考研翻译： a. 弄清什么是翻译 （理论、教学、实践）/（translation、interpretation、交传、simultaneously interpretation）b. 怎么做翻译
1. 考研翻译中英汉语语言特点
1）形合与意合 2）繁复与简短
3）被动与主动 少用被字 4）抽象与具体 根据汉语习惯增加表示范畴和概念的词来解释具体
Evolution:进化 find 发现(成果、结果) tension:缓解中东的紧张（形势、局面）must(必去的地方/景点)past(过去的情况、现象、景象)
2. 考研翻译的题型、题型特点、考试内容和评分标准
1）考研翻译的题型
2）考研翻译的题型特点划线句子是长难句，一般35词
3）考研翻译的考试内容
（1）考察专有名词（人名、地名、国家名称、术语98年big bang 大爆炸理论常识性）、词组（inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论operational research expert运筹学专家）多义词（school学派life生命生活熟词生义set:集合offend:排污超标）生词
（2）考察一般性翻译技巧：a)词义选择：分析词根词缀multimedia determinism(决定论)、分析上下文、根据汉语习惯搭配来翻译、寻找汉语同义词翻译 aspect问题elegant 完善的，完美的
b)词序调整：中英文词序不对等
c)词性转换：介词换动词，名词换动词（emphasis）
d)生词法
(3)考察具体句型的翻译步骤和方法：定语 状语 宾语 主语 表语 同位语 并列 比较 倒装 插入 强调 被动 否定 形式主语 there be
4）考研翻译的评分标准：分段给分 微观评分 综合扣分
3. 考研翻译解题中的常见问题（只可意会不可言传、表达不清）和应对策略
理解的关键在于理解英语的语法结构；表达的关键在于用汉语习惯来调整和翻译
4. 考研翻译的步骤、标准和方法 (严复：信、达、雅)
标准：准确、通顺、完整
步骤：通读全句，准确理解
分析成分，划分意群
选择词义，贴切表达
适当调整，书写译文
One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind（心理状态）, feelings, traits of character(性格特征), human nature, and so on.一个困难在于几乎所有（全部）所谓的行为科学——一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部根据心理状态、情感、性格特征、人性等来寻找行为的根源——to:according to——
Trace to :find the original thing according to sth
The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recongnized and studied.得以认识 加以研究
Formula molecule formula(分子式)
Nasdaq 纳斯达克 hedge fund对冲基金 nikki index
同声传译：（1）翻译思维训练 （2）跟读训练：跟读汉语，跟读英语 （3）影子训练（shadow training）读完英语说答案
定语从句 其有两种翻译方法： 绝对重点、考点
1.前置：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词前面。 (short)
Furthermore, humans have the ability to/ modify the environment/ in which they live,/ thus subjecting all other life forms to /their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
而且，therefore,hence,thus
Subject(1)n:科目课程主题,对象New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to newstandards of elegance.
（2）使…服从于life forms生命形式
代词所指，首先指代明确，常常往前看。遵循就近和一致原则。
万不得已，仍用代词翻译或者可以用“这种情况/说法/观点”来翻译
But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past（过去的情景）, for what they were seeing were the patterns（形状） and structures that existed 15 billion years ago
还原强调部分后，直接翻译
How well（在多大程度上） the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it（指代information） is interpreted.(解释信息)
This trend began during the Second World War, when（当时） several governments came to the conclusion （得出结论）that the specific demands （that a government wants to make） of its scientific establishment（机构） cannot generally be foreseen in detail.（详细预见）
同位语从句的翻译：加“:”
同位语从句与定语从句的区别：同位语从句是一句完整的话，不缺少任何成份；定语从句的 先行词的数量很多，而同位语的先行词数量则很少，常用的有 news、fact、conclusion、idea、 suggestion等
定语从句需前置： 如果定语从句结构简单， 信息负载量不大， 并且与先行词的关系比较密切，翻译时前置。
定语从句后置需要重复先行词。
2.后置：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面。 (long)
人名地名1、遵照习惯2、根据音译 Cliton
（1）Pearson has pieced together（已经汇集了） the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce(编定、编制) a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest（最晚的、最迟的） dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
（2）Actually（事实并非如此）, it isn't(这种说法是错误的), because it assumes（假设） that there is an agreed（一致的） account（认识） of human rights, which（an agreed account） is something (无需翻译)the world does not have（存在）.
（3）There will be television chat shows(电视聊天节目，不能用“秀”) hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that（cars） will disable（不能运行，行使） them when they offend(污染超标，违规)
时态的翻译：增词法
1.所有跟过去相关的时态增加“过去” 、“一直” 、“已经”还有“了” ；
2.所有跟进行相关的时态常常用“正在”
3.所有跟将来相关的时态用“将”、“将要/将会”、“就要”
Digital age will have arrived.届时数字时代到来。 Short屹立 相形见绌monk和尚
there be句型的翻译：通常用“有”来翻译
1.用英语原文中的状语作汉语译文的主语，再加“有”
2.加汉语的泛指主语，如“人们” 、 “大家” 、 “每一个人” 、 “我们”
3.直接翻译“有” ，翻译成汉语的无主句 （有、出现、存在）
There will be a warm winter.
（4）"In short", a leader of the new school(学派) contends（说，指出，认为）, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded（拓展） the reach（领域） of science in innumerable directions." 73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.
常考动词：contend argue assert claim allege mentain
长句猜意
拆分与组合：拆出主句，分清从句
拆出主干，分清层次
六个拆分点：1.连词；2.引导词；3.介词；4.分词；5.to；6.标点 7单个单词不能拆分
拆分的法则：语法；组合的法则：汉语习惯。
Social science is that branch of intellectual（知识分子） enquiry（研究） which seeks to study humans and their endeavors（行为） in the same reasoned（理性的）, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned（冷静的客观的） manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. （方式状语）
小结：
定语从句后置： 如果定语从句结构复杂， 信息负载量比较大， 并且与先行词的关系不太密切，翻译时后置。这时通常需要重复先行词或者用代词代替重复先行词。
2003年和 2001年英译汉评分标准
2003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
英语试卷评分执行细则
一、英译汉
评分标准说明
1．如果句子译文扭曲原文意思，该句得分最多不得超过 0.5 分。
2．如果某考生给出两种或两种以上的译法，若均正确，给分；若其中一种译法错误，不给分。
3．汉语错别字，不个别扣分，按整篇累计扣分。在不影响意思的前提下，满三个错别字扣0.5 分。
各句的分数段划分如下：
61Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live,
(1) (2)
thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
(3) (4)
（1）、（2）、（3）、（4）各 0.5分。
答案：而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境， 从而让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。
可接受的译法 不可接受的译法
（1）●furthermore:
另外；并且；更进一步来说；甚至；不仅如此；此外
●modify: 改善；改进；改造。 ●进而；确切地说；不久的将来
●美化；去适应；影响；看清；控制；调适
（2）subject ... to ...
使……服从于……
使……承受……
使……都符合……
使……按照……来改变
按照……将……进行改造
使……与……一致
使……适应……
●other life forms
其它生命形式；其它生命形态；其它形式的生命。 ●依据……制定……
其它……形成了……
将……都纳入……
以……反抗……
将……转变成……思想和想象力
随着……支持……
根据……追求其它生活方式
希望……形成
●其它的生活方式；其它生活模式。
整句示例：
1．另外，人类具有调适生活的能力，这样，易于反对所有其他的生命形式进入他们自己奇观的思想和幻想中。
2．并且，人类具有能力改变和适应他们的环境，其它的生命形式也适应人类的愿望和爱好。 （0.5 分）
3．更进一步说，人们有改变他们所生活的环境的能力，这使得人们随着他们的想法和爱好来安排其他所有的生活方式。（1 分）
4．不仅如此，人类还有改造他们所处的环境的能力，这就是以人类自身所特有的观念和喜好来改造其他所有生命形式。（1.5 分）
5．而且，人类还有改造他们所居住的环境的能力，这样，使其他的生命都服从于他们特有的思维和想法。（2 分）
短语作定语
1.分词短语作定语 Additional social tresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass（大量，另有大众之意mass-communications） migration movements （大量人口流动）— themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
Astrophysicists(cosmos cosmic cloud) working with ground-based（以地面为基础的，陆基） detectors(探测器) at the South Pole and balloon-borne（bear携带承担忍受）球载仪器 instruments are closing in on（研究观察）（文曲星解释：包围围绕逼近） such structures, and may report their findings soon.
The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to （采用）the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. 强调…加上….
Tylor defined culture as "... that complex whole（复合体） which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits (acquired by man as a member of society.")
2.不定式短语作定语
分词短语作定语和不定式短语作定语常常翻译到中心词前面，但少数情况下可以放到不定式后面，直接翻译成动词短语
Galileo's greatest glory(成就) was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth
3.介词短词作定语 总是翻译在中心词前 Children will play with dolls（玩具娃娃） equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built（内置） personalities will be regarded as workmates（工作伙伴） rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television（人们将在气味电视前休闲）, and digital age will have arrived.（届时）
4.形容词短语作定语 总是翻译在中心词前
There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts（特有概念） peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques（技术、技巧、方法） appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.是什么还是什么人们还没有达成共识
As 的用法
（1）Under modern conditions, this requires varying（不同） measures of centralized control（中央控制的） and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.(运筹学家)（先翻译such as ）(as用法：表举例、固定状语、补足语)(like)
（2）If the small hot spots look as expected（如人们所料 as is mentioned abover如上所述）, that will be a triumph for yet(不表转折不用翻译)another scientific idea, a refinement（更为完善的） of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.
专有名词：非典（SARS）禽流感（Avian flu）Mad cow disease(疯牛病)foot and mouth(口蹄疫)Anthrax(炭疽菌)
（3）作为：Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
（4）比较结构
1）as as
While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians(几乎每个历史学家对历史学都有自己的定义), modern practice most closely conforms to one（不定代词，可单可复，one of the definitions） that sees history as the attempt to recreate(再现) and explain the significant events（历史事件） of the past.
2）not so much as
Science moves forward, they say, not so much through（由于） the insights（洞察力） of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.（之所以，与其说，不如说）
3） rather than
I would die rather than surrender(与其说后面的不如说前面的)
When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning（道德推力） in action（在起作用）, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. （尽量少用“被”字）
4）less and more
Interest in historical methods（历史研究方法） has arisen （人们对..产生兴趣）less through （由于，因为）external challenge（置疑） to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline（知识学科） and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.（之所以，与其说， 不如说）
cross/inter disciplinary sociology（社会学）psychology（心理学） anthropology(人类学家)psychiatry(精神病学)linguistics(语言学)aesthetics(美学)fine art(美术)
5）some others
Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.(科学在某种程度上自我加速的特定发展的合理结果)
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe longbefore people realized how diverse languages could be.
被动句：常常翻译成主动句，可以作主宾颠倒，省略被字，直接转化，但有时候仍然可以用“被、受到、得到、加以、得以、为什么所、由什么来、是什么的”
（1）主宾颠倒
It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset; it invites（使） you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration（ humans extend to other humans）（人类对待自己）, or with no consideration at all.
Whether the Government should increase the financing（财政投入） of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa （相反，反之亦然）often depends on the issue of which（疑问代词） is seen as the driving force.（宾语从句）（人们把哪一个看作驱动力量）
Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.（in which 作定语从句）
Etc（等等） etal(以及其它)
However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle(一般而言) unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating（引人入胜的） and delightful（令人欣喜的） aspects.（问题）
（2）直接转化为主动Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to（接受） new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to（不得不） introduce still further innovations（采取更进一步的革新措施） for the reasons given above.
in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization — with all the far-reaching changes（变革） in social patterns that followed — was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
（3）省略“被”字
During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies（新的历史研究方法） designed to（旨在） interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
（4）有时也需加上“被”字
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.
多重并列定语 一层一层翻译
形式主语
通常当作固定短语翻译到整个句子最前面
Furthermore, it is obvious（显而易见） that the strength of country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry（工农业）, and that this in turn rests upon（取决于） the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.（科技人员）
插入结构：直接翻译，但有时还须放到整个句子最前面翻译
Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of "set" in mathematics,is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of(一些) concrete research and understanding.
A certain amount of 一定量的
The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign（地位、统治） as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
放在前面的
Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
"In short", a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions."
But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration:（人合机器） "It will be the beginning of the long process of integration（漫漫长路的第一步） that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human（完全电子人） before the end of the next century." （在下个世纪末之前导致…的产生）
状语和状语从句
英语中，常常可以直接翻译但是通常需要把时间、条件、让步、目的和原因状语从句翻译到主句之前，状语的最恰当位置应该是在汉语中主语之后动词之前，时间在前，地点在后
And home appliances will also become so smart（智能化） that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder（心理紊乱） —— kitchen rage.（厨房狂躁症）（结果状语从句，如此，以至于）
Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior （行为的研究方法）will continue to be rejected（排斥）, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.（will continue to be rejected） （时间状语从句）(如果这些问题的不到解决，…随之的是唯一解决问题的方法也将..)
如何理解句子的成分：
1、分析词性
2、做基础语法判断
The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed(一知半解) or incompetent users（无能的使用者）.(没有注意到错误)
In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities（特征体质） to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.
A lady of quality(贵妇人)
如果分词短语作状语，在英语句子最前面的时候，常常需要增加逻辑主语再翻译
Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.（动物没有道德选择）
倒装结构：
常常还原到正常语序后再翻译
Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation（宇宙膨胀理论） is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics（基本粒子物理学）, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons(禁锢) the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.
并列结构
They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory（自主人）, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements（因其成就获得信任）
Give credit for 因…而获得赞扬
This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount(某些研究) of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
需要看上下文的情况：
代词，尤其是划线句子主语是代词
划线句子出现生词
（fallacy谬误）It applies equally to（存在于） traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.（前者…后者）
Axiomatic（不言自明，毋须征明） paradox(自相矛盾，悖论)
New forms of thought as well as new subjects(对象) for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to newstandards of elegance
Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation（在特殊情况下） depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity（相对效度） and upon such factors as cost and availability.
英语中的并列结构是指两个获两个以上的并列成分，有明显的连词标记或标点符号连接，翻译的时候常常重复其并列部分。如果并列结构后面有东西修饰的时候，常常修饰整个并列。
否定结构：
1. 部分否定及在否定句中出现both all every each 翻译为“并非所有”all the glitters are not gold
2. 形式否定内容肯定（1）nothing but=绝对是
(2)can not….too 越什么越好
3. 形式肯定内容否定（1）anything but=决不
（2）fail neglect refuse… from 没有，不
练习：1.练习时间:20min one sentence
2.题的来源：基础段：阅读题：a、卡表做3-5min练习b、8-10min仔细弄懂句子c、3-5min对答案（周雷、范猛、金大伟）（考研阅读真题注释与长难句解析）
强化段：90-07年17年的题做一遍
冲刺段：翻译真题中未划线的句子（考研英语拆分 唐静）
[ 本帖最后由 海豚宝贝 于 2007-4-24 07:40 PM 编辑 ] |
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[s:2]