下载地址:http://free.100xuexi.com/Ebook/157490.html
目录 封面
内容简介
目录
2014年四川大学考博英语真题及详解
2011年四川大学考博英语真题及详解
2010年四川大学考博英语真题及详解
2009年四川大学考博英语真题及详解
2008年四川大学考博英语真题及详解
2006年四川大学考博英语真题及详解
2005年四川大学考博英语真题及详解
2005年四川大学考博英语真题（C）及详解
内容简介
考博真题是每个考生复习备考必不可少的资料，而拥有一份权威、正确的参考答案尤为重要，通过研究历年真题能洞悉考试出题难度和题型，了解常考章节与重要考点，能有效指明复习方向。
《四川大学考博英语历年真题及详解》完整收录了2005～2006年、2008～2011年和2014年的8套考博真题，并提供全部试题的参考答案及详解。本书中的解题思路清晰、答案翔实，帮助广大考生在熟练掌握知识点的同时，能够熟练运用各种题型的答题技巧，以提高应试技巧，把握答题节奏，增强自信心，提高考试分数。
内容预览
2014年四川大学考博英语真题及详解
I. ReadingComprehension (30%; one mark each)
Directions: Read the following sixpassages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C, or D.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
Passage One
In general, our society isbecoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management inwhich man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done withhigher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologistsand “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact thatman has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and thewhite-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune ofautomated machines and bureaucratic management.
The worker and employee areanxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they areanxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interestin life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamentalrealities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent andproductive human beings.
Those higher up on thesocial ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those oftheir subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in ahighly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter ofsalary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their firstjob, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture ofsubmissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again andagain—by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and bytheir superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along,etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’sfellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes ofunhappiness and illness.
Am I suggesting that we shouldreturn to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “freeenterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returningto a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our socialsystem form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal,production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanistindustrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of all love andof reason—are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumptionshould serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from rulingman.
1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends todeliver the idea that man is ____.
A. a necessary part of the society though each individual’sfunction is negligible
B. working in complete harmony with the rest of the society
C. an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of thesociety
D. a humble component of the society, especially whenworking smoothly
2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees isthat ____.
A. they are likely to lose their jobs
B. they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life
C. they are faced with the fundamental realities of humanexistence
D. they are deprived of their individuality andindependence
3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of lifebelongs to those ____.
A. who are at the bottom of the society
B. who are higher up in their social status
C. who prove better than their fellow-competitors
D. who could dip far away from this competitive world
4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward asuggestion that we should ____.
A. resort to the production mode of our ancestors
B. offer higher wages to the workers and employees
C. enable man to fully develop his potentialities
D. take the fundamental realities for granted
5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best besummarized as one of ____.
A.approval
B. dissatisfaction
C.suspicion
D. susceptibility
【答案与解析】
1.C 文章第一段第一句把社会比作巨大的企业，而人只是机器中平滑的小齿轮。接着文章突出强调了一个事实：“man has become powerless”，由此可知，把人比作平滑的小齿轮是为了说明人在社会中的地位之轻。因此选C项。
2.D 文章第二段介绍了工人和职员焦虑的原因，不仅仅因为可能失业，而且因为他们不能在生活中获得任何真正的满足感或者趣味。文章对此进一步解释，“without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of humanexistence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive humanbeings”，他们感受不到人类的存在是独立的，是有生产力的人类，而这也就是其焦虑的真正原因所在，D项与之相符，因此选D项。
3.D 文章第二段和第三段分别谈到了工人和职员、社会高层人士的焦虑，由此可见，A项和B项不符合题意，文章第三段最后一句话提到“This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better thanone’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes ofunhappiness and illness”，由此可知，正是因为竞争才使得他们焦虑，因此排除C项。D项从反面来理解这句话，是对这句话意思的进一步引申，因此选D项。
4.C 文章第四段作者提出了一些解决问题的方法和建议，根据第四句中“transformingour social system form…into a humanist industrialism in which man and fulldevelopment of his potentialities…are the aims of all social arrangements”可知，C选项为作者的建议，为正确答案。
5.B 第四段第四句中，作者明确提到需要转变现在的官僚主义管理的工业社会体制“transformingour social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism”，由此可知，作者对工业化并不满意，因此选B项。
Passage Two
The government-run commandpost in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologistsand civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrowsthat painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.
What kind of invader givesrise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desertlocust（蝗虫）. In recent months, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriorshave descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky andeating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, isalready creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treatingsouthern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea.Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them idealbreeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insectonslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eatits weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. Agood-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees andcrops in a single night.
All $150 million may beneeded this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid andthe Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-sprayingaircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by therelative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punchand require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrinhas been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some ofthe affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted withlocust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.
On May 30, representativesof Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers todiscuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step,but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse beforethe insects can be brought under control.
6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that____.
A. the command post is stationed with people all the time
B. the command post is crowded with people all the time
C. there are clocks around the command post
D. the clock in the command post is taken care of by thestaff
7.The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.
A. rich soil
B. wet land
C. spaces covered crops and vegetation
D. the Red Sea
8.People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.
A. the insects are likely to create another African famine
B. the insects may blacken the sky
C. the number of the insects increases drastically
D. the insects are gathering and moving in great speed
9.Which of the following is true?
A. Once the pesticides are used, locust will dieimmediately.
B. Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectivenessof certain pesticides.
C. Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has beenwidely accepted in many countries.
D. Over 10 million acres of affected area will have beentreated with locust-killing chemicals by the end of June.
10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30is ____.
A. to devise antilocust plans
B. to wipe out the swarms in two years
C. to call out for additional financial aid from othernations
D. to bring the insects under control before the plaguegets worse
【答案与解析】
6.B 文章第一段描述了政府指挥所忙碌的情景，根据第一句中的“isstaffed around the clock(夜以继日地) by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians”可知，指挥所里一直充满着各种人员如军事人员、气象学家和平民，因此B项正确。
7.B 根据第二段倒数第四句“Unusually rainy weathermoistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for thelocust”可知，经过雨水天气湿润的土地有利于蝗虫繁殖，因此B项正确。
8.A 根据第二段倒数第三句“The insect onslaughtthreatens to create yet another African famine（另一次非洲饥荒）”，根据上下文，这里的insectonslaught指的就是蝗虫灾害。因此本题选A项。
9.D 根据第三段最后一句可知，已经有500万英亩的土地撒上了杀虫化学品，另外500万将在6月底采取措施，由此可知，到6月底共有1000万英亩土地被撒上杀虫化学品。D项符合原文表述，因此选D项。
10.A 根据最后一段第一句可知，会面是为了讨论消灭蝗虫灾害的对策，因此A项正确。
Passage Three
The London 2012sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sponsorship of the Olympic Stadium byDow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an“ethics champion” for future Games.
The Commission for aSustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship ofthe wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly sincecommissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.
Campaigners believe that Dowhas ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted inthe deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens ofthousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists thatall liabilities have been settled in full.
Commission chairman ShaunMcCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting asmoral guardians of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a roleto be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.
In addition to sponsoringthe 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.
But McCarthy also defendedthe commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty Internationalwrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.
“What has been lost in allof this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has beenprocured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporateresponsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in thatevaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.
“As far as the history isconcerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terribledisaster and some injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible forthat injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have aspecific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we haveoperated diligently under those terms.”
The commission will onThursday release its annual review. It finds that “good progress” has been madetowards many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges”remain.
In particular, thecommission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reductionin carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy fellthrough when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.
“We had conversations withLocog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they weregoing to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation ifthey’re not going to do it through renewable energy,” said McCarthy. “There aresome good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven’t done it.”
11.Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?
A. The products are not sustainable.
B. It was related to Bhopal disaster.
C. It bribed the London Olympic committee.
D. It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.
12.What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?
A. Commission’s role.
B. Commission’s achievements.
C. Commission’s complaints.
D. Commission’s defense.
13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlinedword “row” (Para. 1)?
A. line
B. argument
C. boating
D. course
14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability targetmentioned in the passage?
A. Ethic champion of the games.
B. Reduction in carbon emissions.
C. The wind turbine proved to be impractical.
D. Renewable energy is not available.
15.Which of the following can best summarize the passage?
A. Commission defends its own role in evaluatingcontroversial.
B. Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.
C. Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.
D. IOC’s review on the controversy.
【答案与解析】
11.B 文章前两段介绍了人们批判陶氏化学赞助的情况，根据第三段可知，其原因在于活动推动者们认为陶氏化学对1984年的博帕尔灾难仍负有责任。由此可知，正确答案为B项。
12.D 第四段主要为委员会主席Shaun McCarthy的态度，他认为委员会可持续性的职能不包括道德守护，但是以后可以逐渐创造这一职能，由此可知，该段为委员会的辩解。
13.B 前两段主要介绍了人们对于陶氏化学赞助的批判和发起的运动情况，这里的row指的是争论。be embroiled in a row over…卷入关于……的争论。
14.B 文章倒数第三段提到伦敦奥组委仍然面临巨大的挑战，并且在倒数第二段具体指出，挑战在于没有清晰的策略来达到减少20%碳排放量的目标。由此可知B项正确。
15.A 本段一开始介绍了人们对于陶氏化学赞助的批判及相关运动，然后重点介绍了委员会对于该事件的相关辩解，A项符合文章主旨，因此选A项。
Passage Four
As Facebook dominates thenews with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment topressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-maleboard.
A women’s rights groupcalled Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims tohave attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting anew YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video showsphotos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads croppedoff and replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.
“Facebook has grown off thebacks of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible forthe majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in ablurb accompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not justwrong, it’s bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, criticizesthe lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “Seven white men:That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, alongside headshots of themen. The campaign, which lists dozens of human-rights groups and corporateexecutives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it,Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says: “Facebookwas not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a socialmission—to make the world more open and connected.”
That message is at odds with the pale-faced board,activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, anorganization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking isflawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someoneon the board who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys onFacebook’s board all have the same skills—they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You wantsomeone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someonewho has marketed to women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t wantyour best friends, you want the best people.”
Having zero female directorsdoes not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies withwomen on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-maleboards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by theresearch group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to fiveyears, companies with three or more female board members, on average,outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it cameto return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to return on investedcapital.
Facebook may secretly be onthe lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report.Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted thecorporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. SpencerStuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.
16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about theUltraviolet Group?
A. It is a non-government organization.
B. It is appealing for “morefemale roles in big corporations like Facebook” through the Internet.
C. It has the support of many female celebrities such asHillary Clinton.
D. It is getting more and more support from the society.
17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about thecampaign “Face It”?
A. It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’sboard of directors.
B. The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.
C. It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’sestablishment of Facebook.
D. It is constantly using other media devices to supportFacebook.
18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraphhas the closest meaning of ____.
A. against allodds
B. supported by
C. disagreewith
D. waifs and strays
19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should_____.
A. have a complex system of management
B. possess the most market globally
C. have your best and close friends as your board members
D. have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/herown specialties and can contribute different skills into the corporation
20.What will probably happen to Facebook?
A. The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart forrecruiting more female board members.
B. The corporation will dominate the news because itsworldwide popularity.
C. The corporation will gradually lose its users because itdoes not have female board members.
D. None of the above.
【答案与解析】
16.B 文章第一段一开始就提到，随着Facebook首次公募，活动者抓住机会“pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to itswhite-male board”，并且在第二段具体提到了Ultraviolet组织，并介绍了其在网上进行的一系列相关活动，由此可知，B项符合题意。其他选项文中均未提及。
17.D 第三段第三句开始介绍了“Face It”运动，根据“criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board”、“listsdozens of human-rights groups… as supporters”以及Zuckerberg写给投资人的信的内容可知，A、B、C三项均在文中提到，只有第四项文中并没有提到，因此选D项。
18.C at odds with与……意见不一致；与…不和；差异。这里指Zuckerberg在信中的内容与现在董事会的情况不一致。因此选C项。
19.D 文章第三段中Susan Stautberg提到“If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you wantsomeone on the board who has built a global brand”，并接着提到招募来自不同国家、不同市场的人员。只有D项符合题意，因此选D项。
20.A 文章最后一段第一句提到，Facebook目前可能正在秘密招聘女性董事会成员，并指出Spencer Stuart公司会帮助其实现一定的多样化（to help seek some diversity），A项符合题意，因此选A项。
Passage Five
For this generation of youngpeople, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three outof five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority—73 percent—think they need moreeducation to find a successful career, but only half of those say they willdefinitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth ofGreece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richestcountry, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon.Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, thesituation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, findingwork that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has beenelusive.
Despite the continuingnational conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burdenit entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said theybelieve they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.
Getting it is challenging,though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and herhusband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She saidshe tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressfulwith such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his workand wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.
Many of these young peoplehad been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhapsanticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Justone in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were“extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job aftergraduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and werepessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the Americandream. More than half—56 percent—of high school graduates without college diplomas said that theirgeneration would have less financial success than their parents. About the sameshare believed they would find work that offered health insurance within thattime frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few yearswould bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high“enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic aboutbeing able to start a family or buy a home.
The online survey wasconducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representativesurvey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006—11 who did not havebachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error was plus or minus 5 percentagepoints.
21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” meanin Paragraph 1?
A. fastening thepace
B. confusing the situation
C. asking forhelp
D. scooting out
22. What will the high school graduates probably do according tothe article?
A. Find jobs right after graduation.
B. Receive further study in college.
C. Go to join the national conversation.
D. Pay for the debt.
23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to informus?
A. They both prefer making money to education.
B. Colleges do not accept students who are married and havechildren.
C. Although people are eager to join in the college, lifeburden may block in the way.
D. None of the above.
24. What is the financial outlook for this generation comparedwith their parents?
A. They have a prosperous outlook compared with the lastgeneration.
B. Their financial situation is not as successful as theirparents.
C. It depends on how hard they work and their educationalbackground.
D. Not mentioned in the article.
25.What can we infer from the last sentence?
A. The online survey is done nationally.
B. The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.
C. There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.
D. The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.
【答案与解析】
21.A 文章第一段倒数第二句把college graduates和less-educated peers作了对比。这里指大学毕业生加快步伐成为咖啡师和店员，而没有拿到大学毕业证的同龄人情况更糟。因此本题选A项。
22.B 文章第二段提到，大部分没有大学文凭的高中毕业生认为自己如果不接受更多的教育的话，不能找到好的工作。并且，通过文章对该类学生糟糕情况的介绍可知，高中毕业生可能会想着接受更多的教育，从而才有机会找到好点的工作。
23.C 文章第三段介绍了McClour一家的例子。虽然Ms. McClour特别想参加大学课程，但是“the workload became too stressful with such young children”，而Mr.McClour的情况类似，虽然想上学，但是“the nearest school is an hour and half away”。由此可知，由于家庭等的压力，他们没能如愿上学。因此C项正确。
24.B 根据第四段第四句“More than half—56 percent—of high school graduates without college diplomas said that theirgeneration would have less financial success than their parents.”可知，这一代的经济状况不如他们的父母成功，故B项正确。
25.C 文章最后一段介绍了网上调研对象的相关情况，“The margin of sampling error was plus or minus 5 percentage points（选样误差在±5%之内）”，由此可知，最后一句暗示调研结果允许一定误差存在，因此选C项。
Passage Six
Some 60 years ago, GeorgeOrwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life ina futuristic Britain under a one party police-sate presided over by anall-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the features of the nastyworld described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went bythe name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, theMinistry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what peoplethought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental indestroying the culture.
The same technique is beingused by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of publicadministration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replaced bythe word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantially differentin meaning, and convey different realities. In some schools and universitydepartments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he”must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means somethingdifferent. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used todescribe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is nowbeing used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.
Although the transformationof language is seen most obviously around social issues, it is also being usedsystematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federalgovernment is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which isnewspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is that the new tax is not remotelyconcerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gasCO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, anessential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. Bythe government’s own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution ReductionScheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government isexpanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countriessuch as China.
We live in a society inwhich the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated byspin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and,more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of theculture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations ofsociety, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.
It is clearly preferable toavoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correctleft, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage hasalready normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. Thealternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such termsare used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguisticdishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.
26. Which of the following descriptionsis INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?
A. It describes a story that happens in the future.
B. One of the features in the novel is the misuse oflanguage.
C. It is the most famous detective novel in the world.
D. It was written in the20th century.
27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example ofmisuse of language?
A. Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.
B. “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.
C. “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defendconventional understanding of marriage.
D. The meaning of “literacy”is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.
28.The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______
A. transformation of language is usually seen in socialissues
B. transformation of language is also tracked in politicaldebate
C. transformation of language is generated in the age ofinformation
D. transformation oflanguage is legitimate to a certain extent.
29.The underlined word “credible” in Para.3 means ______.
A.reliable
B. correct
C.beneficial
D. provable
30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to_______.
A. make people sound fashionable
B. change the way people think and act
C. eliminate discrimination against minorities
D. None of the above
【答案与解析】
26.C 文章第一段介绍了Nineteen Eighty-Four这本书的情况，通过第一句话中的“Some 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote…”和“to describe life in a futuristic Britain”可知，A项和D项符合原文表述。该段第二句还提到“One of the features… was its systematic misuse of language”，由此可知，B项符合原文表述。只有C项文中没有提及，因此选C项。
27.D 文章第二段列举了目前存在的一系列相关案例，其中提到了“partner”“they”和“homophobic”的例子，只有D项没有提及，因此选D项。
28.B 文章第三段一开始就提到，“the transformation of language…is also being used systematicallyto shape political debate”，并使用“Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme”的例子进行说明，由此可知，碳污染的例子是为了说明语言变形也存在于政治讨论中。因此选B项。
29.A 这里指根据任何可靠的定义，二氧化碳都不是污染物。credible可信的，可靠的。reliable可靠的； 可信赖的； 真实可信的。因此选A项。
30.B 文章第一段倒数第二句，文章通过Nineteen Eighty-Four的例子提到，“Byre-defining words and endlessly repeating them,…was able to control what peoplethought, and through that, their actions”。由此可知语言能够影响人们的思想和行为。接着文章在倒数第二段继续重申单词的意义被媒体顾问和理论家们控制，“as a means of changing the way people think, and, morefundamentally, the way they act”，由此可知，B项正确。
II. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)
31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make itworse, the storm _____ outside.
A. raided
B.ragged
C. raged
D.reaped
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：河流决堤，淹没了小镇。更糟的是，外面的暴风雨肆虐。rage大怒，发怒；流行，风行。raid袭击，突袭。rag责骂；变破碎；穿着讲究。reap收割，收获。
32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than myold computer.
A. proceed
B. precede
C. produce
D. process
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：我的新笔记本电脑处理信息的速度比我的旧电脑快。process处理；加工。proceed开始，继续进行，发生。precede领先，在……之前；优于。
33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____in all newspapers.
A. announced
B. denounced
C. renounced
D. trounced
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：这个国家因为没有遵守《京都议定书》，在各报上遭到强烈谴责。denounce谴责；告发；公然抨击。announce宣布；预示；播报。renounce宣布放弃；与……断绝关系。trounce痛打；严责；打败。
34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-milliondollar organization.
A. evolved
B. revolved
C. involved
D. devolved
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：经过三十年公司终于发展成一个资金过亿的机构。evolve发展；进化；逐步形成。revolve旋转；循环出现；反复考虑。devolve被移交；转让。
35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possibleservice.
A. assure
B. ensure
C. insure
D. ensue
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：我们愿向我们的顾客保证尽可能提供最好的服务。assure表示向某人保证某事一定会发生(内含有让某人放心之意)，且常用assuresb. of sth.，故assure符合本题题意，因此选A项。ensure表示确保某种行为一定会发生,其后可直接跟从句。insure投保。ensue追求；跟着发生，接着发生。
36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergencyfood aid to help ______ the famine in this region.
A. release
B. relate
C. reveal
D.relieve
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：政府承诺提供1000万的紧急粮食援助来缓解该地区的饥荒。relieve解除，减轻；使不单调乏味；使放心。release释放；发射；允许发表。relate叙述；使……有联系。reveal显示；透露；揭露。
37.The course _____ two years’ training into six intensive months.
A. impresses
B. compresses
C. depresses
D. represses
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：把2年的培训压缩为6个月的强化课程。compress压缩，压紧；精简。impress盖印；强征；给予某人深刻印象。depress压抑；使沮丧；使萧条。repress抑制；镇压（叛乱等）；约束。
38.Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.
A. splitting
B. spilling
C. spinning
D. spitting
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：确保把果汁倒在杯子里面不溅出。spill使溢出，使流出；使摔下。split分离；劈开；分解。spin使旋转；纺纱；结网。spit吐，吐出；发出；发射。
39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to theestablished standard of that culture.
A. confine
B. conform
C. confront
D. confirm
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：在任何一种文化中，绝大部分人都遵守该文化已经形成的准则。conform to符合，顺从，遵守。confine…to…限制，把……限制在……范围内。confront面对；遭遇。confirm确认；证实；批准；使巩固。
40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____people continued to improve.
A. remote
B. municipal
C. rural
D. provincial
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：Tom指出城乡居民的生活水平继续提高。rural“农村的，乡下的”，与urban“城市的；住在都市的”相对应，因此选C项。remote(在空间或时间上)遥远的。municipal市的，市政的。provincial省的。
41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spaincombined.
A. dwell
B. settle
C. reside
D. inhabit
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：埃及人居住的土地面积差不多等于法国和西班牙的总和。inhabit 表示（人或动物）居住在一个地方或适应某种特定的物质环境。reside指合法的永久性居住,也指在豪华的住宅里居住，为不及物动词。dwell文学上的用词，口语中通常用live代替，为不及物动词。settle侧重指某人定居于城市、国家或地区，而不指居住的住所。因此本题D项符合题意。
42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ tothe skin!
A. dipped
B. soaked
C. immersed
D. submerged
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：我要脱下这些衣服，因为我都湿透了。be soaked to the skin全身湿透了。
43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____the deadly global flu epidemic.
A. limit
B. cut
C. curb
D. keep
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：世界卫生组织必须提出新的有效措施去遏制这场致命的全球范围的流感疫情。curb意为“限制，抑制”，常用于抑制通货膨胀、遏制病情等。
44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____his next move in the game.
A. think
B. ponder
C. reflect
D. dwell
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：我爷爷靠坐在自己的椅背上几分钟，思考游戏的下一步怎么进行。ponder仔细考虑；衡量。ponder the next move 考虑下一步。
45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students byreading.
A. cultivate
B. instruct
C. teach
D. coach
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：在这所学校里,我们旨在通过阅读陶冶学生的心灵。cultivate培养；陶冶；耕作。
46.Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.
A. criticize
B. object
C. oppose
D. frown
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：许多医生都不赞成饮食中脂肪含量过高。frown on不喜欢；不赞成；谴责。
47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of allthe furniture?
A. disapprove
B. discard
C. dispose
D. disregard
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：既然你打算卖掉房子，那你要怎样处理所有的家具？dispose of处理；转让；解决；除掉。disapprove of不赞成；不喜欢。discard抛弃；放弃；丢弃。disregard忽视；不理；不顾。
48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracyand prosperity in their country.
A. hinder
B. foster
C. linger
D. quote
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：政治家正在讨论促进国家民主繁荣的最佳方法。foster培养；养育，抚育。hinder阻碍；打扰。linger消磨；缓慢度过。quote报价；引述；举证。
49.Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.
A. dissented
B. crawled
C. whispered
D. redeemed
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：只有一名委员不同意最终报告中的意见。dissent from不赞同；与……意见不同。
50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance ifnecessary.
A. dazzle
B. sanction
C. accommodate
D. terminate
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：我们总是试图在必要的时候用资金援助来帮助他。accommodate除了有“容纳；供应；调解”等意思外，还可以用作“帮忙；给……提供方便”，因此C项符合题意。dazzle使……目眩；使……眼花。sanction制裁，处罚；批准。terminate使终止；使结束；解雇。
III. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)
The term “quality of life”is difficult to define. It (51) _____ a very wide scope such as livingenvironment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education,material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) _____ speaking,the quality of life, especially (53) _____ seen by the individual, ismeaningful in terms of the degree (54) _____ which these various areas of lifeare available or provide (55) _____ for the individual.
As activity carried (56)_____ as one thinks fit during one’s spare time, leisure has the following (57)_____: relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. Theimportance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s lifestyle. (58) _____, people who need to (59) _____ much energy in their work willfind relaxation most (60) _____ in leisure. Those with a better education andin professional occupations may (61) _____ more to seek recreation and personaldevelopment (e.g. (62) _____ of skills and hobbies) in leisure.
The specific use of leisure(63) _____ from individual to individual. (64) _____ the same leisure activitymay be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following arepossible uses of television watching, a (65) _____ leisure activity, a changeof experience to provide (66) _____ from the stress and strain of work; tolearn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to provide anopportunity for understanding oneself by (67) _____ other people’s lifeexperiences as (68) _____ in the programs.
Since leisure is basicallyself-determined, one is able to take (69) _____ his interests and preferencesand get (70) _____ in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment andsatisfaction.
51. A. composes B.consists C.covers D.constitutes
52. A. Basically B.Frankly C.Primarily D.Generally
53. A. when B.as C.while D.which
54. A. to B.as C.of D.in
55. A. satisfaction B.information C. respect D. admiration
56. A. out B.through C.away D.off
57. A. effects B.operations C.functions D.features
58. A. However B.Thus C.Nevertheless D.Yet
59.A. provide B. hire C.exercise D.exert
60. A. preferable B.desirable C.obtainable D.perfect
61. A. tend B.prefer C.enjoy D.oblige
62. A. training B.promotion C.nurturing D.cultivation
63. A. varies B.differs C.changes D.alters
64. A. Still B.Yet C.Even D.So
65. A. correct B.adequate C.precise D.proper
66. A. separation B.escape C.flight D.isolation
67. A. contrasting B.comparing C.matching D.measuring
68. A. portrayed B.described C.related D.narrated
69. A. after B.on C.with D.to
70. A. involved B.participated C.attended D.employed
【答案与解析】
51.C 句意：它包含的范围很广，例如生活环境、健康、就业、食品、家庭生活、朋友、教育、物质财富、休闲和娱乐等等。covera wide scope涉及很广的范围。
52.D 该句是从一个更普遍的角度，接着对上文中提到的“the quality oflife”进行定义，generallyspeaking“一般来说”，符合上下文语境。
53.B 空格部分为插入语，意思为“尤其在个人来看”，因此选B项。
54.A to a degree“在某种程度上，在一定程度上”，为固定用法。因此这里使用介词to+which引导定语从句修饰前面的degree。
55.A 句意：生活质量由个人在多大程度上能够得到生活的这些方面或满意程度来衡量。satisfaction满意，满足。
56.A 句意：此处需要填一个副词和carry搭配，做后置定语修饰activity。carry out“执行”,符合题意，指进行的活动。carry through贯彻，维持，坚持下去。carry away运走。carry off夺去；获得。
57.C 放松、消遣娱乐和个人发展，这些都是leisure的功能，因此选C项。
58.B 空格前面提到根据工作性质和人们的生活方式，各功能的重要性不同。接着开始讲不同的人对不同功能的需要，因此此处应该为因果关系，所以选B项。
59.D 句意：因此，需要在工作中消耗大量精力的人会发现最想要在休闲中放松。exertmuch effort or energy使出很多的努力或精力。
60.B 紧张工作的人在休闲的时候肯定想要放松，desirable“令人满意的；值得要的”，符合题意，因此选B项。
61.A tend to意为“倾向于……”。prefer to意为“宁愿”，与空格后的more重复使用了比较意义，不符合题意。
62.D cultivation在这里指个人技能和爱好的培养，符合题意。
63.A 句意：休闲的具体用途因人而异。此处填入varies，与第二段提到的这些功能的重要性因人而异相呼应。
64.C 空格前面讲到休闲的具体用途因人而异，空格处又提到同样的休闲活动不同的人做起来也可能功能不同，程度递进，因此填入even。选C项。
65.C C项precise“精确的；明确的；严格的”，这里指看电视是一项明确的休闲活动，符合题意，因此选C项。
66.B 这里指人从压力（stress）中解脱，escape“逃跑；逃亡；逃走”，符合题意。separation分离。flight飞行；班机。isolation隔离，封闭。
67.B 这里指通过比较电视上描绘的别人的生活经历来理解自己，compare “比较”，符合题意。
68.A 这里指电视节目上所描绘的其他人的生活经历，portray“描绘；扮演”，符合题意，因此选A项。
69.D 句意：由于休闲基本上是自己决定的事，个人就可以培养自己的兴趣和爱好，并以能为自己带来享乐和满足的方式参与某项活动。taketo意为“喜欢；走向；开始从事”，符合句意，因此选D项。take after“与……相像，仿效”。take on“承担，呈现”。
70.A 这里指参加活动，get involved in是惯用搭配，意为“参加”，因此选A项。
IV. Translation (30%)
Part A (20%)
Translate the following passage into Chinese.
The impact ofdecentralization trends, of course, extends well beyond cities. Sprawlingdevelopment patterns are destabilizing many of the suburbs that surround citiesin this country. Older suburbs are experiencing the same challenges as cities:failing schools, persistent crime, and the loss of jobs and businesses toother, further out suburbs. Even suburban areas that are developing rapidly arefinding that explosive growth has its drawbacks, especially in the form ofovercrowded schools, but also in long commutes and the inability of localgovernments to pay for new roads, sewers, and other infrastructure.
In the wake ofdecentralizing economies, central cities remain the residence of “choice” forlow- and moderate-income families. While poverty has declined in centralcities, urban poverty rates are still twice as high as suburban poverty rates,18.8 percent as against 9.0 percent in 2011. Cities and older suburbs are alsodisproportionately home to families whose earnings are above the poverty level,but below median income (national median income is $37,000 a year, and 200percent of the poverty level for a family of three is $27,000 a year).
The implications ofconcentrated poverty are severe. People in these neighborhoods often face atriple whammy: poor schools, weak job information networks, and scarce jobs.They are more likely to live in female-headed households and have less formaleducations than residents of other neighborhoods.
【参考译文】
当然，分散化趋势的影响远远超出了城市范围。无序扩张的发展格局破坏着全美各城市周围许多郊区的稳定。年代较久的郊区经受着和市区同样的挑战：学校教育质量每况愈下、犯罪屡禁不止、就业和商业机会流失到其他更远的郊区。即便是发展迅速的郊区也出现了爆炸式增长的弊端，尤其体现在学校过度拥挤、上下班交通耗时长，以及当地政府无力出资建造新的道路、下水道和其他基础设施。
尽管经济呈分散化发展，但中低收入家庭仍然选择居住在市中心。虽然市中心的贫困率已降低，但市区贫困率却仍是郊区的两倍；2011年市区贫困率是18.8%，而郊区却只有9.0%。许多收入高于贫困线却又低于平均线的家庭都选择在市区和年代较久的郊区安家落户，其数量之多超乎寻常（全国平均线是年均3.7万美元，一个三口之家的贫困标准是一年1.35万美元）。贫困集中化的后果十分严重。这些居住区的居民经常面临着三重打击：学校质量差、工作信息网络薄弱、就业机会少得可怜。和其他居民区相比，这里的家庭更可能由女性当家，居民接受的正规教育也更少。
【解析】
题目中英文段落节选自The Brookings Review 中的“Enough of the Small Stuff! Toward a NewUrban Agenda”一文。该段落中的词汇较难，如“decentralization”，“Sprawling development patterns”，“median income”和“concentratedpoverty”等，考生应该注意平时的词汇积累，同时还应该通过上下文猜测词义或者选择合适的单词词义来进行翻译。文章第二段最后一句“200 percent of the poverty level for a family of three is $27,000a year”为翻译重点，直译为“一个三口之家贫困标准的200%是一年2.7万美元”，显然不符合习惯表达，因此稍作调整，译为“一个三口之家的贫困标准是一年1.35万美元”。文章最后一段第二句中的“a triple whammy”译为“三重打击”。
Part B (10%)
Translate the following sentences into English.
71．俗话说，牙疼不是病，但疼起来真要命。前些日子我突然开始牙疼，随便找了点止疼药，希望赶紧止住疼痛。可试了好些天都不管用，最后还是得找牙医。
72．自由贸易就意味着竞争，而竞争则意味着风险，特别是当它影响到国家繁荣的时候。所以国家会想办法保护自己免遭自由贸易的冲击。
73．然而，退休后，社会安全福利只取代了一般人收入的约40%。而多数财政顾问认为，退休者将需要大约70%—80%工作时的收入，方能过上舒适的退休生活。
74．大多数与他人不愉快的经历都是无心的，很容易通过保持无成见的、公开诚恳的交流来补救。礼节性常识是一种有价值的优势，因为在很多场合，要获得第二次机会也许不切实际。
75．虽说分享的确是种美德，但是在社交媒体上过度分享，不仅会伤害友情更是会殃及事业前途。人们需要在私生活与职场生活、分享与炫耀、好心与惹人厌之间寻求一种良性平衡。
【参考译文】
71. They say toothache is nothingserious, but once it hurts, it kills. I had a sudden toothache the other day,so, randomly I took some pain killers, hoping to stop the pain quickly.However, with several days’ efforts, it still hurt and eventually I had to goto the dentist.
（“牙疼不是病，但疼起来真要命”翻译为“toothache is nothing serious, but onceit hurts, it kills”。）
72. Free trade means competition,and competition means being in risk, especially when it crushes the glorious ofa country. Thus, a country will make all its way to protect itself from thecrush of free trade.
（该题主要采用了顺译的方法，注意第二句中“想办法”译为“makeall its way”，“ 保护自己免遭”译为“protect itselffrom”。）
73. Whereas, after retirement,social security benefits occupy only 40% of the average income of the commonpeople. According to most financial advisers, however, to lead a comfortableretiring life, retirees need 70%—80% of their incomeswhen they were working.
（第一句中“取代”译为“occupy”，第二句中使用“according to”短语，意思为“根据……”，并使用不定式“to lead a comfortable retiring life”作目的状语。）
74. Most unhappy experiences withothers are mindless, and can be remedied easily by keeping an unprejudiced,open and honest communication. A common sense of courtesy is a valuableadvantage, because in many situations, a second chance may be impracticable.
（第一句中的“无心的”译为“mindless”，“补救”译为“be remidied”。第二句中“礼节性常识”翻译为“a common senseof courtesy”。）
75. Let’s justsay that while sharing is indeed a virtue, over-sharing, especially on socialmedia platforms, can not only sour friendships but also hurt career prospects.People need to maintain a good balance between their private life and their professionallife, between sharing and showing off, and between goodwill and annoyances.
（第一句使用了notonly…but also…句型，其中“伤害友情”翻译为“sourfriendship”，“殃及事业前途”翻译为“hurtcareer prospects”。第二句翻译时使用了三个并列的between…and…短语。）
V. Writing (20%)
Directions: Some people prefer to stayin the same job for the same company, but others prefer to change jobsfrequently. Please write a composition to discuss both sides and give your ownopinion. Your composition should be about 150 English words. Write yourcomposition on the Answer Sheet.
【参考范文】
While somepeople are frequently hopping from one job to another, others just choose tostick to their original job and stay in the same company.
For those whooften change their jobs, they can have different experiences of different jobpositions in different companies. To some degree, those experiences arebeneficial because they can have an opportunity not only to find a better job,but also to understand themselves and know what they like or don’t like.However, there do exist some disadvantages, since they lack a consistentexperience to master certain skills and the company is not sure if they can takethe responsibility to finish their job independently. Also, the company isafraid that they will leave soon, since they did so before. As to this point,those who choose to stay in the same job for the same company are moreadvisable, because they can accumulate enough experience of one certain job andalso, their company would see their loyalty and prefer to promote them ifpossible.
For me, I thinkthose who can have a worthwhile job to work a whole life are lucky. When firststepping into the job, they have had a good understanding about themselves, thejob and the company. Their job is their career. To own such a job, I think itis preferable to first choose your job cautiously, instead of throwing yourselfat the mercy of luck or fortune.
【解析】
经常换工作好还是一直待在一个公司工作好呢？题目要求对这两个方面进行讨论后再给出自己的观点。范文首段先指出这一现象：有的人频繁换工作，而有的人一直在同一个公司干着同样的工作。接着范文第二段，对这两种做法的利弊进行了比较和分析，虽然经常换工作可能意味着更多的尝试和机会，但是却不利于积累工作经验，获得公司的信任，而这恰恰是一直待在同一个公司工作的优点所在。范文最后给出自己的观点：我们应该在选择工作时就足够谨慎，因为能够拥有一份为之奋斗终生的事业是值得庆幸的事情。
下载地址:http://free.100xuexi.com/Ebook/157490.html |
|
收藏
点赞!
反对!