考研英语语法专项复习：复合从句

考研英语语法专项复习：复合从句

一、总述
根据从句在句中担任成分的不同，可将其分为名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句。
名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的关联词有：
单纯连接词：that, whether, if （此类连接词在从句中不充当句法成分）。
疑问代词：who, whoever, whichever, what, whatever （此类词在名词性从句中充当一定的句法成分）。疑问副词：when, where, why, how （此类副词在句中充当句法成分）。
二、重点考点
1. 名词性从句
名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括：从属连词that 、if、whether ；连接代词who 、whoever 、whom 、whomever 、which 、whichever 、what 、whatever 、whose ；连接副词where 、when 、why 、how 。其中，从属连词只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何句法成分，而连接代词和连接副词则既起连接作用，又在从句中充当一定的成分。例如：
That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising.
The fact is that he didn’t go to the dinner party.
I don’t know if he will attend the meeting.
Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom?
A. 在含有主语从句的复合句中，为保持句子平衡，常用it 作形式主语，而将真正的主语从句放在句末。例如：It’s well-known that water is indispensable to life.
B. 为保持句子平衡，that 引导的宾语从句也常用it 代替，而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况下。例如：
He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here.
C. 从属连词whether 和if 都作“是否⋯⋯”解，但if 不可引导主语从句和表语从句。
whether 可与or (not) 连用，而if 不可以。例如：
I don’t know whether (if) she is at home. Whether she comes or not makes no difference.
D. that 和what 引导名词性从句的区别：that 在从句中不充当成分，而what 在从句
中充当一定的成分，如主语、表语、宾语等。that 可省略，what 则不可省。例如：
He always means what he says. She suggested (that) he do it at once.
E. 同位语从句大多由从属连词that 引导，常跟在下列名词后面，如fact、idea 、opinion 、news 、hope 、belief 等。同位语从句一般用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容。that 不可省略。例如：
We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms.
The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.
2. 定语从句
引导定语从句的关联词包括：(1) 关系代词：that, which, whose, who, whom, as; (2) 关系副词：when, where, why 。关系代词和关系副词在定语中都充当一定的句法成分，关系代词在从句中充当动词的宾语时，一般可省去。
关系代词的选用比较复杂，它受下列条件的制约：(1) 先行词是指人还是指物；(2) 关系代词在从句中的句法功能；(3) 定语从句是限定性的还是非限定性的。关系代词的选用情况见下表：

例如：
I know that he is a man who (that) means what he says.
The gentleman whom (that) she met addressed her with courtesy ( 礼貌)。
The watch which (that) was lost has been found.
Here is the material which (that) you need.
You’re the only one whose advice he might listen to.
关系副词的选用相对来说比较简单。如先行词为表示时间的名词，如time 、day 等，则用when ，如先行词为表示地点的名词，如place 、house 、area 等，则用where ；如先行词为reason，则用why 。例如：
I’ll never forget the mountain village where (in which) I spent my childhood.
I don’t know the reason why (for which) he did that.
A.    当先行词是all、something, nothing 等不定代词时；或先行词前有first、last 、only、few、much 、some 、any、no 等词修饰时；或先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时，一般只用that 而不用which 来引导定语从句。例如：
I’ve explained everything (that) I can to you.
This is the most beautiful campus (that) I’ve ever been to.
B. 定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句，限定性定语从句与主句关系紧密，是句中不可缺少部分，如去掉，主句意思不完整。非限定性定语从句与主句关系松散，如去掉，主句内容仍完整。在书面语中，非限定性定语从句一般被逗号隔开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that 引导。引导非限定性定语从句的关系词不可省略。例如：
His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.
The general’s daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a sweet smile.
C. 先行词也可以是整个句子。这时，一般用which 或as 来引导定语从句。which 在从句中可充当主语、宾语等，as 在从句中一般只充当主语。which 与as 引导此类定语从句的区别在于：which 只能置于句中或句末，而as 的位置比较灵活，可置于句中、句末，又可置于句首。例如：
Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as) is known to all.
He was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor.
As had been expected, he finished first in decathlon (十项全能) at that Olympic Games.
D. 关系代词在定语从句中有时也充当介词的宾语。如果介词被置于关系代词前，一般只用介词 + which 或介词 + whom ，而不用介词 + that 来引导定语从句。如果介词被置于从句句末，则可用that 代替which 或whom ，且that 这时可省去。例如：
This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars.
One of my colleagues whom (that) you are familiar with come today.
3. 状语从句
在复合句中，起状语作用的从句称作状语从句。根据语义，状语从句分为：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句。
A. 时间状语从句。例如：
When you cross a main road, you must be very careful.
Until we learn the facts, we can’t do anything about it.
    (1) when、as、while 引导时间状语从句时都可以表示主句的动作与从句的动作同时发生，即同时性。它们的区别在于：when 和as 引导的状语从句中的动作可以是延续性的，也可以是非延续性的，即瞬时性；while 引导的状语从句中的动作只能是延续的动作或状态。当主句和从句中的动作均为延续性动作时，一般用while，而不用when 或as。当表示两个同时发展、变化的情况下，一般用as, 作“随着⋯⋯”解。例如：
When she comes, I shall tell her to wait for you.
As she got older, she got wiser.
While Peter was reading, his wife was cooking.
(2) 有些副词和一些表示时间的名词词组也可用作从属连词，引导时间状语从句。如：instantly, immediately, directly, the day, every time, the minute, the second, the moment 等。例如：
Immediately he arrived, he started describing us what had happened.
The day he returned home, his grandpa was already dead.
B. 条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的从属连词有：if, unless, as (so), only if （只要）。例如：
If you don’t come on time, we’ll start out without you.
As (so) long as you keep on trying, you’ll certainly succeed.
除了以上提到的从属连词外，还有其他的一些词或词组也可引导条件状语从句。例如：providing that, provided, supposing that, suppose that, on condition that, in case 等。例如：
Provided (that) he wins the support of the minority groups, he will be able to win the election.
C. 原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, since, as, now (that), in that, considering
that 等。例如：
Since the speaker can’t come, we’ll have to cancel the meeting.
in that 和now (that) 的用法：in that 引导的从句对主句进行解释或说明，意思是：在⋯⋯方面，在于⋯⋯；因为。now (that) 表示既然。例如：
Theory is valuable in that it can provide a direction for practice.
Now (that) the weather has improved, let’s go out for a picnic.
D. 让步状语从句
引导让步状语从句的从属连词有：though, although, even if (even though), as, no matter,despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that, while。例如：
Tom always enjoys swimming, even though the weather is rough.
Despite the fact that there exist national differences, certain funny situations have a universal appeal.
一些疑问词在词尾加上ever 后，也可引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter + 疑问词。这些词包括：whatever, wherever, whenever, whoever, however 。例如：
Whatever he says, don’t believe him.
Whoever you are, you must obey the traffic regulations.
E. 目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的从属连词有：so that, in order that, lest, in case, for fear that 。例如：They climbed to the top of the building in order that they could get a bird’s-eye view of the city.
Ask her to hurry up with these letters so that I can sign them.
so that 和in order that 的区别：so that 更常用，in order that 更正式。so that 引导的从句一般置于句末，而in order that 引导的从句既可置于句首，又可置于句末。例如：
In order that the grass and flowers could bloom again, it was necessary that the rocks should be removed.
She got up early so that she could catch the first bus.
F. 结果状语从句
    结果状语从句一般由下列连词引导：so that、so…that、such…that。例如：
    He overslept, (so) that he was late for work.
    They got such a fright that they dropped the bag and ran away.
    (1) so… that 和such… that 的区别。so 后接形容词或副词，such 后接名词。例如：
    It was so cold that we had to cancel the game.
    It’s such a good chance that we mustn’t miss it.
    (2) so that 既可引导目的状语从句，也可引导结果状语从句。so that 引导目的状语从句时，一般从句动词前会出现can (could) 、may (might) 、shall (should), 而so that 引导的结果状语从句表示客观事实，不会出现上述词语。引导结果状语从句的so that 前常有逗号，表示强调。so that 引导的目的状语从句可置于句首，而so that 引导的结果状语从句只能置于句末。例如：
He left early so that he could catch the train.
他早早动身，以便能赶上车。（目的）
He left early, so that he caught the train.
他早早动身，赶上了火车。（结果）
G. 方式状语从句
    引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as、as if (though)、the way、how。例如：
    He made some changes as you had suggested.
    She was behaving as if (though) she hadn’t grown up.
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