2013年大学英语四级定于从句理解

四级定语从句

　　一、定语从句的概念

　　定语从句就是修饰主句里的名词或代词的从句，本质上相当于“形容词”。

　　二、定语从句的类型

　　定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。大多数定语从句都对所修饰的名词或代词加以限制，去掉该从句后先行词将意义不全或失去意义。而非限制性定语从句的作用在于补充，翻译是常常另起一个句子，与主句构成并列句。例如：

　　That’s the same man that asked for help the day before yesterday.

　　Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.

　　三、定语从句与同位语从句的区别

　　1. 同位语从句的形式与定语从句相似，它们之间都有先行词，但与先行词的关系有所不同：同位语从句与先行词同位或等同，定语从句与先行词则是修饰关系。

　　2. 在定语从句中，关系词要代替先行词在从句中作适当的句子成分：而同位语从句的引导词则只起引导作用，没有代替前面名词在从句中作句子成分的作用。试比较以下两个句子：

　　The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.(同位语从句)

　　The fact that you are talking about is important.(定语从句)

　　阅读真题难句荟萃

　　1. Most designers with existing labels are finding there aren’t comparable fabrics that you can jus replace what you’re doing and what your customers are used to.(09.6 Passage 1)

　　分析：主干：Most designers are finding…

　　finding 后是省略连词that的宾语从句。该从句时there be 句型，其主语comparable fabrics后有一个that引导的限制性定语从句直到句末。该定语从句的卫浴动词replace带了两个由and链接的并列的髌骨从句，都用what引导。

　　译文：大多数现有品牌设计师都发现，找不到满意的有机布料来取代现在使用的、顾客已经习惯了的布料。

Todd Park, a local detective, said the method has helped him learn more about an unidentified woman whose skeleton was found near Great Salt Lake. (09.6 Passage 2)　　主干：Todd Park, a local detective, said...　　1. said 之后的内容是个省略引导词that的宾语从句。1.whose skeleton...是个定语从句，修饰an...woman。　　译文：当地的一名侦探Todd Park说，这个方法帮他了解到有关一位身份不明的女性死者的更多信息，其尸骨是在打掩护附近被发现的。　　Two months ago Gullotta saw a 50-year-old man who had delayed doing anything about his smoker's cough for a year. (08.12 Passage 1)　　主干：Gullotta saw a man...　　1. who 引导的定语从句修饰a...man。　　2.本句是肯定陈述句，却用了doing anything而不是doing something,语义上有所强调。　　译文：两个月以前格洛塔为一位50岁的男士看病，这名男士吸烟可欧已有一年，但期间他没有采取任何措施，以至于延误了治疗。　　The digital bread crumbs (碎屑) you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like. (08.6 Passage 2)　　主干：The crumbs make it easy to reconstruce...　　you leave everywhere 是定语从句，省略了关系代词that，修饰crumbs; make it easy for...to do...结构中，it 是形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式 to reconstruct...。easy是宾语补语，for引导出不定式的逻辑主语strangers。句末who, where和what引导的三个名词性从句都是reconstruct的宾语。　　译文：你处处留下的“数字面包碎屑”很容易让陌生人推想出你是谁，你在哪里，你对什么感兴趣。　　Privacy economist Alessandro Acquisti has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal information like Social Security numbers just to get their hands on a pitiful 50-cents-off coupon (优惠券).　　主干：Alessandro Acquisti has run a series of tests...　　Privacy economist 和 Alessandro Acquisti 是同位语。tests后的that从句作tests的定语，该从句的谓语动词reveal带有一个宾语从句people will surrender...。　　译文：隐私经济学家Alessandro Acquisti 进行了一系列的测试，这些测试表明人们会透露像社保卡号这样的个人信息，就只是为了能拿到微不足道的便宜50美分的优惠券。　　There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories about what it's like to work in a field dominated by men. ( Passage 1)　　主干：There was a time　　本句是个存在句，主语a time由when引导的定语从句修饰。“about+what”引导的宾语从句构成介词短语，作stories的后置定语在该宾语从句中，it是形式主语，后面的不定式短语to work...是真正的主语。dominated...作a field的后置定语。　　译文：我生活中有那么一段时间人们老是问我，供职于一个男性占主导地位的领域感觉如何。　　The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls "free writing." (07.6 Passage 2)　　主干：The practice...is what...　　定语从句that can...修饰主语The practice,从句中的介词短语 past your...habits作宾语you的补语，as you write引导的时间状语从句修饰trying to edite。what引导的表语从句中用了“call+宾语+补语”的结构，what是宾语，free writing是补语。　　译文：这种可以帮助你克服在写作的同时就试图编辑的坏习惯的做法便是Elbow所称作的“自由式”写作。　　As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease-especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise.　　主干：the focus has been shifting　　1. 句首As引导非限制性定语从句，As指代主句所说的内容，在从句中作seen的宾语。　　2. 主句中破折号后的内容是短语介词in terms of引导的介词短语作状语，表示“从......方面来说”，changing与前面的shifting构成语义再现。　　译文：正如我们所看到的一样，我们社会医疗的重心正在从治疗疾病转到预防疾病上来---特别是要改变我们许多不健康的行为，比如说不良的饮食习惯、抽烟、忽视锻炼。

我可真犯愁啊！