第一篇 语 法 结 构第一章 时 态
内 容 提 要
一般现在时表示现在、经常或习惯的动作或状态和普遍现象、常识或客观真理；一般过去时用于过去某一时间内发生的或过去习惯性的动作或状态；一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，将来打算做的事情；现在完成时表示过去发生的动作造成目前的结果和对现在造成的影响或表示从过去延续至今的动作、状态和习惯等；将来完成时表示将来某时之前业已完成或发生的事情；过去完成时表示过去某时间之前已经发生的动作或状况，即过去的过去。注意每一种时态与其他时态的交叉使用情况。英语共有十六种时态，其表现形式如下(以study为例)：
一般时 进行时 完成时 完成进行时
现在 studystudies am studyingis studyingare studying have studiedhas studied have been studyinghas been studying
过去 studied was studyingwere studying had studied had been studying
将来 shall studywill study shall be studyingwill be studying shall have studiedwill have studied shall have been studyingwill have been studying
过去将来 should studywould study should be studyingwould be studying should have studiedwould have studied should have been studyingwould have been studying
但考试中出现的一般有以下几种。
第一节 一般现在时 一、表示一般性或经常发生的动作或状态
In general ［A］ ， newspapers emphasize current news， whereas ［B］ magazines dealt ［C］ more with ［D］ background materials.
The adult mosquito usually lives for about ［A］ thirty days， although ［B］ the life span varied ［C］ widely with temperature， humidity， and other ［D］ factors of the environment.
Industrial buyers ［A］ are responsible ［B］ for supplying ［C］ the goods and services that an organization required ［D］ for its operations.
二、表示习惯性动作和状态或普遍的现象或常识
It is an accepted ［A］ custom in west countries that ［B］ men removed ［C］ their hats when a woman enters ［D］ the room.
Certain layers of the atmosphere have special names _____ .［A］which indicated their character properties ［B］whose characteristic properties were indicating［C］what characterize their indicated properties ［D］that indicate their characteristic properties
三、表示客观事实、客观规律和客观真理。在宾语从句中，即使主句的谓语动词用了过去时，只要从句表示的是客观真理，从句的谓语动词也要用一般现在时
The teacher told them since ［A］ light travels faster than ［B］ sound, lightning appeared ［C］ to go before ［D］ thunder.
As ［A］ a child, I was told that ［B］ the planet earth, which has ［C］ its own satellite, the moon, moved ［D］ round the sun.
四、祈使句必须用动词原形，其否定结构用“don't＋动词原形”，如：Go and fetch some water. ／ Don't do that.五、在反义疑问句中，如果主句用肯定句，那么，反问句用否定形式；如果主句用否定形式，那么，反问句就用肯定形式。而且前后在时态上要一致。但祈使疑问句用won't you?进行反问。
如：See a film tonight, won't you?[WT6BZ]注：① 祈使句后边可用附加疑问句，以加强语气。如果祈使句用肯定形式，附加疑问句用否定形式；如果祈使句用否定形式，附加句用肯定形式；如： Come here next Sunday, won't you? ／ Don't tell it to anyone, will you? ② 但如果祈使句的前一句有了表示强烈[ZZ(]肯定[ZZ)]的语言环境，即使祈使句用了肯定形式，其附加成分也可以用“will you”(表示肯定，如果是在口语中用降调)。如：Give me the book, will you?
六、例题解析
C错。“in general”表示“一般”，所以主句用一般现在时，并列从句的谓语也是表示一般性，所以C处也应用一般现在时，故将其改为deal，而不是过去时dealt。
C错。本句的主从句中的“usually”表示“经常”，用一般现在时；而让步状语从句的谓语也是表示同一情况，所以也应当用一般现在时。故把C处的 varied改为varies。
D错。本句表述的是一般状况，前面的主句用的是现在时，后面的定语从句也应用现在时，应将required改为 requires。
C错。这里“it”是形式主语，代表主语从句“that…”，既然主句表示习惯(“an accepted custom”)，那么谓语就应当用一般现在时，而不能用过去时。所以将C处的removed改为remove。
D为正确答案。本句表述的也是自然现象，主句和从句都应用一般现在时，故A和B都不对；C不合语法，以“what”引导的从句不能作定语，只有D正确，这里“that”引导定语从句，修饰前边的名词“names”。
C错。本句宾语从句所表述的是客观事实，即“…light travels faster than sound,”虽然主句谓语动词用的是过去式“told”，从句也要用一般现在时，所以把C处的appeared改为appears。
D错。虽然主句的主语用了过去时“was told”，其宾语从句表示的是“地球绕着太阳转”这一客观规律，所以将D处的moved改为moves。注意：不能将C处的has改为had，因为这也是表示客观事实，也得用一般现在时。
第二节 一般过去时
一、一般过去时主要表示过去某一时刻发生的动作或情况，句中通常有表示过去某一时刻的状语 a day ago, last week, in 1996, during the night, in anceint times等，表示“过多少时间之后”用after, 但在现在完成时中用in, 如in the past few years等
How many people remember ［A］ listening ［B］ to Orson Welles' 1938 radio broadcast ［C］ ， “ The War of the Worlds”， which convince ［D］ thousands that space aliens(外星人) had invaded the Earth?
The instructor had gone over ［A］ the problems many times ［B］ before ［C］ the students will take ［D］ the final examination.
Anthropologists agree ［A］ that our primitive ancestors ［B］ who inhabit ［C］ the tropics probably have natural protection against ［D］ the Sun.
二、例题解析
D错，改用过去时 convinced，因此处表述的是过去(1938年)所发生的情况，而现在则不是这样。“which”引导的从句修饰“…1938 radio breadcast”。
D错。由于主句使用的是过去完成时，表示在 过去 的某一动作发生之前，本句中的“before…”从句引导一个表示过去的时间状语。所以状语从句的谓语应用过去时态，应把将来时“will take”改为一般过去时took，以便和主句的过去完成时呼应。
C错，改为inhabited，既然是“我们的祖先 居住 的热带地区”，“居住”这一动作发生在过去，所以要用过去时。这里也要提醒大家：做语法题不仅要看特定的提示词如时间状语等，关键还在于读懂句子的意思。如，虽然本句的主语还是同一表示过去的名词主语“primitive ancestors”，其谓语动词就用现在时“have”。“我们的祖先有……”，这里的“有”，是现在我们看来的一种事实，所以用一般现在时。
第三节 一般将来时
一、一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或状况
But the weather experts ［A］ are now paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected ［B］ by only a few degrees of warming: in other words, by a warming on the scale that would ［C］ possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning ［D］ of fuels.(92年阅读理解题)
If traffic problems are not solved soon ［A］ ， driving ［B］ in ［C］ cities becomes ［D］ impossible.
二、在表示时间和条件的状语从句中，一般现在时代替一般将来时。这些时间副词有when, as soon as等，表示条件的连词有if,as long as等(参见“第十四章第二节”)。
A desert area that has been ［A］ without water ［B］ for six years will still ［C］ bloom when rain will come ［D］ .
Come and see me whenever _____ .(84年考题)［A］ you are convenient ［B］ you will be convenient［C］ it is convenient to you ［D］ it will be convenient to you
The task is extremely difficult. If no one _____ able to do it, we will have to find somebody else.［A］ were ［B］ was ［C］ is ［D］ would注意：如果这些副词或连词引导的是名词从句作宾语而不是状语从句时，这些名词从句的谓语动词则用该用的时态：I don't know when he will come.而且表示将来的助动词will还可以用以条件从句中，译为“愿意、肯”等。
三、一些表示方向及变化的瞬间动词可用进行时或现在时表示将要发生的动作
We leave (are leaving) for California the day after tomorrow.我们(计划)后天动身去加利福尼亚州。May I have your attention please. The plane for Wuhan is about to take off.请注意，飞往武汉的飞机就要起飞了。
四、另外，“be +to ＋动词原形”也可表示打算做的事，还可表示责任、意向和可能性
You are to follow the doctor’s advice.你应遵从医嘱。No shelter was to be seen.找不到避难处。
五、例题解析
C错，改为will。本题有表示将来的时间状语“in the next fifty years…”，所以谓语用一般将来时。
D错。由于从句中有表示时间的状语“soon”(不久，不远的将来)，主句的谓语也是在这一时间发生，所以要用将来时，那么D改为will become。
D错。本句主语是A desert area…will still bloom，状语从句是由when引导，表示“雨季到来时”，从句的谓语应用一般现在时表示将来，所以将C处的will come改为comes。
正确答案为C。本题除了时态上的问题(即不用一般将来时)之外还涉及到主语和它的表语的逻辑问题。根据上述语法特点，首先排除B和D；题中“convenient”是“方便的”之意。虽然汉语“在你方便的时候”，似乎“方便”的主语是“你”，但在英语中就不是那么回事儿，“convenient”的英文的解释是“(sth) suited to personal ease or comfort or to easy performance of some act or function”(某事或物对某人来说感到舒适或容易作)，其主语应是“物”而不是“人”。本题应选C。所以学英语时，不仅要懂英语单词的汉语译文，更重要的是掌握英语单词的内涵与用法。建议身边备一个“英英”字典，如Longman Dictionary of Comtempory English。
C为正确答案。理由同上。
第四节 现在完成时
一、现在完成时的构成式是have(has)＋动词的ED分词
Research ［A］ in molecular(分子的) biology has demonstrate ［B］ phenomenal similarities ［C］ between ［D］ humans and apes(类人猿).
Gore Vidal has steadily pursue ［A］ a literary career ［B］ remarkable ［C］ for its productivity， versatility(多样性) and unpredictability ［D］ (多变性).
For centuries large communities of people have living ［A］ on houseboats in parts ［B］ of the world where ［C］ the climate is warm and the waters are calm ［D］ .
二、现在完成时表示到现在为止的一段时间内发生的情况或动作，强调的是对现在的影响，可能是已完成的动作，也可表示多次动作的总和，或习惯性的行为和持续的动作
Ninetyeight percent of all animal species ［A］ in ［B］ history had ［C］ died out ［D］ .
The domestic ［A］ dog， considered to be the first tamed animal， is coexisting ［B］ with human beings since ［C］ the days of the cave dwellers ［D］ (居住者).
三、如果句中有表示到现在为止这段时间的状语时，用现在完成时，这些时间状语有 now, today, this week, this month, this year，现在完成时不和表示具体的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year等，但可以和always, before, just, in／during the past(few weeks, years, fifty years)连用，这时in表示“过去多少时间”，不能用after
Industrial ［A］ management is the aspect ［B］ of business ［C］ management that was ［D］ most prominent in the United States in the past eight years.
Learning a foreign language is especially ［A］ difficult for those ［B］ who had ［C］ never learned one before ［D］ .
四、在有already, as yet, yet, ever, just, never 这类副词作状语的情况下，用现在完成时
In just ［A］ the last ［B］ few years， football is become ［C］ more popular than baseball in that country ［D］ .
Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has _____ been possible before.［A］ ever ［B］ everest［C］ more［D］ most
President Andrew Jackson was a controversial ［A］ figure in his own ［B］ day and is one ［C］ ever since ［D］ .
五、有“since＋时间点，for＋一段时间”引导的状语时，主句谓语用现在完成时态
Jekyll Island has been one ［A］ of Georgia’s state ［B］ parks ［C］ in ［D］ 1954.
He is ［A］ in this country now ［B］ for five years， but he makes ［C］ no attempt to speak ［D］ our language.
The Browns ［A］ are living a hard ［B］ life because Mr. Brown has been unemployed ［C］ since ［D］ half a year.
六、现在完成时用于将来的情况，即主语为一般将来时，时间和条件从句中的谓语用现在完成时(而不能用将来完成时)表示将来某时完成的动作
Smith is to study medicine as soon as he _____ military service.［A］ will finish［B］ has finished［C］ finish［D］ would finish
Once you _____ that brand of whisky, you will never want to drink any other.［A］ drunk［B］ have drunk［C］ will drink［D］ drank
七、例题解析
1.B错，改为has demonstrated。 2. A错，改为pursued。 3. A错，改为have lived。
4.C错。本句的汉语意思是“历史上90%的动物种类已经灭绝”，表示到现在为止“已经”发生的事，而且还在延继下去。所以时态应该用现在完成时。表示在过去的某一时间之前已经完成的动作才用过去完成时，所以本题应把C处的had改为have。
5.B错。应改为现在完成时has coexisted，因为本句表示到现在为止这段时间内发生的情况(持续性的)，最关键的是抓住句中的状语“since…dwellers”(自从…到现在)。
6.D错，改为has been。 7.C错，改为have。 8.C错，改为has become。 9.A为正确答案。
10.C错。since在本句中是副词，意思是“从那时到现在”， ever亦为副词修饰 since，起强调作用，因此本句应用现在完成时，将“is one”改为“ has been one”。
11.D错。in 1954表示的是确定的某个时刻(过去)，但由于句中的谓语动词所使用的是现在完成时，所以应将介词in改为 “since”。“ since 1954”表示“从1954年以来”，本句的谓语动词用现在完成时。
12.A错，改为has been。 13.D错，改为for。
14.正确答案是B。主句用的是将来时“…be about to”，时间状语从句由as soon as引导，四个选项中，用现在完成时表示将来要完成的动作最合适。所以B为正确答案。
15.正确答案是B。由于主句用的是一般将来时，“Once…”引导的时间状语从句中应该用现在完成时，所以B为正确答案。
第五节 将来完成时和过去完成时
一、将来完成时表示将来某时业已发生的动作和情况，或已经存在的状态
By the end of this month, the generating set _____ for a whole year.［A］ will run ［B］ has run ［C］ runs ［D］ will have run
二、过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻之前业已发生了的动作或现象，句中通常会出现有表示过去某一时刻的时间状语
Although she _____ law for only a little over eight years， Florence Allen became in 1922 the first woman to sit on a state supreme court. ［A］ will practice ［B］ practices ［C］ had practiced ［D］ has been practicing
Before 1970 many ［A］ technological advances have been made ［B］ in the field of computer science， which ［C］ resulted in more efficient ［D］ computers.
三、例题解析
正确答案 是D。“By the end of this month”表示将来的某一时间，到那时业已完成的动作应用将来完成时，所以选D为正确答案。
C为正确答案。本句的主句有表示过去某刻的时间状语in 1922，用的是过去时，而空白处应填入在1922年前已发生的动作(从事律师业8年多)，故应使用过去完成时。
B错，改为had been made，因为本句明显表示过去某刻之前( before 1970)业已发生的情况。
第六节 进 行 时 态
一、现在进行时表示现在或现阶段进行的动作，但也和always, constantly, forever等频度副词连用表示一个经常进行的动作或现在存在的状态
Because of ［A］ the effects of tidal friction(摩擦力)， the earth’s rotation， which forms ［B］ the basis for time units， is ［C］ gradually slow down ［D］ .
All things ［A］ consist of ［B］ atoms or molecules，which be ［C］ constantly moving ［D］ .
二、瞬间动词和一些表示状态及感觉的动词一般不用进行时，而用一般现在时或一般过去时代替。这些动词包括：appear(显然), arrive, be, come, desire, go, find, hate, hope, join, know, leave, like, love, join, possess, start, sail, see, suggest, taste, think(认为), understand等，类似的动词还有belong to， consist of，seem(似乎)等
He was seeing ［A］ somebody creeping ［B］ into the house through ［C］ the open ［D］ window last night.
Among ［A］ the most important ［B］ jazz innovators ［C］ in the twentieth century are being ［D］ Louis Armstrong， Fletcher Henderson， Duke Ellington， and Dizzy Gillespie.
三、过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时表示到过去的某一时间点或某一时间段里一直在进行的动作或行为
They received the parcel that they _____ for a long time.［A］ expected ［B］ have expected ［C］ had been expecting ［D］ had expectedThere is a wellknown incident in one of Moliere′s plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose during the whole of his life.(93年翻译)
四、例题解析
1.D错。slow只有作为不及物动词用时才与up或down连用，表示“慢慢向上”或“慢慢向下”。所以我们说，这里的slow是动词而不是形容词，应将动词slow后边加上“ing”，改为(is) slowing down，构成现在进行时。
2.C错，改为are。 3.A错，改为saw。 4.D错，改为are。 5.C为正确答案。
第一篇 语 法 结 构第二章 被 动 语 态
内 容 提 要
英语中的语态分主动语态和被动语态两种。英语中只有及物动词、动词短语和某些成语才能构成被动语态。被动语态的构成形式为“be＋动词的ED分词”。在下列情况下用被动语态：不知道或不必要提出动作的执行者；强调动作的承受者；“get＋动词ED分词”是被动词的特殊形式；某些系动词用主动表示被动；表示状态或特征的及物动词没有被动语态。总之，主动语态和被动语态是有一定区别的。
第一节 被动语态的构成
被动语态的构成形式为“be＋动词的ED分词”，随时态的不同，“be”发生相应的变化，下表是be在英语八种被动时态中的变化形式
一 般 完 成 进 行
现在 am，is，are + told have(has) been + told am，is，are + being told
过去 was，were+told had been + told was，were + being told
将来 will(shall) be + told
过去将来 would(should) be + told
第二节 被动语态的用法
一、当我们不知道动作的执行者时
Colorful posters were _____ in San Francisco in the 1960s to publicize rock shows. ［A］ print ［B］ prints ［C］ printed ［D］ printing
The main ［A］ stream of a river frequently is dividing ［B］ into two or more ［C］ branches near its mouth ［D］ .
二、当我们不必要指出动作的执行者时
3. The tenor drum(小鼓) is used primarily in military bands and is normally _____ with small felt sticks. ［A］ play ［B］ played ［C］ to play ［D］ playing
4. I’ll take down your name and address in case you _____ as a witness.［A］ are needed ［B］ will be needed ［C］ need ［D］ will need
5. Cottage cheese， an American favorite ［A］ ， can made easily ［B］ at home ［C］ from milk ［D］ ，lemon， juice， and salt.
三、当我们强调或侧重动作的承受者时,这时我们通常用by引出动作的执行者
6.The seating of musicians in an orchestra is arranged _____ to produce the desired blend of sounds from the various musical sections.[A] the conductor of [B] from the conductor[C] the conductor and [D] by the conductor
7.The bridge was hitting ［A］ by a large ship during ［B］ a sudden ［C］ storm last ［D］ week.
四、“get＋ed分词”的被动语态,这时习惯固定用法，这种结构往往更强调动作的结果而非动作的本身
8."Your daughter has two children, doesn’t she?”“That’s right. She _____ in 1970.”［A］ did marriage ［B］ was married ［C］ had married ［D］ got married
9.Supposing you _____ five bottles of beer, do you think you would get drunk?［A］ were drinking ［B］ have drunk ［C］ were to drink ［D］ drink
五、主动形式表示被动意义,如某些系动词如cook, feel, prove, smell和taste等其主动语态表示被动的意义
10.The pattedshoes that my wife bought me _____ comfortable.［A］ felt［B］ feels［C］ was felt ［D］ is felt
11.As ［A］ the proverb says ［B］ , “ Good medicine is tasted ［C］ bitter to ［D］ the mouth.”
六、没有被动语态的词， 表示状态或特征的及物动词如contain, cost, fit, have, lack, suit等没有被动形式，另外，诸如happen, occur, take place, break out 等不及物动词或短语以及诸如result from(缘于)，belong to, consist of等只用主动语态，而不用被动语态
12.Some critics maintain that when ［A］ a work of literature is lacked ［B］ reference to ［C］ the general experience of mankind， it fails as art ［D］ .
13.The book that I bought ［A］ the day before ［B］ yesterday is costed ［C］ me twenty and a half yuan ［D］ . ［注］除此之外，某些词如反身代词和相互代词以及ING和不定式不能作为被动语态的主语；某些被动语态没有相应的主动语态如“I was born in 1966.”。另外有些ED分词已失去了被动的含义，它们和主语及“be”一起构成了主系表结构，如：be interested in, be concerned about, be based upon, be qualified for, be surprised at 等。穿着某种颜色的衣服一般说“be dressed in”，而不说“dress black clothes”， 但可以说“wear black clothes”。这些请大家在复习过程中也应加以注意。
七、例题解析
C为正确答案。我们不清楚是谁印的“彩色海报”。
B错，改为is divided。具体是谁把它分成两三个分支，我们并不知道。
B对。其实演奏小鼓的应是军乐队的人，但我们没必要提出来。
B为正确答案。“我”或“他人”需要“你”做证人，但“我”或“他人”没必要指出来，这里强调的是“需要”动作的承受者，而不是动作的使动者，所以用被动语态。
B错，改为can be made easily。制这种cottage cheese(酪农干酪)的人是家庭主妇或是做饭的人，这里我们也没必要指出。
D对。这里强调的是“交响乐中乐队队员的座位”是由指挥来安排的。这里不强调指挥，所以用被动语态。
A错。改为was hit。这里强调的是“桥”被撞坏后的情况，所以用被动语态，被动语态的构成是“be＋ED分词”，而不是“…＋ING”分词，所以A错。如果只表述“撞”这件事，那就不用被动语态。
D为正确答案。这里不选B就是因为get＋ED分词是惯用法。假设在没有D的情况下是可以选B的。
C为正确答案。我们需要说明的是句末的“you would get drunk”是惯用法，同时也是虚拟语气。那么虚拟式中的条件句应该用“be＋动词原形”表示将来，所以选C(关于虚拟语气将在下一章讲述)。
B为正确答案。这里的“穿起来舒服”是人穿起来舒服，那么鞋只能是被穿，但如果有上述系动词作谓语，英语习惯上用主动表示被动。
11．C错。改为tastes。“良药苦口”的“药”是被人吃的，但英语在由taste做谓语时也用主动语态表示被动。
B错。 改为lacks，因为lack没有被动语态。
C错。改为costs。
第三节 不同时态下的被动语态
一、一般现在时的被动语态
When overall exports ［A］ exceed imports ［B］ ， a country said ［C］ to have a trade ［D］ surplus.
Are all telephone numbers _____ in the directory?［A］ list ［B］ listed ［C］ listing ［D］ being listed
二、一般过去时的被动语态
The first zoological garden ［A］ in the United States ［B］ had estabilshed ［C］ in Ｐhiladelphia in 1874 ［D］ .
Ｐluto， the outermost planet of the solar system， _____ photographically in Ｍarch 1930.［A］ discovered ［B］ was discovered ［C］ by discovery ［D］ when discovered
三、一般将来时的被动语态
My pictures _____ until next week.［A］ won’t develop ［B］ aren’t developing ［C］ don’t develop ［D］ won’t be developed
Upon your graduation from school, how well will you _____ for the job that lies ahead?［A］ prepare［B］ prepared［C］ be prepared［D］ are prepared
四、现在完成时的被动语态
Farm animals ［A］ have been regardless ［B］ by nearly all societies as a valuable ［C］ economic resource ［D］ .
How many wounded ［A］ soldiers are left out ［B］ there who haven’t operated ［C］ on ［D］ yet?
五、过去完成时的被动语态
Experiments in the photography of moving objects _____ in both the Ｕnited Ｓtates and Europe well before 1900.[A] have been conducting [B] were conducting [C] had been conducted [D] being conducted
Gregory told Mary that he _____ what he was doing during the vacation.［A］ had just been asked ［B］ had just asked ［C］ was just asked ［D］ just asked
六、现在进行时的被动语态
The advantages of computerized typing ［A］ and editing ［B］ are now being extending ［C］ to all the written ［D］ languages of the world.
Conservative philosophers argue ［A］ that the very structure of society is threatening ［B］ by civil disobedience， while ［C］ humanists stress ［D］ the primacy of the individual conscience.
七、将来完成时的被动语态
Radio represtents a large part of the electromagnetic spectrum and more types of radiowaves _____ early by next century anywhere in the Galaxy.［A］ discovers ［B］ will discover ［C］ will have discovered ［D］ will have been discovered
八、被动结构句子中，动作的执行者由介词by引导短语
A letter of credit is often used to ［A］ companies to finance ［B］ the movement ［C］ of goods ［D］ between countries.
All sewing was done with ［A］ hand until ［B］ the invention of ［C］ the sewing machine in ［D］ the nineteenth century.
The ceremony ［A］ of marriage in the ［B］ Ｕnited Ｓtates can be ［C］ performed from ［D］ a justice of the peace.
九、例题解析
1. C错。被动语态的构成为“be＋ED分词”，故C应改为“(a) country is said”，由于是一般现在时，故be相应地变为is。
2. B为正确答案。空档处缺的是ED分词。
3. C错。 应改为was established。 这时表示过去(in 1874)的被动语态。
4. B为正确答案。(理由同上)
5. D为正确答案。
6. C为正确答案。当“prepare”做“使有准备，为…做准备”讲时，一般用被动语态，如：Be prepared against war, be prepared against natural disaster, and do everthing for the people. 备战备荒为人民。 be well prepared for sth. 对做某事有充分准备。 prepare sb. to hear the news 使某人对这消息有思想准备。
7. B错。改为regarded。be regarded as “被当做”，用被动语态，再者，B后有被动语态引导使动者的介词by。
8. C错。改为have not been operated。这里who引导的是定语从句修饰“soldiers”，同时它也是soldiers的先行词。伤兵是被做手术，所以用被动语态。
9.C对。“实验”(experiments)只能被人做，故只能用被动语态，符合此条件的只有C，而D 构成上有误。本句的时间状语为“before 1900”，因此从时态上说选C，应当用过去完成时。
10.A为正确答案。因为主句谓语动词用了过去式，宾语从句中应该用过去完成时，同时又是被动语态，所以选A。
11.C错。改为ED分词“extended”，本句为现在进行时的被动语态，故其构成为“am／is／are being＋ED分词”。
12.B错。本句应用被动语态，因为“社会结构(structure of society)”本身不可能发出“威胁”这个动作， 它只能受到外界的威胁，注意后面“by短语”的提示，故B应改为“is being threatened”(现在进行时被动态) ，也可改为“is threatened”(一般现在时被动态) 。
13.D为正确答案。这里指的是“无线电波”能体现出大部分电磁信号频谱，到下世纪初，更多的……。到那一时刻业已能做的事，要用将来完成时，又是被动语态，所以选D。
14.A错。改为“used by ”，因为“companies(公司) ”是使用“letter of credit(信用证) ”的行为者，故应用表行为者的介词“by”。
15.A错。 改为by。
16.D错。 改为performed by。
第四节 被动语态的特殊结构
一、情态动词的被动结构由“情态动词＋be＋ED分词”构成
Ground plans and contour(等高线) maps of the Earth _____ from aerial photographs.［A］ can be drawn ［B］ can draw ［C］ to draw ［D］ drawn
When ［A］ a spinning ball bounces， some of ［B］ the energy contained in its rotation can transferr ［C］ to its energy of forward motion ［D］ .
Orchestral instruments _____ under the following types：strings，woodwind， brass， and percussion(打击乐器组).［A］ grouped ［B］ can group ［C］ can be grouped ［D］ to be grouped
二、成语动词的被动语态 这里的成语动词包括“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”和“动词＋副词＋介词”
After a heated ［A］ discussion for ［B］ a long time that afternoon, a suggestion putted forward ［C］ by ［D］ the head of the committee.
It was quite obvious that ［A］ those problems were never paid ［B］ attention ［C］ by ［D］ designers.
三、主动语态与被动语态的混淆
Highly precise ［A］ measurements have been shown ［B］ that variation in ［C］ the Earth’s rotation is largely controlled by climatic conditions ［D］ .
Great changes _____ in the city, since the reform and opening to the outside world, and a lot of factories .［A］ have been taken place, have been set up ［B］ have taken place, have been set up［C］ have taken place, have set up ［D］ were taken place, were set up
Ｍild forms of exercise can _____ some of the loss of flexibility that accompanies aging.［A］ stop ［B］ to stop ［C］ stopping ［D］ be stopped
四、例题解析
1.A为正确答案。C错。本题含有情态动词，由于主语(energy)与谓语动词(can transfer)之间存在着被动关系，所以，本句C处应改为“can be transferred”。
2.C对。判断主被动语态，关键要看主语能否发出谓语动词的动作。本句的主语“乐器”显然不能自己“分组”，是被分为…。故用被动态。
3.C错。改为was putted forward。
4.C错。改为attention to。pay attention to是一固定词组，不能丢失小品词to。
5.B错。改为“have shown”。原句主句选用了现在完成时的被动语态，而主语“测量结果”分明能自己示“show”，故应用主动语态才对。全句译为：“高度精确的测量结果显示地球转动的变化主要受气候条件的控制。”
6.B对。take place是不及物动语短语，它的主语为事或物，故用主动语态，因为有since 介词短语，所以这里用完成时，不用过去时。后半句主语factories 与谓语set up之间的关系是被动关系，故用被动语态，B 为正确答案。
7.A对。和上例相同，主语“锻炼”本身也能起到“stop…flexibility”的作用，故应选主动语态。
第一篇 语 法 结 构第三章 虚 拟 语 气
内 容 提 要
语气是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。虚拟语气表示说话者的主观愿望、假想和建议等，所说的话有的与现在事实相反，或与过去事实相反，或与将来事实相反或与将来事实可能相反。所以虚拟语气总是与假设条件句用在一起。除了if条件句外，还有几种常用的条件句，短语也可表示条件。此外，上下文也能创造虚拟的语言环境。但有时条件从句与结果主句可能发生时间不一致，有时虚拟语气会出现倒装情况。除了与条件句在一起使用的主句用虚拟语气外，有些宾语从句或表语从句也有用虚拟语气的情况。
第一节 虚拟语气的形式与基本用法
一、虚拟语气的形式 虚拟(条件)语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面四类
假设类型 条件从句谓语动词形式 主语谓语动词形式
与现在事实相反 动词的过去式(be用were而不用was) would(第一人称可用should)+动词原形
与过去事实相反 had+ -ED分词 would(第一人称可用should)+have + -ED分词
与将来事实相反 were to + 动词原形 would(第一人称可用should)+动词原形
与将来事实可能相反 should + 动词原形 would(第一人称可用should)+动词原形
二、虚拟语气的基本用法 (一) 与现在的事实相反
What type of automobile would you buy _____ ？［A］ if you have free choice to choose the cars available today ［B］ if you are free to choose among all the cars available today［C］ if all cars available were free to be chosen by you ［D］ if you were free to choose among all the cars available today
(二)与过去的事实相反(有时主句中的should have done表示责备或后悔)
_____ ，he would have come to class. ［A］ If Mike is able to finish his homework ［B］ Would Mike be able to finish his homework ［C］ If Mike could finish his homework［D］ If Mike had been able to finish his homework
If the United States had not entered the Second World War，probably the 1940 unemployment rate of 14％ _____ still further. ［A］ would rise ［B］ would risen ［C］ would have risen ［D］ had risen
Topgrade ［A］ diamonds had not ［B］ increased so sharply ［C］ in value in the late seventies ［D］ if one company had not controlled almost all of the world’s supply.
(三)与将来的事实相反
The report would be ［A］ released last January if new developments had not ［B］ made it necessary to revise all conclusions drawn from ［C］ the first series of ［D］ experiments.
It is said Tom will go to an appointment tommorrow. If he were to come tomorrow, I _____ ask him to go to your place. ［A］ will ［B］ would ［C］ shall［D］ might
If you _____ to see Mary，what would you tell her?［A］ are ［B］ will be going ［C］ must ［D］ were
(四)与将来的事实可能相反
(1) If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home. 要是万一 明天下雨，我就呆在家里不出去。 事实上 现在天气很好，明天下雨的可能性应该不大，不过也说不准。(2) If I should see her next Monday, I would tell her about it. 如果下周一我能见到她的话我就把这件事告诉她。
三、例题解析
1.D为正确答案。 2.D为正确答案。 3.C为正确答案。 4.B错。改为would have not。
5.A错。改为would have been。 6.B为正确答案。 7.D为正确答案。
第二节 虚拟语气的特殊表现形式
一、表示“好像”：除了if条件从句外，由as if和as though等引导的状语从句表示方式时，意思是“好像”,这时从句中的谓语动词应用虚拟语气。其动词形式用过去时(be用were的形式)表示所说的与现在的事实相反；用过去完成时表示所说的与过去的事实相反
Violetta has a curious ［A］ expression on ［B］ her face as though she was smiling ［C］ about something that amused her ［D］ .
二、特殊连词的需要：lest, for fear that和in case引起的从句(这时谓语多用should＋加动词原形)
We dare not play jokes on Mr. Wang lest he should become angry. (我们不敢跟王先生开玩笑，恐怕他生气。) He hurried on, lest he should drop out in the forced match. (他加紧步伐，生怕在急行军中掉队。)Every attention must be paid to him lest he (should) feel that he is inferior to my other guests. (我对他特别关照，唯恐他感觉到比我的其他客人低人一等。) He’s working hard for fear that he should fail in the exam. (他加紧学习唯恐考试不及格。)
三、介词短语表示虚拟： 有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语来表示，或通过上下文或其他方式表示出来。如 but for, but that…, in case of, otherwise, supposing, under more favourable condition, without 等表示让步假设
He worked very hard; otherwise he might have failed. (他刻苦工作，不然他就失败了。)We could have done better under more favorable conditions.(假设我们有更有利条件，我们还会做得更好。)
But for his help，I _____ . ［A］ should not have succeeded ［B］ had not succeeded ［C］ did not succeed ［D］ have not succeeded
The complex society of a modern ［A］ civilization would be ［B］ impossible not having ［C］ the art of writing ［D］ .
But that he came to help me, I _____ . ［A］ could not have succeeded［B］ did not succeed［C］ could not succeed［D］ can’t but succeed
四、虚拟错综条件句：上面几种假设类型中，主句与从句的谓语动词形式应前后呼应。但是，如果主句与从句的动作发生的时间不一致，谓语动词形式应做适当调整
If I had a bike(now), I would have lent it to you yesterday. 假如我有自行车，昨天早就借给你了。(主句与过去事实相反，从句与现在事实相反。) I am very sorry if I had done anything wrong to you, but I am sure that it was unintentional.(如果我当时对你作错了什么事，我向你表示抱歉。但我敢保证我不是故意的。)
If the United States had built more homes for poor people in 1955，the housing problems now in some parts of this country _____ so serious. ［A］ wouldn’t be［B］ will not have been［C］ wouldn’t have been［D］ would have not been
If you had not studied the problem carefully until recently， _____ . ［A］ you will find any difficulty now ［B］ you would have found any difficulty now ［C］ you would find any difficulty now ［D］ you have find any difficulty now
五、省略虚拟条件句：虚拟条件从句中的谓语动词如果是were或should(could, might), had等词时，可以省略连词If, 但要将were或should(could, might), had助动词移至主语前形成句子例装(参见第十三章“倒装句”)
_____ today, he would get there by Thursday. ［A］ He is starting out ［B］ If he starts out ［C］ Would he start out ［D］ Were he to start out.
_____ ，John would not have failed. ［A］ If he has listened to me ［B］ Had he listened to me ［C］ If he listened to me ［D］ As soon as he listened to me
_____ I known it，I should have told him. ［A］ Have ［B］ Had ［C］ Having ［D］ If
Hadn’t my car broken down，I _____ the train. ［A］ should have caught ［B］ might catch ［C］ could catch ［D］ had caught
六、例题解析
1.C错。 改为were smiling。 2.A为正确答案。 3.C错。 改为without。
4.A为正确答案。 5.A为正确答案。 6.C为正确答案。 7.D为正确答案。
8.B为正确答案。 9.B为正确答案。 10.A为正确答案。
第三节 从句中须用虚拟语气的情况
一、在wish的宾语从句中(一)动词wish后跟由that引导的宾语从句(that经常被省略)要用虚拟语气表示一种不可实现的愿望。宾语从句中用过去时(be 用were的形式)表示与现在事实相反,用过去完成时表示与过去相反
She wishes she had more money. (她真希望有更多的钱。) / I wish I didn't say that. (要是我不说这件事就好了。) / I wished I were not so worried. Then I would not have had the accident. ( 我要是不那么忧郁就好了，那也就不会发生那场事故了。)
I wish I knew ［A］ you were arriving ［B］ today. I would have met ［C］ you at ［D］ the station if I had.
She wishes that we didn’t send ［A］ her the candy ［B］ yesterday because ［C］ she’s on ［D］ a diet.
My brother is in ［A］ California on ［B］ vacation，but I wish he was ［C］ here so that he could help me repair my car ［D］ .
(二)当wish的宾语从句表示一种愿望、要求时，可用过去时，也可用would＋动词原形
I wish you would stay here longer. (我希望你在这儿多呆一会。) / She wishes you wouldn't go. (她希望你不要走。)
(三)would rather(宁愿),would sooner(宁愿), had rather(宁愿) 等词或短语后面的从句中的谓语动词应使用一般过去时表示虚拟语气，表示与过去相反的也可用过去完成时
I’d rather you _____ anything about it for the time being. ［A］ do ［B］ didn’t do ［C］ dont ［D］ didn’t
I _____ rather you did it. ［A］ had ［B］ should ［C］ shall ［D］ have
I _____ much rather it was forgotten. ［A］ will ［B］ could ［C］ would ［D］ shall
二、在某些特殊概念词的宾语从句中：一些表示提议、主张、要求、命令、紧要等概念的词语，由于它们本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气，且均以“should”表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形。这些词可分为下列几类(一)下列动词后“that”引导的宾语从句
suggest(建议)， propose (提议)， recommend(建议)， move (提议)， advise(建议)， insist(坚持)， urge(极力主张)， ask, require, request(要求), demand, desire, order, command(命令), decide, intend(打算)， prefer(宁愿)， urge(敦促)。
The chairman requested that _____ . ［A］ the members studied more carefully the problem ［B］ the problem was more carefulnessly studied ［C］ with more carefulness the problem could be studied ［D］ the members study the problem more carefully
The committee recommends that the matter _____ at the next meeting. ［A］ would be discussed ［B］ will be discussed ［C］ be discussed ［D］ may be discussed
The doctor insisted that his patient _____ . ［A］ that he not work too hard for three months ［B］ take it easy for three months ［C］ taking it easy inside of three months ［D］ to take some vacations for three months When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ” (当我建议他用刮胡膏时，他说“剃刀和水就行了”。) He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据，直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。) One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an Englishspeaking country. (我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。)
(二)下列表示主张、要求、命令、愿望、建议等概念结构后的主语从句或逻辑上的主从结构(如下列形容词作宾语从句的补足语时，这时宾语从句一般用it来代替)：这时that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用“should ＋ 动词原形”或省略should，只用动词原形
it is necessary 【 essential (重要的)， vital(极重要的，不可缺少的)，important,imperative(必须的)，urgent(紧要的)，advisable(应该的)，proper(适当的)，obligatory (必须的)，desirable(今人满意的，值得的)，appropriate(合适的)，fitting (合适的), strange (奇怪)】that…； it is(was, has been) desired 【suggested , requested, ordered , proposed, dicided】 that … .
From the standpoint of the longterm strategic interest of the West it is imperative that _____ . ［A］ their territorial unity being a safeguard ［B］ their unity is a territorial safeguard ［C］ they’re a territorial safeguard ［D］ their territorial unity be a safeguard
The irritable ［A］ sergeant was ［B］ insistent that nothing supersedes ［C］ the drilling(训练) of the forty new men ［D］ .
It is extremely ［A］ necessary that you will realize ［B］ that reading is not only ［C］ a physical ［D］ and metal process.
(三)下列表示主张、要求、命令等概念的名词后面可以跟接“that”引导的表语从句和同位语从句。这种由that引导的从句其谓语动词通常用should＋动词原形或省略should。这类词有：order, request, requiremetn, insistence，suggestion, command, necessity, importance, idea, plan, motion(提议)，proposal(建议)，recommendation(建议)，understanding(协议), resolution(决定，决议)
The judge assented to the suggestion that _____ . ［A］ both of the criminals will soon be set freedom ［B］ some of the criminals there are of guilt only ［C］ the girl was to be paroled in the custody of a welfare society［D］ the prisoner be sentenced to death
(四)在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句，我们经常用“should＋动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等
I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier. 我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。
_____ that the time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran，they would be faced by a large army? ［A］ It is believed［B］ Should they believe ［C］ They would believe［D］ If they would believe
I think it advisable that he _____ for Tokyo soon. ［A］ will leave ［B］ may leave ［C］ leave ［D］ leaves
(五)另外，在“开放式条件句”(open conditional clause)和让步状语从句中should是被省略了的。在这种情况下，如果if省略，动词be与主语的位置要倒装
If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. (任何人犯罪，法院有权起诉。) Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. (不管她是对还是错，我都会支持她的。)
_____ ,I will take her as my wife. ［A］ Were she rich or poor［B］ Being rich or poor［C］ Be she poor or rich
［D］ Whether is she poor or rich 但如果把引导词去掉，我们就要用倒装句，如上述几句可变为 Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.
三、it is (high) time，［该(必须)做……］等词或短语后面的从句中的谓语动词应使用过去时表示虚拟语气
It is high time that you went home. (你们现在必须回家了。) It is high time that this wrong spending _____ . ［A］ checks［B］ checked［C］ was checked［D］ is to check答案： C。 此外，还有省去了结果主句的虚拟结构，一般表示愿望，如： If only I were five years younger! (要是能年轻5岁就好了。) / If only she had never been married. (要是她从没有结婚就好了。)
四、例题解析
1.A错。改为had known。第二句的条件从句(if I had)其实是省略句，完整的句子应为if I had known you were rriving today，所以A处为had known。
2.A错。改为hadn’t sent。 3.错。改为were。 4.B为正确答案。
5.正确答案。 6.正确答案。 7.为正确答案。 8.正确答案。 9.正确答案。
10.D为正确答案。 11.C错。改为(should) supersede。 12.B错。改为realize。
13.D为正确答案。 14.B 为正确答案。 15.C 为正确答案。 16.C为正确答案。 |
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