wrong. 我觉得(=认为、相信)你是对的/有点不对头。(这个意思不用进行时 )
I’m feeling cold. 我觉得冷。
What are you thinking about? 你在想些什么。
What do you think of the idea? 你认为这个主意怎样?
I think you’re right. 我认为你是正确的。
He is smelling the meat. 他正在闻肉。
The meat smells bad. 这肉有臭味了。
I see (=understand) what you mean. 我明白你的意思。
I see the fish now. 我看见那条鱼了。
I’m seeing (=consulting ) a doctor. 我正在看医生(即看病)。
I’m seeing (=visiting) a friend of mine. 我正在看一个朋友。
某些表示身体感觉的词(如 hurt, ache, feel等),用一般现在时和现在进行时没有多大差别,只是进行时更生动、更有感情色彩。例如:
How do you feel today? (or: How are you feeling today?) 你今天的感觉怎样。
My head is aching. (or: My head aches.) 我头疼。
I feel cold.=I’m feeling cold. 我觉得冷。
(3)一般现在时说明事实,一般不带感情色彩;现在进行时与always, often, frequently等词连用时带有感情色彩。例如:
He always asks questions. 他总是提问题。(无感情色彩)
He is always asking questions. 他老爱提问题。(表示强烈的感情色彩)
Don’t be complaining all the time. 别老是抱怨个不停。
She’s always blaming others. 她总是在埋怨别人。
2、一般过去时与现在完成时
(1)一般过去时只是单纯说明过去的情况,和现在不发生联系,它可以确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。而现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,所以它不能和具体的表示过去的时间状语连用。如:
We have visited a power station. 我们参观了发电站。(现在对电站有所了解)
We visited a power station last week. 上周我们参观了发电站。(只说明事实)
I have lost my pen. 我把钢笔丢了。(还没有找到)
She lost her pen yesterday. 她昨天把钢笔丢了。(现在找到与否,没有说明)
(2)有些时间状语,如 this morning, tonight, this month等,既可以用于一般过去时,也可以用于完成时,但所表达的意义有所不同。用于现在完成时表示包括“现在 ”而用于一般过去时则与“现在”无关。例如:
I have read this book this April. 我今年四月份看过这本书。(讲话时仍是四月)
I read this book this April. 我今年四月份看过这本书。(讲话时四月已过)
I have written two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。(讲话时仍是上午)
I wrote two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。(讲话时是下午或晚上)
3、一般过去时与过去进行时
一般过去时表示过去发生的事情,往往表示动作已结束;而过去进行时侧重动作正在进行、未完成。试比较:
Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night. 玛丽昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。(信写完了)
Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night. 玛丽昨晚在给她的朋友写信。(信不一定写完)
I read a novel last night. 昨天晚上我看了一本小说。(指已经看完了)
I was reading a novel last night. 昨天晚上我在看小说。(指看了一些)
I often went swimming while I was living in Qingdao. 我住在青岛的时候经常去游泳。
I was running downstairs when I saw her. 我正往楼下跑的时候看见了她。
I ran downstairs and found her gone. 我跑下楼梯,发现她走了。
4、一般过去时和过去完成时
(1)一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,而过去完成时表示在过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前。试比较:
The class had already begun when I came to school. 我来到学校时,已经开始上课。
He had gone home before I got to his office. 我到他办公室以前,他已回家了。
(2)有after或before引导的时间状语从句的复合句中,由于从句动作和主句动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确,所以可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时:
He called on me soon after he had returned. 他回来不久便拜访我。也可以说:He called on me soon after he returned.
The train had left before I got to the station. 我到车站时,火车已经开走了。也可以说:The train left before I got to the station。
(3)描述一连串的过去动作,无需用过去完成时,例如:
He stood up, took his bag, put on his hat, left the room and went away. 他站起来,拿起书包,戴上帽子,离开房间走了。
She looked around but saw nothing. 她环顾四周,但是什么也没有看见。
He came in and said hello to everyone. 他进来向每一个人问好。
由于汉语与英语表达时态的方式不同,中国人在学习和应用英语时经常犯时态错误,尤其是在写信、写电子邮件、写记叙文时。常见的时态错误类型有:时态不对应;通篇须用几种时态时用一种时态;时态混用或串用(如在描写过去的经历时,有时用现在时);不用进行时。我们如果在日常口头交际中犯点时态错误,这在所难免,也可以理解。但是,在正式场合,如正式写作中,就不能允许出现时态错误,因为这是英语语法的基础。我们学习时态的目的,主要在于应用。因此,在使用英语,尤其是在写作时,一定要有时态意识,长此以往就能养成正确使用时态的习惯。
四.、助动词和情态动词
第一部分 助动词
汉语中只有助词,而没有助动词。这又是英汉两种语言的一大差别。英语的助动词,就是起辅助作用的动词,本身没有独立的词义,不能单独做谓语,在句子中只起语法作用,和实意动词一起构成谓语(叫复合谓语),表达否定,疑问,时态,语态和其他语法关系。其基本形式和作用如下表:
原形 现在式 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 作用
Be Am, is, are Was, were Been Being 构成各种进行时态和被动语态
Have Has, have Had —— —— 构成各种完成时态
do Does, do Did —— —— 构成疑问句和否定句、加强语气,代替前面相同的动词
Shall —— Should —— —— 构成各种将来时态
Will —— would —— ——
(一)助动词be的用法
1、跟现在分词构成各种进行时态:
They are playing war games with toy guns and toy tanks. 他们正在用玩具枪和玩具坦克玩战争游戏。
We were playing video games on TV last night. 昨晚我们在电视上玩电子游戏。
2、跟过去分词构成被动语态:
He’s not respected by the press. 他们不受报界的尊重。
We were taught how to use a computer last year. 去年教过我们怎样用计算机。
(二)助动词have的用法
have后面跟过去分词构成各种完成时态:
We’ve known each other since three years ago. 我们从三年前就认识了。
He’s been to Shanghai. 他去过上海。
(三)助动词do的用法
1、帮助构成实意动词一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问式和否定式:
Do you know John? 你认识约翰吗?
Mary didn’t come to see me yesterday. 玛丽昨天没来看我。
You like this picture, don’t you? 你喜欢这张画,不是吗? |