内容预览
2009年南京航空航天大学考博英语真题
2008年春南京航空航天大学考博英语真题
Part I Reading comprehension (40points)
Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed bysome questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the correspondingletter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Question 1-5 are based on the following passage.
Disagreements among economistsare legendary, but not on the issue of free trade. A recent survey of prominenteconomists both conservative and liberal concluded that "an economist who arguesfor free international trade is almost as common today as a physician who favorsleeching." Why the consensus? International free trade, economists agree, makespossible higher standards of living all over the globe.
The case for free traderests largely on this principle: as long as trade is voluntary, both partners benefit;otherwise they wouldn’t trade. The buyer of a shirt, for example, values the shirtmore than the money spent, while the seller values the money more. Both are betteroff because of the sale. Moreover, it doesn’t matter whether the shirt salesmanis from the United States orHong Kong or anywhere else.
The vast majority of Americanmanufactures face international competition. This competition forces companies toimprove quality and cut costs. By contrast, protectionism encourages monopoly, lowerquality and higher prices. Americans pay an enormous price for protectionism --over ‘60 billion a year, or 1000 for a family of four. Thanks to protectionism,for example, American consumers pay twice the world price for sugar.
Free trade also makes theworld economy more efficient, by allowing nations to capitalize on their strengths.The United States has an advantagein food production, for instance, while Saudi Arabia has an advantage in oil.The Saudis could undertake massive irrigation to become self-sufficient in food,but it is more economical for them to sell oil and purchase food from us. Similarly,we could become self-sufficient in petroleum by squeezing more out of oil sale.But it is much less costly to buy some of our oil from Saudi Arabia. Tradebetween our two countries improves the standard of living in both.
Protectionism is both wastefuland unjust. It taxes most heavily on the people who can least afford it. Thus, tariffsthat raise the price of shoes burden the poor more than the rich. Despite the powerfulcase for free trade; the United States and the rest of the world has always beenprotectionist to some degree. This is because free trade benefits the general public,while protectionism benefits special-interest groups, which are better organized,better financed and more informed. To make matters worse, much of what we hear onthis issue is misinformation spread by the special interests themselves.
1. The economists______.
A. disagree whether torestrict free trade or not
B. agree on free trade
C. agree on the restrictionof internal trade
D. hold different argumentsbecause of their different interests
2. The twoparties in a free trade ______.
A. do not care at all
B. care for different things
C. care for the thingsbeing traded
D. care for the same things
3. What isthe author’s attitude toward protectionism denoted from the passage?
A. Sincere
B. Appreciative
C. Grateful
D. ironic
4. Why hasprotectionism always been exercised if it is wasteful and unjust? Because ______.
A. it helps to establishnational industry of one’s own
B. it can achieve an independenteconomy
C. it is favored by generalpublic
D. it benefits some privilegedfew
5. Accordingto the free trade principle, the author suggests that ______.
A. U.S. explore its oil shale
B. Saudi Arabia buildits own industry
C. Saudi Arabia import food from U.S.
D. U.S. becomes moreself-sufficient in food
Question 6-10 are based on the following passage.
Because Ireland is an island geographically near the mainlandof the United Kingdom,English rulers have fought since the Middle-English Ages to retain political controlover it. Attracted by the lush farmland, English and Scottish landowners settledthere, and in time of famine or political unrest, the local workers suffered, whiletheir landlords were cushioned by their wealth. The history of modern Ireland is, in fact,largely a story of antagonism and resentment between the Irish and their Englishand Scottish rulers.
Since the 1920’s, Irelandhas been divided into two parts: Northern Ireland(Ulster) and the Republic of Ireland(Eire). The north is still part of the United Kingdom andis predominantly Protestant; the south is an independent republic and is mainlyCatholic. The majority in Ulsteraccept this political compromise, but the active and mainly Catholic minority arefighting for union with the independent republic of Southern Ireland.The IRA, the Irish Republican Army, have mounted bombing campaigns in military andcivil targets in Ulster and England. They havesent letter-bombs to public figures, they have slot fellow Irishmen who supportthe British or belong to opposing, and now equally militant Protestant groups. Asa result of this, the British have stationed an army in Belfast, the IRA has been outlawed, and severalof them have spent many years in prison or have died in support of their cause.Whether this level of violence and repression is justifiable, and whether the violencethat could result from political change would be worthwhile are the controversialissues that divide everybody involved.
6. It suggestedthat the central problem is relationship between ______.
A. Britain and Ireland
B. Ulster and Eire
C. Catholics and Protestants
D. the Irish RepublicanArmy and Ulster.
7. This outlinesuggests that the central problem is ______.
A. many centuries old
B. about three centuriesold
C. about 80 years old
D. a few years old
8. The IRAis ______.
A. part of the Ulster police force
Bo part of American army
C. a group of militantpriests
D. a terrorist organization
9. Bomb attacksoccur ______.
A. only in England
B. when public figurestalk about Ireland
C. only in Northern Ireland
D. in England and Northern Ireland
10. The writerfeels that the controversy is about ______.
A. freedom
B. political change
C. the use of violence
D. injustice
Questions 11-15 are based on the following passage.
By far the most commonsnake in Britainis the adder. In Scotland,in fact, there are no other snakes at all. The adder is also the only British snakewith a poisonous bite. It can be found almost anywhere, but prefers sunny hillsidesand rough open country, including high ground. In Ireland there are no snakes at all.
Most people regard snakebites as a fatal misfortune, but not all bites are serious, and very few are fatal.Sometimes attempts at emergency treatment turn out to be more dangerous than thebite itself, with amateurs heroically, but mistakenly, trying do-it-yourself surgeryand other unnecessary measures.
All snakes have small teeth,so it follows that all snakes can bite, but only the bite of the adder presentsany danger. British snakes are shy animals and are far more frightened of you thanyou could possibly be of them.
The adder will attack onlyif it feels threatened, as can be happen if you take it by surprise and step onit accidentally or if you try to catch it or pick it up, which it dislikes intensely.If it hears you coming, it will normally get out of the way as quickly as it can,but adders cannot move very rapidly and may attack before moving if you are veryclose.
The effect of a bite variesconsiderably. It depends upon several things, one of which is the body-weight ofthe person bitten. The bigger the person, the less harmful the bite is likely tobe, which is why children suffer more seriously from snake bites than adults. Ahealthy person will also have better resistance against the poison.
Very few people actuallydie from snake bites in Britain,and though these bites can make some people very ill, there are probably just asmany cases of bites having little or no efforts, as there are of serious illness.
11. Addersare most likely to be found ______.
A. in Scotland and nowhereelse
B. in wider parts of Britain
C. in shady fields in England
D. on uncultivated landthroughout Britain
12. We aretold that British snakes are ______.
A. afraid of human beings
B. poisonous includingthe adder
C. dangerous except theadder
D. friendly towards humanbeings
13. Which ofthe followings statements is Not true?
A. The adder is the onlypoisonous snake in Britain.
B. In Scotland there areno other snakes except the adder.
C. Snake bites seem moredangerous than they actually are.
D. People’s attempts atemergency treatment are utterly unnecessary.
14. When willthe adder not attack you?
A. when you try to catchit
B. when you are some distanceaway from it.
C. when you happen to stepon it.
D. when you try to pickit up.
15. If an adderhears you coming, it wills usually ______.
A. attack you immediately
B. disappear very quickly
C. want to frighten you
D. move out of the way
Question 16-20 are based on the following passage.
Culture is the sum totalof all the tradition, customs, beliefs, and ways to life of a given group of humanbeing. In this sense, even/group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, oruncivilized it may seem to us.
To the professional anthropologists,there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professionallinguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.
People once thought ofthe languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped forms of speech, consistedlargely of grunts and groans.
While it is possible thatlanguage in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact establishedby the study of “backward” languages that no spoken tongue answers the descriptiontoday. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremelycomplex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas.They fall behind our western language not in their sound patterns or grammaticalstructure, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only intheir vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers.Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: 1. All languages seemto possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together wordsalready in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting themto their own system. 2. The objects and activities requiring names and distinctionsin "backward" languages, while different from ours, are often surprisinglynumerous and complicated. A western language distinguished merely between two degreesof remoteness (“this” and “that”); some languages of the American Indians distinguishbetween what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed fromboth, or but of sight, or in the past, or in the future.
This study of language,in turn casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all culturesare to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.
16. The languageof uncivilized groups as compared to western language is limited in ______.
A. vocabularies
B. grammatical structures
C. sound patterns
D. both A and B
17. The statementthat "every group has a culture" grows out of the author’s ______.
A. definition of culture
B. philosophy
C. feeling about humanbeings
D. bias in regard to civilizedhuman
18. Accordingto the author, anthropologists would have all culture viewed ______.
A. comparatively
B. independently
C. intrinsically
D. hierarchically
19. Accordingto the author, language whether "civilized or not" have ______.
A. the potential for expandingvocabulary
B. the potential for increasingsound patterns
C. the same way to transferideas
D. the same grammaticalstructures
20. Impliedbut not stated: ______.
A. the study of languageis the same as the study of anthropology
B. the study of languagehas reinforced anthropologists in their view that there is no hierarchy cultures
C. the study of languagesdiscredited the anthropological studies
D. the study of languagecasts a new light upon the claims of anthropologists
Part II Translation (40 points)
Directions: There are 10 sentences in this part .Translate sentence 21---25from English into Chinese and sentence 26---30 from Chinese into English.
21. The icedoes not become a glacier until it moves under its own weight, and it cannot movesignificantly until it reaches a critical thickness—the point at which the weightof the piled-up layers overcomes the internal strength of the ice and the frictionbetween the ice and the ground.
22. It is impossibleto know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but from whatwe can observe of pre-industrial societies that still exist, a detailed learningof plants and their properties must be extremely ancient.
23. Becausea solid-fuel rocket can be kept ready for a long time, most military missiles employsolid fuels, but human-piloted space flight needs the fine adjustments that canonly be provided by liquid fuels.
24. But itused also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stagesof the infancy, had to be directly related to such basic physiological "drives"as thirst or hunger.
25. The expertconcluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased the babies;it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering theskill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the worldand bring it under intentional control.
26．在加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系方面，电视也许还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中那样起过如此大的作用。
27．在欧洲就像在其他地方一样多媒体集团越来越成功了，这些集团把相互关系密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社组合到了一起。
28．仅这一点就表明在电视行业里生存不那么容易，这个事实通过统计数字也是一目了然，统计表明在80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的不下50％.
29．事实上，不发达地区大都拥有丰富的资源，发展潜力很大。
30．应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中，我们可以毫不夸张地说，团结，我们就会站起来；分裂，我们就会倒下去。
Part III Writing (20 points)
Directions: For this part, you shouldwrite a composition on the title The economicdevelopment and environmental protection according to the following OUTLINEgiven in Chinese. You should write no less than 150 words.
1．经济发展与环境保护的关系
2．经济发展与环境保护的现状
3．我们应该怎样做
