Points to be Noted in the Use of the Passive Construction
1. When the agent (the doer of the action) is vague, unimportant or unknown, the phrase BY+AGENT should be omitted in the passive voice.
当行动的主体不是很清晰或是不重要时，在被动语态中BY+行动者的短语应该被省略。
For example,
Readers must not take away books in the Reference Library. (active)
Books in the Reference Library must not be taken away. (passive：省略by readers)
2. Some transitive verbs denoting STATE cannot be used in the passive.
一些表状态的及物动词不使用被动语态。
For example,
① Such language does not become a lady like you. (become: suit 适合)
NOT: A lady like you is not become by such language.
② He has a grand piano(三角大钢琴)。
NOT：A grand piano is had by him.
（But the following sentence is right:
This grand piano may be had at the No.1 Department Store. had=obtained）
③ He lacks experience.
NOT: Experience is lacked by him.
3. Some notional verbs(实义动词) like ACT, CLEAN, DRAW, IRON, KEEP, PHOTOGRAPH, READ, SELL and WASH are not used in the passive voice in certain contexts,
一些实义动词在特定的上下文中一般也不使用被动语态。
For example,
① Clothes iron more easily when damp. （衣服潮湿时更易熨烫）
② She is pretty, but doesn’t photograph well. (她很漂亮，但是不上照)
4． Some verbs in their present continuous tense forms are used in the active voice in passive sense.
一些动词在现在进行时中，常常用主动的形式表达被动的含义。
For example,
① The meal is cooking.
NOT: The meal is being cooked.
② The tea is brewing in the pot. (茶在水壶里煮着。)
NOT：The tea is being brewed in the pot.
5. Difference in Usage between BY+AGENT and WITH + AGENT
BY 和WITH在被动语态中的使用区别
Generally speaking, BY is used when the agent ( the doer of the action) is a person; WITH is preferable when the agent is a tool.
当行动的主体为人时，通常使用介词BY; 当主体是一个工具时，通常使用介词WITH。
For example,
① The fierce leopard was killed by the young hunter with a gun.
② Carl was murdered by his rival in love with a dagger.（匕首）
*However, BY instead of WITH is used when the agent is not a person in a situation where the agent, though not a person, cannot be used as tool to serve some purpose.
*但是，也需要注意当行为的主体并非人，但同时也不作为完成某种目的的工具的情况下，需要使用BY而不是WITH。
For example,
A great many houses and buildings in the city of Tangshan were destroyed by a sharp earthquake years ago.
多年前，唐山的很多房屋和建筑被一场强烈地震所损坏。
Compare:
Their house was destroyed by fire. (他们的房子被火烧掉了。)
The house was destroyed with fire. (房子被人放火烧掉了。)
*The past participles of a number of verbs have evolved into past participle adjectives in daily use. Consequently, BY is not invariably used in the seeming passive construction. The use of BY or WITH depends on whether the construction is passive in the true sense of the word or whether it is a BE+PAST PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVE construction. In a way, using BY or WITH is more or less decided by the relevant collocation.
*很多动词的过去分词已经在日常使用中作为形容词来使用。因此，在一些表面上看似被动结构的句子中，BY的使用不是总是一成不变的。
BY和WITH 的使用取决于动词是否真的处于被动语态，还是它事实上是一个BE+ 过去分词作形容词的结构。在某种程度上，ＢＹ和WITH 的使用或多或少决定于相关的固定搭配。
① When she saw Sally dating with her boy-friend, Rosie was seized with jealousy. （be seized with 被…困扰）
NOT: Rosie was seized by jealousy.
② You are known to everybody here. （be known to 为…所知）
NOT: You are known by everybody here.
③ I was greatly interested in his success story （be interested in 对…感兴趣）
NOT: I was greatly interested by his success story. |
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