南京大学考博英语历年真题及详解

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2015年南京大学考博英语真题及详解
2014年南京大学考博英语真题及详解
2013年南京大学考博英语真题及详解
2012年南京大学考博英语真题及详解
2011年南京大学考博英语真题及详解
2010年南京大学考博英语真题及详解
2009年南京大学考博英语真题及详解
2008年南京大学考博英语真题及详解
2007年南京大学考博英语真题及详解
2006年南京大学考博英语真题及详解
2005年南京大学考博英语真题及详解
2004年南京大学考博英语真题及详解
2003年南京大学考博英语真题及详解
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考博真题是每个考生复习备考必不可少的资料，而拥有一份权威、正确的参考答案尤为重要，通过研究历年真题能洞悉考试出题难度和题型，了解常考章节与重要考点，能有效指明复习方向。
《南京大学考博英语历年真题及详解》完整收录了2003～2015年的13套考博真题，并提供全部试题的参考答案及详解。本书中的解题思路清晰、答案翔实，帮助广大考生在熟练掌握知识点的同时，能够熟练运用各种题型的答题技巧，以提高应试技巧，把握答题节奏，增强自信心，提高考试分数。
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2015年南京大学考博英语真题及详解
Part I Vocabularyand Structure (20%)
Directions: There are20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choicesmarked A, B, C and D respectively. Choose the ONE that best complete thesentences. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding letter on your AnswerSheet with a single line through the center.
1.The ambassador was accused of having _____ on domestic affairs.
A. trespassed
B. encroached
C. entrenched
D. invaded
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：大使被指控干涉国内事务。该题为近义词辨析，选项中的四个词均有侵犯的意思。trespass为不及物动词，一般与介词on搭配使用，意思为“擅自进入；侵犯，侵害；打扰”，强调非法侵入，符合题意。encroach意思为“蚕食；侵占”，强调侵入并占领。entrench意思为“用壕沟围绕或保护…；牢固地确立…”，强调在某处站稳脚跟。invade一般用作及物动词，指“侵入，攻占；侵袭”。
2. The goal is to use crops, weeds, and even animal waste _____ thepetroleum that fuels much of American manufacturing.
A. in terms of
B. in favor of
C. in spite of
D. in place of
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：目标是使用农作物、杂草甚至动物粪便来代替石油为美国制造业提供能源。in place of“代替，取代”，符合题意。
3. As computer security systems become even more advanced,_____ themethods of those who try to break into them illegally.
A. so muchdo
B. so toodo
C. as muchas
D. as well as
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：电脑安全系统更加先进，而非法入侵电脑安全系统的方法也变得更加先进了。本题考察“so+助动词+主语”的结构，表示“……也是如此”。too为副词，表示“也”。
4. Parents with only one child tend to have higher academic _____for their child.
A.ambitions　
B.intentions　
C.propositions　
D. aspirations
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：独生子女的父母对孩子的学术期望更高。ambition野心，抱负；追求的目标。aspiration强烈的愿望，渴望。两者相比，aspiration能够表达父母对孩子的期望，因此D项更加符合题意。
5. A series of attempts _____ made, he came to realize that he hadunderestimated the enormity of the task.
A.were
B. tobe
C. hadbeen
D. having been
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：在做了一系列的尝试以后，他开始意识到他低估了任务的艰巨性。本句中逗号后面的句子结构完整，可知逗号前面的句子成分应该为句子的状语，因此排除A项和C项。做出尝试发生在意识到任务的艰巨性之前，因此选D项。
6. Manufacturing is China's most important economic activity, _____over 30 percent of the workforce.
A.including
B.engaging
C.approximating
D. accounting
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：制造业是中国最重要的经济活动，雇佣了超过30%的劳动力。engage“聘用，雇佣”，符合题意。account作及物动词，意思为“认为，把……视作”。account for说明（原因、理由等）；（在数量、比例上）占；对……负责。
7. The writer seems to _____ between approving of Collin's actionsand finding them disgusting.
A.alter
B.transform
C.vacillate　
D. vibrate
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：作家似乎在支持科林的行动和反感其行动之间游移不定。vacillate between…and…在……之间犹豫不决。
8. A lie is as much a lie, when it is whispered, as when it is _____at the market cross.
A.proclaimed
B.reclaimed
C.acclaimed
D. claimed
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：不管是小声低语还是在市场门口大声叫喊,谎言终归是谎言。本题考察近形词辨析。proclaim“表明；宣告，公布”，与句中的whisper相对应，因此选A项。reclaim取回；开拓，开垦。acclaim称赞；向…欢呼。claim声称；索取；断言。
9. The _____ of computer technology has led to major changes in oursocial and family life.
A.fraudulence
B.arrival
C.dawn
D. advent
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：计算机技术的来临导致了社会和家庭生活的巨大改变。the advent of…“……的到来，伴随着……的出现”，符合题意。
10. Teenage children began to assert their independence and this canlead to a good deal of_____ in the family.
A.controversy
B.friction
C.restriction
D. contradiction
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：青少年开始宣称独立，这导致了许多家庭矛盾的产生。friction“摩擦；摩擦力；冲突，不和”，符合题意，选B项。
11. Their reflexive mindset tells scientists that all claims, ____political, moral, or religious, are open to examination and critique.
A. bethey　
B. however theyare
C. no matterthey are
D. whether theybe
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：他们的反思性思维告诉科学家，所有断言，无论是政治、道德还是宗教，都应该接受检查和批评。A项为省略whether，且be动词提前的结构，相当于whether they are…，符合题干意思和语法结构。C项应该为no matter whether they are…
12. The development of the English language falls into threereasonably __ periods: Old English, Middle English, and Modern English.
A.cutting
B.rational　
C.distinct　
D. disputable
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：英语的发展明显可分为三个不同的时期：古英语、中古英语和现代英语。distinct“明显的，清楚的”符合句意。cutting锋利的，锐利的；讽刺的，挖苦的。rational合理的，理性的。disputable有争议的。
13. The death of his father gave him a whole new __ on life; now hespends more time with his family.
A.perspective　
B.euphemism
C.conformation　
D. providence
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：他父亲的死完全改变了他对生活的看法，现在他会花更多时间陪伴家人。perspective“观点，看法；洞察力”，符合题意，因此选A项。euphemism委婉的说话；委婉语。conformation构造，构像。providence远见；天意。
14. As the leaves turn yellow and fall, you can feel the __ ofwinter.
A.approach　
B.effect
C.surrounding
D. specimen
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：树叶变黄，开始掉落，你能感觉到冬天的来临。approach“接近，走进，靠近”，符合题意，选A项。surrounding环境，周围的事物。specimen样品，标本。
15. The teacher's role is not simply to __ knowledge to students; heshould also set a good example for them.
A.provide　
B.impart　
C.share　
D. stretch
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：教师的责任不仅仅是传授知识，还应该给学生们树立好的榜样。impart传授；给予；告知，透露。
16.Thomas Leech _____ a very successful career as a photographer.
A. builtup　
B. carvedout
C. foughtfor　
D. stumbled on
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：ThomasLeech成功开辟出了自己的摄影事业。carveout雕刻出……；用辛勤的劳动创造出……。carve out a career谋求发迹，干出一番事业。build up建立；建造。stumble on无意中发现。
17. Hardy's weakness_____ his apparent inability to control thecomings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness tocultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.
A. layin　
B. gave riseto
C. shed lighton　
D. derived from
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他明显无法控制好那不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来；另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性的创作冲动。分析句子结构，本题中from his unwillingness与空格部分并列，所以空格部分的动词应该能够与from搭配使用，因此D项正确。
18. Although this theory was never rigidly disproved, the doctrinewas generally abandoned _____ the opposing view.
A. in favorof
B. in placeof
C. insteadof
D. in terms of
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：虽然该理论历来都没有在严格意义上被反对过，但是以上教条通常被丢弃掉，而转向相反的观念。in favor of“赞成，支持”，与本句前面的abandon相对应，符合题意，因此选A项。
19. Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents toextract case histories, which have _____ the attitudes of different socialgroups and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.
A.laminated
B.ruminated
C.illuminated
D. eliminated
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：像Le Roy Ladurie一类的史学家利用这些文献史料从中挖掘出一些个案史来，阐明了不同社会群体的态度，并揭示出当局是如何执行审判的。illuminate“照亮，照明；阐明，说明”，符合题意。laminate将（金属）锻压成薄片。ruminate反刍；沉思；反复考虑。eliminate淘汰; 排除，消除。
20. As our work is not done yet, I'm in no _____ to go out for amovie tonight.
A.mind
B.temper　
C.mood
D. disposition
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】因为我们的工作还没有完成，所以今晚我没有心情去看电影。be inno mood for/to do sth.没有心情做某事。
Part II Cloze(15%)
Directions:There are15 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choicesmarked A, B, C and D respectively beneath the passage. You should choose theONE that is most appropriate. Then blacken your answer in the correspondingletter on your Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Smoking, whichmay be a pleasure for some people, is a serious source of discomfort for theirfellows. 　(21) , medical authorities express their 　(22)about the effect of smoking (23) the health not only ofthose who smoke but also of those who don't. In fact, non-smokers who must 　(24)inhale the air polluted by tobacco smoke may 　(25)more than the smokers themselves.
A 　(26)number of our students have 　(27) in aneffort to 　(28) the university to ban smoking inthe classrooms. I believe they are 　(29) right intheir aim. 　(30) , I would hope that it is 　(31)to achieve this by 　(32) the smokers touse good judgment and show concern 　(33) othersrather than by regulation.
I am thereforeasking you to 　(34) "No Smoking" in theauditoriums, classrooms and seminar rooms. This will prove that you have thenon-smoker's health and well-being 　(35) , which isvery important to a large number of our students.
21. A. Still  B.More　 C.Again　 D.Further
22. A. concern B.trouble C.interest D.displeasure
23. A. on B.in　 C.with D.to
24. A. involuntarily B.instinctively　 C. spontaneously　 D.reluctantly
25. A. endure　 B.suffer　 C.undergo　 D.put up with
26. A. few　 B.considerable C. many　 D.quantitative
27. A. linked B.connected C. associated D.joined
28. A. make B.persuade　 C.cause　 D.commit
29. A. entirely　 B.totally　 C.just D.wholly
30. A. But then B.However　 C. Although D.Moreover
31. A. likely B.probably　 C. capable　 D.possible
32. A. pleading B.begging C.insisting　 D.calling on
33. A. with　 B.for　 C.to　 D.in
34. A. inscribe B.decorate　 C.maintain　 D.claim
35. A. on head B.in heart C.in mind　 D.in your brain
【答案与解析】
21.D 文章开头指出吸烟会让同伴感到不舒服，接着在第二句引用医学家的观点继续表明吸烟的害处，二者之间是递进关系，因此选D项。
22.A express one’s concern about sth.对……表示关切/担忧。
23.A 本句表示吸烟对健康有影响，effect与介词on连用，表示“对……产生影响”。
24.A 句意：那些本身不吸烟，但是被动吸入受烟草污染的空气的人可能比吸烟者本身受到的伤害更大。根据句意可知，空格处指的是被动吸烟，involuntarily意思为“非自愿地；非出于本意地；无意地”，符合题意，选A项。
25.B 根据上下文句意可知，空格部分指“遭受到伤害”，因此使用suffer。
26.B a number of大量的，许多的。considerable意思为“相当大（或多）的”，用来修饰number，符合题意，因此选B项。many后面应该接复数名词。quantitative定量的，数量上的。
27.D join in为固定搭配，意思为“参加，加入”。
28.B persuade sb. to do sth.说服某人做某事。这里指说服大学在教室禁烟。
29.A wholly突出一种完整性，整个的一个东西；而entirely突出一种完全性，一定范围里所有的东西；totally突出数量上的完全性。这里指完全正确，因此A项更加合适。
30.B 空格前面的句子讲到学生们让教室禁烟的目标完全正确，接着开始讲希望实现目标的方式不要通过强制的规定（rather than by regulation）。上下文句意之间存在转折关系，因此选B项。
31.D it is possible to do sth.有可能做某事。possible填在此处符合上下文句意，因此选D项。likely的主语不能为it。probably为副词，不符合题意。
32.D 根据句意可知，这里指我希望有可能通过呼吁吸烟者进行良好的判断并对别人表示关心，而不是通过强制规定来实现目标。call on sb. to do sth.呼吁某人做某事。因此选D项。
33.B show concern for sb.对……表示关心，关心某人。
34.C 句意：因此我要求你们在礼堂、教室和研讨室不要吸烟。maintain“保持；坚持”，符合题意，因此选C项。inscribe题写，铭记。claim要求，声称。
35.C have/bear sth. in mind记住某事，把某事记在心里。
Part III Reading Comprehension(40%)
Directions:There arefive passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, Cand D. you should decide on the best choice and blacken your answer in thecorresponding letter on your Answer Sheet with a single line through thecenter.
Passage 1
According tosociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may becomerecognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family,traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents.In other cases, such as friendship group, one or more persons may graduallyemerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In largergroups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leadersare often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of researchhave failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of"natural leaders." It seems that there is no set of personalqualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may berecognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of thatparticular group.
Furthermore,although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader,research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles thatare held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership thatemphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look toinstrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, onthe other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of asocial group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overallgoals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members andattempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expectexpressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group andprovide support to individual members.
Instrumentalleaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other groupmembers. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibitattainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personalor primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy whensomeone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick tolighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten todivide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressiveleaders generally receive more personal affection from group members;instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, mayenjoy a more distant respect.
36.What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The problemsfaced by leaders.
B. Howleadership differs in small and large groups.
C. How socialgroups determine who will lead them.
D. The role ofleaders in social groups.
37. The passage mentions all of thefollowing ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT
A. recruitment.
B. formalelection process.
C. specificleadership training.
D. traditionalcultural patterns.
38. In mentioning "natural leaders"in paragraph two, the author is making the point that
A. few peoplequalify as “natural leaders”.
B. there is noproof that “natural leaders” exist.
C. “naturalleaders” are easily accepted by the members of a social group.
D. “naturalleaders” share a similar set of characteristics.
39. Which of the following statements aboutleadership can be inferred from paragraph two?
A. A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may notbe an effective leader of another group.
B. Few peoplesucceed in sharing a leadership role with another person.
C. A person canbest learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.
D. Most peopledesire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.
40. The passage indicates that instrumentalleaders generally focus on
A. ensuringharmonious relationship.
B. sharingresponsibility with group members.
C. identifyingnew leaders.
D. achieving agoal.
【答案与解析】
36.D 本文第一、二段首先介绍了社会群体中领导者出现的方式和特点，然后在第三、四段重点介绍了两种不同的领导者（instrumental leaders和expressive leaders）各自在社会群体中扮演的角色和作用。D项“领导者在社会团体中的作用”符合文章主旨，因此选D项。其他选项均不是本文重点内容，因此排除。
37.C 文章第一段一开始就提到有不同的方法可以使某人成为一个社会团体的领导，其中在家庭中可以根据传统文化模式（traditional cultural patterns）确定领导者，而在更大的群体中，领导者一般是通过正式的选举或者招募（through election or recruitment）。只有C项没有提及，因此选C项。
38.B 第二段第一句中提到“decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence thatthere is any category of ‘natural leaders’.”也就是说没有充分证据证明存在着天生的领导者（natural leaders）。B项与本句符合，因此选B。
39.A 第二段第二句提到“virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person hasqualities that meet the needs of that particular group”，由此推测即使某个人符合某个群体中对领导特质的要求，他到另一个群体中可能就不一定适合，因此选A项。
40.D 第三段和第四段均提到了指导型领导（instrumental leaders），第四段第二句提到“Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completionof tasks”，并且在文章最后一句继续强调完成目标对指导型领导的重要性（instrumental leaders,…in promoting group goals），由此可知，本题选D项。
Passage 2
The word hospiceis hundreds of years old. It comes to us from the time called the Middle Agesin Europe. Religious groups then provided hospice as a place where travelercould stay. Sometimes the groups also offered a place for the sick and thedying. Today the word hospice means more than a place. It means a way of caringfor the dying. In the modern sense of the word, it means that, if possible,dying people can receive care at home during their last days; and thehealth-care workers do not try to lengthen the lives of the dying with modernmedical equipment. Instead, care-givers make very effort to control or stop thepatient's pain. It also means that patients get help for their emotional needsin addition to their physical needs.
A British womanCicely Saunders was the first major activist for hospice care in modern times.Cicely Saunders worked as a nurse in a hospital right after World War II, whereshe met a man who was dying of cancer. The nurse and the dying man recognizedthat a hospital was not meeting his needs. Together they found ideas about thebest possible treatment for people who would never get well again. They talkedabout treatments that would permit patients to discuss their feelings and totake part in activities meaningful to them. They planned a system that wouldallow dying people to be surrounded by the people and things they loved most.The dying man gave Cicely Saunders enough money to study to become a doctor. By1967 Dr. Saunders had organized and opened St. Christopher's Hospice in London.
In 1974, afterthe America's first hospice started in New Haven, others followed suit incities throughout the country. Organizers had a difficult job. They had toteach the public about the idea of hospice. They had to get money fromcompanies, religious groups and citizens. And they had to negotiate with localgovernments to use public money to care for the dying. Thanks to theirunyielding determination and painstaking efforts, hospice has grown in America.Dr. Jo Magno, the President of the National Hospice Organization, said thatworking with the dying occasionally, made her sad. Yet she remembers the wordsof Dr. Cicely Saunders---"We can not add days to life but we can add lifeto days."
41. What is the original meaning of theword "hospice"?
A. It was aplace where the homeless old people were taken care of.
B. It was aplace where religious people lived.
C. It was aplace offered by churches for the travelers.
D. It was aplace where doctors treated patients.
42. In the modern sense of the word,hospice includes all of the following EXCEPT
A. a priest isinvited to pray for the dying.
B. a dyingpatient is taken care of at his home.
C. efforts aremade to reduce the pain of the dying people.
D. thepsychological needs of the dying are considered and cared for.
43.What did Cicely and the man talk about?
A. How to advisethe hospital to treat the dying patients.
B. How to makearrangement for the patients who had no hope of recovery.
C. Themeaningful activities for all patients to take part in.
D. The kind ofpeople that are allowed to visit the patients.
44. How did Cicely Saunders complete herstudy?
A. By workingpart-time.
B. Be obtaininga fellowship.
C. With thehelp of a man's money.
D. Through hermanagement of St. Christopher's Hospice.
45. Which is a correct statement about theearly American hospice?
A. It was animmediate success as the result of the effort by Dr. Cicely.
B. It wasprobably not easy to persuade companies to provide financial support.
C. Many peoplereadily accepted the new idea.
D. Localgovernments forbade what they did.
【答案与解析】
41.C 文章第一段一开始就介绍了“hospice”这一单词的来源。根据第一段第二句“Religious groups then provided hospice as a place where travelercould stay.”可知，C项正确。
42.A 第一段最后三句开始介绍hospice在现代的作用，其中提到了“dying people can receive care at home”、“care-givers make very effort to control or stopthe patient's pain”及“patients get help for their emotional needs”，只有A项文章没有提及，因此选A项。
43.B 第二段第四句提到“Together they found ideas about the best possible treatment forpeople who would never get well again.”他们讨论的是对于无法治愈的人应该如何处理，因此B项正确。第二段第三句提到医院不再适合这个得了癌症的男士，也就是说他们并不是想让医院来继续治疗无法治愈的人，因此A项排除。
44.C 第二段倒数第二句提到“The dying man gave Cicely Saunders enough money to study to become adoctor.”因此C项正确。
45.B 文章最后一段第二句明确提到“Organizers had a difficult job”，并且讲到他们要努力去说服大众，从公司、宗教组织和公民那儿获得资金支持，并且需要和当地政府进行协商。由此可推测，要说服公司提供资金支持并不是很容易，B项正确。
Passage 3
What we todaycall America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday"folks" who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a marketfor art of all kinds, and especially for portraits. Citizens of prosperous,essentially middle-class republics—whether ancient Romans, seventeenth-centuryDutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans—have always shown a markedtaste for portraiture. Starting in the late eighteenth century, the UnitedStates contained increasing numbers of such people, and of the artists howcould meet their demands.
The earliestAmerican folk art portraits come, not surprisingly, from New England—especially Connecticut andMassachusetts -- for this was a wealthy andpopulous region and the center of a strong craft tradition. Within a fewdecades after the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, thepopulation was pushing westward, and portrait painters could be found at workin western New York, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, and Missouri. Midway through itsfirst century as a nation, the United States' population had increased roughlyfive times, and eleven new states had been added to the original thirteen.During these years the demand for portraits grew and grew, eventually to be satisfiedby the camera. In 1839 the daguerreotype was introduced to America, ushering in the age of photography, and within ageneration the new invention put an end to the popularity of painted portraits.Once again an original portrait became a luxury, commissioned by the wealthyand executed by the professional.
But in theheyday of portrait painting—from the late eighteenth century until the 1850's—anyone with a modicum ofartistic ability could become a limner, as such a portraitist was called. Localcraftspeople—sign,coach, and house painters—began to paint portraits as a profitable sideline; sometimes atalented man or woman who began by sketching family members gained a localreputation and was besieged with requests for portraits; artists found it worththeir while to pack their paints, canvases, and brushes and to travel thecountryside, often combining house decorating with portrait painting.
46. In lines 3—5 the author mentions seventeenth-century Dutch burghers as anexample of a group that
A. consistedmainly of self-taught artists.
B. appreciatedportraits.
C. influencedAmerican folk art.
D. had littletime for the arts.
47. According to the passage，where were many of the firstAmerican folk art portraits painted?
A. In westernNew York.
B. In Illinoisand Missouri.
C. InConnecticut and Massachusetts.
D. In Ohio.
48.The word “this” in the line 8 refers to
A. a strongcraft tradition.
B. Americanfolk art.
C. New England.
D. western NewYork.
49. The phrase "ushering in" inline 14 is closest in meaning to
A. beginning.
B. demanding.
C. publishing.
D. increasing.
50. According to the passage, which of the following contributed toa decline in the demand for pained portraits?
A. The lack ofa strong craft tradition.
B. The westwardmigration of many painters.
C. The growingpreference for landscape paintings.
D. Theinvention of the camera.
【答案与解析】
46.B 分析文章第二句的句子结构，主干部分为“Citizens of prosperous…have always shown a marked taste forportraiture”，而句子中间的破折号的内容是对主语Citizens of prosperous进行的举例，由此可知，破折号部分提到的“seventeenth-century Dutch burghers”属于欣赏肖像画的一类人。
47.C 根据第二段第一句“The earliest American folk art portraits come…from…especiallyConnecticut and Massachusetts”，可知C项正确。
48.C 破折号前面讲到早期美国的民间艺术肖像画来自新英格兰，破折号后面紧接着解释出现在新英格兰的原因，所以this指代的是NewEngland，因此C项正确。
49.A 根据题干定位到文章第二段倒数第二句，其中提到daguerreotype（银版照相法）被引进美国，这项发明终结了肖像画的流行，因此这里指开创了摄像时代。usher in开创，迎接。因此选A项。
50.D 根据文章第二段倒数第二、三句可知，照相机满足了人们对于肖像画的需求，摄像技术使得肖像画不再流行，因此D项正确。
Passage 4
What percentageof the population in a modern technological society are, like myself, in thefortunate position of being workers? At a guess I would say sixteen percent,and I do not think that figure is likely to get bigger in the future.
Technology andthe division of labor have done two things: by eliminating in many fields theneed for special strength or skill, they have made a very large number of paidoccupations which formerly were enjoyable work into boring labor, and byincreasing productivity they have reduced the number of necessary laboringhours. It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of thepopulation, that is to say, its laborers, will have almost as much leisure asin earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy. When one recalls howaristocracies in the past actually behaved, the prospect is not cheerful.Indeed, the problem of dealing with boredom may be even more difficult for sucha future mass society than it was for aristocracies. The latter, for example,ritualized their time; there was a season to shoot grouse, a season to spend intown, etc. The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual byfashion which changes as often as possible in the economic interest of certainpeople. Again, the masses cannot go in for hunting, for very soon there wouldbe no animals left to hunt. For other aristocratic amusements like gambling,dueling, and warfare, it may be only too easy to find equivalents in dangerousdriving, drug-taking, and senseless acts of violence. Workers seldom commitacts of violence, because they can put their aggression into their work, be itphysical like the work of a smith, or mental like the work of a scientist or anartist. The role of aggression in mental work is aptly expressed by the phrase"getting one's teeth into a problem."
51. According to the passage, the writerbelieves the majority of the population
A. are unhappywith what they do.
B. will getbigger in their number in the future.
C. agree withhim on his classification.
D. are in thefortunate position of being workers.
52. According to the passage, technology and division of labour havedone all of the following EXCEPT
A. increasingthe joy of the paid occupations.
B. making skilland special strength unnecessary in work.
C. causing jobsto be dull labour.
D. decreasingworking hours.
53. What can be inferred from the passageabout special strength and skill?
A. Specialstrength and skill must be abandoned if people want to enjoy their work.
B. Specialstrength and skill are necessary for people to find their work enjoyable.
C. Specialstrength or skill causes work to be boring.
D. Specialstrength or skill reduces the number of necessary labouring hours.
54. According to the passage, aristocracydealt with boredom by
A. enjoyingmore leisure.
B. working withlabourers.
C. demandingdifficult work for the masses.
D. ritualizingtheir time.
55. Which of the following is one of theamusements of the masses?
A. Hunting.
B. Gambling.
C. Foolish actsof violence.
D. Doingscientific research.
【答案与解析】
51.A 文章第一段中自问自答：像自己一样属于幸运的工作者范畴的人占了多大比重？我猜想是16%，并且这一数字将来不会变大。也就是说大部分的人并不属于幸运的工作者范畴。因此排除D项，选A项。B项和C项文中没有提及。
52.A 文章第二段一开始就提到了科技和劳动分工带来的改变，如“eliminating in many fields the need for special strength or skill”、“made a very large number ofpaid occupations…into boring labor”和“reduced the number of necessary laboring hours”。A项与文章意思相反，因此选A项。
53.B 第二段第一句提到“by eliminating…the need for special strength or skill, they havemade a very large number of paid occupations which formerly were enjoyable workinto boring labor”，也就是说在没有消除对特殊才能的要求之前，很多工作岗位是有趣的，因此B项正确。
54.D 文章第二段中间部分提到了“The latter, for example, ritualized their time”，根据上下文，这里的the latter指的就是贵族，因此选D项。
55.C 根据文章第二段倒数第三句可知，相比于贵族娱乐活动如赌博、决斗和战争，大众在危险驾车、毒品和愚蠢的暴力行动中找到乐趣。由此可知，大众的娱乐活动之一是愚蠢的暴力行动。因此选C项。
Part IV Translation(25%)
Section A (10%)
Directions:Put the following passage into Chinese.
There is nohappiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties. Short of theimpossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfactions we get from a lifetime depend onhow high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost was thinking in somethinglike the same terms when he spoke of "The pleasure of taking pains".The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that itpurports to be effortless.
Happiness isnever more than partial. There are no pure states of mankind. Whatever elsehappiness may be, it is neither in having nor in being, but in becoming. Whatthe Founding Fathers declared for us as an inherent right, we should do well toremember, was not happiness but the pursuit of happiness. What they might haveunderlined, could they have foreseen the happiness-market, is the cardinal factthat happiness is in the pursuit itself, in the meaningful pursuit of what islife-engaging and life-revealing, which is to say, in the idea of becoming.
【参考译文】
除非我们愿意直面那些需要我们全身心投入的艰难困苦，否则便不会有幸福可言。正如叶芝所言，除却某些不可能的情形，我们人生中所获取的满足皆取决于我们在多高的境界中选择我们所愿意面对的艰难困苦。当罗伯特·弗罗斯特言及“以苦为乐”时，他内心所思，大体如此。商业广告中所宣扬的那种幸福观，其致命的缺陷就在于它宣称，一切幸福皆唾手可得，不费吹灰之力。
从来就没有过完美的幸福。人类社会不存在尽善尽美。无论人们怎样界定何谓幸福，它既不在于拥有也不在于实现，而在于追求的过程。我们应该牢记：开国元勋们为我们所宣称的与生俱来的权利，不是享受幸福而是追求幸福。假如他们当初预见到现在出现的幸福市场，他们就会强调指出这样一个基本事实：幸福在于为之奋斗的过程，在于我们终生为之努力并从中获得启迪的事业，也就是说在于追求。
【解析】
题干英文节选自玛丽·杰克斯（Mary Jaksch）的“幸福是什么？”（“What Is Happiness?”）。文中句子结构和词汇均不难，翻译重点之一在于如何理解单词词义或者短语意思。例如第一段第一句中的“life-engaging”翻译为“需要全身心投入的”；第一段第三句中的“The pleasure of taking pains”翻译为“以苦为乐”；第二段第一句中的“partial”理解为“不完美的”，用来修饰幸福；第二句中的“pure states”理解为“尽善尽美”；第二段第三句中的“having”翻译为“拥有”，“being”翻译为“实现”，“becoming”翻译为“追求”或者“追求的过程”。
Section B (15%)
Directions:Put the following passage into English.
据心理学家称，乐观和自信是健康的心理状态所应具备的要素。焦虑是一种心理问题，他源自对生活中的不确定因素的内在恐惧，或者说是一种不安全感。繁荣的市场经济中躁动的消费需求是某些人焦虑情绪产生的原因。名车、豪宅和优越的生活被人们视为高档的标志。但是，由于多数人难以达到这样的生活标准，有些人就会产生失落感。
然而，这种出于对金钱崇拜而产生的焦虑感并不具有代表性。对于多数人来说，引起焦虑的重要原因是高昂的房价、教育支出和医疗费用。人们生活在巨大的压力之下，但是低廉并且增长缓慢的工资使他们看不到脱离困境的希望。有时似乎是机会多多，人们也会因此而产生焦虑。
【参考译文】
According topsychologists, a healthy mental status should be one of optimism andconfidence. Anxiety is a mental problem, whose roots are in inner fear over theuncertainties in life. Or, say, it is a feeling of insecurity. The prosperingmarket economy reflected in conspicuous consumption is the reason for somepeople’s anxiety. Brand-name cars, luxurious houses and elitist lives arewithin sight of common people with high profiles. But as they are hardlyachievable for many, some people feel frustrated.
Such anxietyover the worship of money, however, is not representative. The major reasonscausing anxiety for most people are high housing prices, education expenses andmedical costs. People are living under high pressure, but they see little hopefor escape as their incomes are low and their increases are slow. At a timethat seems to be full of opportunities, people live with many anxieties.
【解析】
英文节选自“Youth Live with Anxiety”(“年轻人的生存压力”)。第一段第二句使用了分译法，“或者说是一种不安全感”分译成单独的一句，而“他源自对生活中的不确定因素的内在恐惧”被翻译成whose引导的定语从句修饰“心理问题”。第一段第四句中“被人们视为高档的标志”翻译为“be within sight of common people with high profiles”。第二段第一句中的“金钱崇拜”翻译为“the worshipof money”。第二段第三句中“低廉并且增长缓慢的工资使他们看不到脱离困境的希望”翻译为as引导的原因状语从句，其中“脱离困境的希望”译为“hope for escape”。

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