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2007年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解
2006年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解
2005年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解
2004年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解
2003年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解
2002年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解
2001年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解
2000年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解
1999年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解
1998年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解
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考博真题是每个考生复习备考必不可少的资料，而拥有一份权威、正确的参考答案尤为重要，通过研究历年真题能洞悉考试出题难度和题型，了解常考章节与重要考点，能有效指明复习方向。
《中国社会科学院考博英语历年真题及详解》完整收录了1998～2007和2015年的11套考博真题，并提供全部试题的参考答案及详解。本书中的解题思路清晰、答案翔实，帮助广大考生在熟练掌握知识点的同时，能够熟练运用各种题型的答题技巧，以提高应试技巧，把握答题节奏，增强自信心，提高考试分数。
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2007年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解
PART I Vocabulary
Section A (10 points)
Directions:Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.
1. The public might well sanction a wider rangeof programming than would strictly be implied by the “gap-filling” approach,but this is not certain.
A. view
B. approve
C. coerce
D. insist
2. Petrazzini’s main concern is not so much cultural homogenizationassociated with the spread of the Internet, but an exacerbation of the gapbetween young and old and between spread of the Internet.
A. uniformity
B. discrepancy
C. convention
D. distinction
3. The history helps explain the vexing disputebetween the European Union and the United States over the greatest threat toprivacy yet conceived: the hundreds of millions of personal dossiers incomputerized and networked databases.
A. troublesome
B. astonishing
C. everlasting
D. conflicting
4. There were not personal goals, no desire to get aheador to leave something behind. There were only God’s decrees to befaithfully carried out.
A. orders
B. petitions
C. prophets
D. queries
5. Lee Ford and Dan Brooks, a London-based creative anddevelopment team, came up with an “edgy” Volkswagen spot for a demo: aterrorist tries to detonate a car bomb outside a crowded café.
A. ignite
B. stain
C. impede
D. ascribe
6. The music indicates the way in which Mozart wasdeveloping his ideas in 1773 as he attempted to shake off his reputation as achild prodigy and be taken seriously as a composer.
A. bedlamite
B. betrayer
C. genius
D. jailor
7. Kelly fought depression, her sister struggled againstviolent tendencies, and their only physical touches they’d ever known fromtheir parents were abusive.
A. cordial
B. fastidious
C. sadistic
D. absurd
8. Browse one of the websites that hosts them, like YouTube or Google Vides, and you’ll see drunken karaoke, babies being born, planecrashes, freakish sports accidents and far, far stranger things.
A. elegant
B. fraternal
C. frantic
D. bizarre
9. There were still a few surprises, as a squealhere and there in the dark announced, but we did learn to “see with our feet”—lessons in trail Braille.
A. divergence
B. scream
C. gradation
D. strand
10. He hasn’t analyzed why he tips so generously, but Ithink the proclivity stems from his high school years, when he worked asa busboy.
A. predilection
B. prosperity
C. premeditation
D. preamble
Section B (10 points)
Directions:Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.
11. In a competitive and fast-paced modern society, busybusiness executives are so ______ their work that they hardly know what theword leisure means.
A. engrossed in
B. exempt from
C. skeptical of
D. extraneous to
12. But the depth of a novel and the value of itsartistic and ideological feature do not depend on the theme—either ______ or significant.
A. versatile
B. trivial
C. preliminary
D. alternate
13. It is always ______ in some ways, because if it wereperformed as a primitive fending-off or covering-up action, it would obviouslybe too transparent.
A. scrupulous
B. clamorous
C. intrinsic
D. camouflaged
14. She often remains coldly remote from him; probablyhis badly scarred face produced an involuntary feeling of ______ in hisneighbor.
A. discordance
B. deliberation
C. perversity
D. repulsion
15. “For us it is a big and dark secret; to ______ itwould be to jeopardize our future,” confessed an aviaphobe who is currentlyundergoing therapy.
A. divulge
B. recall
C. retain
D. duplicate
16. The charitable acts of their boss used to be greatlypraised by the people. However, ruthless company-downsizing drives andcontinued layoffs, coupled with rising pay for top managers, have made him looka good deal less ______.
A. discourteous
B. prudent
C. benevolent
D. obstinate
17. Most of us go through life adding ______ toknowledge, polishing a concept here or there, doing an experiment, contributinga few leaves—or, if we arelucky, a twig—to the treeof knowledge.
A. impartially
B. impassably
C. incrementally
D. melodiously
18. The only way he could do it—and by “it” he means achieving thelevel of fame enjoyed by Martin, who is so famous that his infant daughter,Apple, is better known than the rest of Coldplay combined—is by getting into some kind oftrouble, and it could only be infamy, which is of course, ______.
A. preposterous
B. preludial
C. precise
D. preponderant
19. So the most ______ scientist alive at that time whosymbolized the height of human intellect adopted what became his last message—this manifesto, which imploredgovernments and the public not to allow our civilization to be destroyed byhuman folly.
A. fastidious
B. eminent
C. anonymous
D. waggish
20. The novel will be read a long time for its minuteand almost uncanny insight into army life, its ______ dialogue, its sheernarrative pull, its portrayal of the tenderness that sometimes is found beneaththe crudest animal drives, its absence of mock heroics, its comic absurditiesand irony and, above all else, its revelation of the perversity of human naturein the face of evil.
A. pungent
B. notorious
C. anticlimactic
D. shaky
PART Ⅱ Grammar
Section A (10 points)
Directions: Choosethe answer that best fills in the blank.
21. The police kept asking me to repeat the story of howI found the scroll, and they kept telling me that I was changing it andtripping me ______.
A. for
B. on
C. up
D. in
22. The budget crunch has put extra pressure on nearlyeveryone at this storied campus —— besieged administrators ______ to lure minority applicants,students frantically ______ money to cover fee hikes, department heads tryingto staunch a faculty brain drain and office staffers worried that a stalematein Sacramento means no money for the mortgage at home.
A. to struggle, to seek
B. struggled, sought
C. struggle, seek
D. struggling, seeking
23. If you’re a regular reader of blogs, or indeed ofany kind of news website, you’ve probably been frustrated from time to time byinformation overload: the blogosphere creates ______ material for any humanbeing to comfortably ______.
A. too much, digest
B. not much, digest
C. too little, be digested
D. not much, be digested
24. When deposits are federally insured, people nolonger rush to withdraw their money if they ______ the financial condition oftheir bank.
A. become concerned about
B. become concerned with
C. become concerned in
D. concern
25. Over and over in War of the Worlds, he evokesthe sensation, more familiar from dreams than movies, ______ an otherworldlyentity, glimpsed from a great distance, ______ suddenly, violently clawing itsway into your personal space.
A. that, is
B. is, which
C. that, being
D. which, being
26. As the generations progress, feather length willincrease because females do not prefer a specific length tail, but alonger-than-average tall. Eventually tail length will increase to the point______ the liability survival is matched by the sexual attractiveness of thetrait and an equilibrium will be established.
A. that
B. where
C. which
D. /
27. Never far from positions of influence, wealthierfrom his broadcasting activities ______ the biggest moguls, he is in many wayson the edge of things.
A. than all but
B. as all but
C. but than all
D. but as all
28. ______ a rigid, unidirectional mode ofdemystification which saw all such other modes as subsidiary and peripheral, itbegan to see all alternatives to its mode of demystification as conspiraciesagainst human good.
A. Modern science not only gradually develops
B. Not only did modern science gradually develop
C. Now that modern science gradually developed
D. Only did modern science develop
29. One theory is that too much vitamin E ______bleeding risk, which would ______ the risk of a type of stroke, while anothertheory suggests that at high doses vitamin E stops working like an antioxidant,removing harmful molecules in the body, and instead becomes a pro-oxidant, actuallypromoting the production of harmful molecules.
A. decreases, decrease
B. increases, increase
C. decreases, increase
D. increases, decrease
30. Nor, indeed, do all these guardians of traditionhave to exert much pressure on the principal players, since the expectations oftheir social world have long ago been built into their own projections of thefuture—they wantprecisely ______ society expects of them.
A. that which
B. that
C. which
D. what that
Section B (10 points)
Directions: Choosethe letter that indicates the error in the sentence.
31. The repetitions that concern Domhoff pertainslargely to repetitions within an individual’s
A
dream history. But there is a sense in which all dreamersdream each other’s dreams in the
B C
form of so-called universal dreams, which are the equivalent ofliterary archetypes.
D
32. The Naturecommentary says scientists working on aging now have to take into account
A
the prospect that “drug-related approaches to interferewith this process may come at a price
B C
—the disruption of our naturalmechanisms for keeping cancer to bay.”
D
33. The work confirms hints that hadalready been emerging in the scientific literature in recent
A
years that p53 and related proteins might play an important role inlife, but the new paper is
far more detailed—and, scientists say,more compelling—that anything published previously.
B C D
34. For all the fretting aboutoutsourcing and trade deficits in the United States, MTV offers a
AB
highly-end case study in how to exportwhat seems, at first glance, to be
C
a uniquely American brand.
D
35. The trend to empty a library isbeing driven, academicians and librarians say, by the
A B
dwindling need for undergraduatelibraries, many of them were built when leading research
C D
libraries were reserved for graduate students and faculty.
36. Dr. ElBaradei said his hope is that theNobel Peace Prize will serve to help the
A
international community, and to achieve the goal of developing afunctional system of global
security that does not derive from a nuclear weaponsdeterrent, would rather based on
B C D
addressing the security concerns of all people.
37. DDT, the most powerful pesticide theworld has ever known, exposed nature’s
A
vulnerability. Unlike most pesticides, whose effectiveness islimited to destroy one or two
B C
types of insects, DDT is capable of killing hundreds ofdifferent kinds at once.
D
38. For it is “everybody”, a whole society,which, has identified being feminine with
A B
caring about how one looks. Giventhese stereotypes, it is no wonder that beauty enjoys, at
C D
best, a rather mixed reputation.
39. The research also raises thepossibility that younger people treat successfully for cancer
A
with chemotherapy may be subject topremature aging later in life, a possibility that has
B C
never been rigorously examined.
D
40. We peer out beyond our world to glimpseobjects that lie at the very edge of the universe,
A
stars teetering tantalizingly on thebeginning of time. We peer inward to our own genome,
B
swiftly unraveling the puzzle of what tiny bit of chemicalcode manifests themselves .as
CD
appearance, tendency, advantage and liability in the marvelous humancreature.
PART Ⅲ Reading comprehension: (30 points)
Directions: Answer all the questionsbased on the information in the passages below.
Passage 1
I have observed that theAmericans show a less decided taste for general ideas than the French. This isespecially true in politics.
Although the Americans infuseinto their legislation far more general ideas than the English, and althoughthey strive more than the latter to adjust the practice of affairs to theory,no political bodies in the United States have ever shown so much love forgeneral ideas as the Constituent Assembly and the Convention in France. At notime has the American people laid hold on ideas of this kind with thepassionate energy of the French people in the eighteenth century, or displayedthe same blind confidence in the value and absolute truth of any theory.
This difference between theAmericans and the French originates in several causes, but principally in thefollowing one. The Americans are a democratic people who have always directedpublic affairs themselves. The French are a democratic people who for a longtime could only speculate on the best manner of conducting them. The socialcondition of the French led them to conceive very general ideas on the subjectof government, while their political constitution prevented them from correctingthose ideas by experiment and from gradually detecting their insufficiency;whereas in America the two things constantly balance and correct each other.
It may seem at first sight that this isvery much opposed to what I have said before, that democratic nations derivetheir love of theory from the very excitement of their active life. A moreattentive-examination will show that there is nothing contradictory in theproposition.
Men living in democraticcountries eagerly lay hold of general ideas because they have but littleleisure and because these ideas spare them the trouble of studying particulars.This is true, but it is only to be understood of those matters which are notthe necessary and habitual subjects of their thoughts. Mercantile men will takeup very eagerly, and without any close scrutiny, all the general ideas onphilosophy, politics, science, or the arts which may be presented to them; butfor such as relate to commerce, they will not receive them without inquiry oradopt them without reserve. The same thing applies to statesman with regard togeneral ideas in politics.
If, then, there is a subjectupon which a democratic people is peculiarly liable to abandon itself, blindlyand extravagantly, to general ideas, the best corrective that can be used willbe to make that subject a part of their daily practical occupation. They willthen be compelled to enter into details, and the details will teach them theweak points of the theory. This remedy may frequently be a painful one, but itseffect is certain.
Thus it happens that thedemocratic institutions which compel every citizen to take a practical part inthe government moderate that excessive taste for general theories in politicswhich the principle of equality suggests.
Comprehension questions
41. According to the writer, what kinds of ideas havebeen favored by the French people?
A. Political ideas that can be adjusted to the practice ofgovernment.
B. Concrete ideas that they believe to be truthful.
C. General ideas in political affairs.
D. Eighteenth century ideas.
42. Why do the Americans show less enthusiasm forgeneral ideas than the French?
A. The French constitution did not allow for experiment.
B. In America, the constitution provides checks and balances.
C. The social conditions in France led to different ideas.
D. The Americans have always been In charge of their own publicaffairs.
43. Some people in democratic countries prefer generalideas because ______.
A. in politics it is easier to study general ideas
B. general ideas on different subjects are more interesting
C. mercantile men prefer general ideas on philosophy, politics,science and the arts
D. they do not have time to address details
44. What does the writer think would inhibit people’spreference for general ideas?
A. Teaching them the weak points of the theory.
B. Encouraging them to take a practical part in democraticinstitutions.
C. Trying to make them abandon those ideas.
D. Compelling them to study details.
45.The writer’s conclusion is that ______.
A. the principle of equality must be paramount
B. general theories in politics should be the most important part ofdemocracy
C. citizens should be forced to take part in democratic institutions
D. people’s taste for general ideas can be diminished through takingpart in democratic institutions
Passage 2
Of the great variety ofopinions concerning “marriage for money”, the following three are importantwith reference to the development of the importance of money. Marriages based exclusivelyupon economic motives have not only existed in all periods and at all stages ofdevelopment, but are particularly common among primitive groups and conditionswhere they do not cause any offence at all. The disparagement of personaldignity that nowadays arises in every marriage that is not based on personalaffection—so that asense of decency requires the concealment of economic motives—does not exist insimpler cultures. The reason for this development is that increasingindividualization makes it increasingly contradictory and discreditable toenter into purely individual relationships for other than purely individualreasons.
For nowadays the choice of apartner in marriage is no longer determined by social motives (though regardfor the offspring may be considered to be such a motive), in so far as societydoes not insist upon the couple’s equal social status—a condition, however,that provides a great deal of latitude and only rarely leads to conflictsbetween individual and social interests. In a quite undifferentiated society itmay be relatively irrelevant who marries whom, irrelevant not only for themutual relationship of the couple but also for the offspring. This is becausewhere the constitutions, state of health, temperament, internal and externalforms of life and orientations are largely the same within the group, thechance that the children will turn out well depends less upon whether theparents agree and complement each other than it does in highly differentiatedsociety. It therefore seems quite natural and expedient that the choice of thepartner should be determined by reasons other than purely individual affection.Yet personal attraction should be decisive in a highly individualized societywhere a harmonious relationship between two individuals becomes increasinglyrare.
The decliningfrequency of marriage which is to be found everywhere in highly civilized culturalcircumstances is undoubtedly due, in part, to the fact that highlydifferentiated people in general have difficulty in finding a completelysympathetic complement to themselves. Yet we do not possess any other criterionand indication for the advisability of marriage except mutual instinctiveattraction. But, happiness is a purely personal matter, decided upon entirelyby the couple themselves, and there would be no compelling reason for theofficial insistence on at least pretending love may be misleading—particularly in the higher strata,whose complicated circumstances often retard the growth of the purest instincts—no matter how much other conditionsmay affect the final results, it remains true that, with reference toprocreation, love is decidedly superior to money as a factor selection. Infact, in this respect, it is the only fight and proper thing.
Marriage formoney directly creates a situation of panmixia—the indiscriminate pairing regardless of individual qualities—a condition that biology hasdemonstrated to be the cause of the most direct and detrimental degeneration ofthe human species. In the case of marriage for money, the union of a couple isdetermined by a factor that has absolutely nothing to do with racial appropriateness—just as the regard for money oftenenough keeps apart a couple who really belong together—and it should be considered as a factor in degeneration to the sameextent to which the undoubteddifferentiation of individuals makes selection by personal attraction more andmore important. This case tooillustrates once more that the increasing individualization within societyrenders money increasingly unsuitable as a mediator of purely individualrelationships.
Comprehension questions
46. According to the text, what is said to influencematrimonial compatibility and stability in simpler cultures?
A. Personal dignity.
B. Economic decline.
C. Monetary considerations.
D. Financial growth.
47. Marriages motivated by monetary aspirations are morelikely not to be camouflaged in what strata of society?
A. Upper middle.
B. Middle middle.
C. Lower middle.
D. Lower lower.
48. The marriage rate is said to be decreasing because______.
A. we demand too much of our partners
B. partners don’t give compliments
C. people are too differentiated socially
D. the economic disparity in many regions is growing
49. How is the question of race in relation to marriagesimilar to the question of money?
A. They fuel mutual instinctual attraction.
B. They inspire individual responsibilities.
C. They deflect superficial relationships.
D. They prohibit suitable marriages.
50.Panmixia is said to ______.
A. aid the selection process
B. complement individualization
C. inspire positive results
D. set up biological decline
Passage 3
But probably the fulleststatement of the doctrine of the rule of law occurs in the work of WilliamPaley, the “great codifier of thought in an age of codification.” It deservedquoting at some length: “The first maxim of a free state,” he writes, “is, thatthe laws be made by one set of men, and administered by another; in otherwords, that the legislative and the judicial character be kept separate. Whenthese offices are unified in the same person or assembly, particular laws aremade for particular cases, springing often times from partial motives, anddirected to private ends: whilst they are kept separate, general laws are madeby one body of men, without foreseeing whom they may affect; and, when made,must be applied by the other, let them affect whom they will... When theparties and interests to be affected by the laws were known, the inclination ofthe law makers would inevitably attach to one side or the other; and wherethere were neither any fixed rules to regulate their determinations, nor anysuperior power to control their proceedings, these inclinations would interferewith the integrity of public justice. The consequence of which must be, thatthe subjects of such a constitution would live either without constant laws,that is, without any known pre-established rules of adjudication whatever; orunder laws made for particular persons, and partaking of the contradictions andiniquity of the motives to which they owed their origin.
“Which dangers, by thedivision of the legislative and judicial functions, are in this country effectuallyprovided against. Parliament knows not the individuals upon whom its acts willoperate; it has no ease or parties before it; no private designs to serve:consequently, its resolutions will be suggested by the considerations ofuniversal effects and tendencies, which always produce impartial and commonlyadvantageous regulations.”
With the end of theeighteenth century, England’s major contributions to the development of theprinciples of freedom came to a close. Though Macaulay did once more for thenineteenth century what Hume had done for the eighteenth, and though the Whig intelligentsia of the EdinburghReview and economists in the Smithian tradition, like J.R. MacCulloch and N.WSenior, continued to think of liberty in classical terms, there was littlefurther development. The new liberalism that gradually displaced Whiggism camemore and more under the influence of the rationalist tendencies of thephilosophical radicals and the French tradition. Bentham and his Utilitariansdid much to destroy the beliefs that England had in part preserved from theMiddle Ages, by their scornful treatment of most of what until then had beenthe most admired features of the British constitution. And they introduced intoBritain what had so far been entirely absent—the desire to remake the whole of her law and institutions onrational principles.
The lack of understanding ofthe traditional principles of English liberty on the part of the men guided bythe ideals of the French Revolution is clearly illustrated by one of the earlyapostles of that revolution in England, Dr. Richard Price. As early as 1778 heargued: “Liberty is too imperfectly defined when it is said to be ‘a Governmentof LAWS and not by MEN.’ If the laws are made by one man, or a junto of men ina state, and not by common CONSENT, a government by them is not different fromslavery.” Eight years later he was able to display a commendatory letter fromTurgot: “How comes it that you are almost the first of the writers of yourcountry, who has given a just idea of liberty, and shown the falsity of thenotion so frequently repeated by almost all Republican Writers, ‘that libertyconsists in being subject only to the laws?’” From then onward, the essentiallyFrench concept of political liberty was indeed progressively to displace theEnglish ideal of individual liberty, until it could be said that “in GreatBritain, which, little more than a century ago, repudiated the ideas on whichthe French Revolution was based, and led the resistance to Napoleon, thoseideas have triumphed.” Though in Britain most of the achievements of theseventeenth century were preserved beyond the nineteenth, we must lookelsewhere for the further development of the ideals underlying them.
Comprehension Questions
51. Concerning William Paley’s main vision of the ruleof law, which of the following is Not true?
A. The purpose of an independent counsel is to eliminate potentialconflicts of interests.
B. Paley’s political strategy illustrates the concept of checks andbalances.
C. The absence of separation of powers would inevitably result ininjustice and inequity.
D. The rule of law and the separation of powers could be deemedunconstitutional principles.
52. According to Paley, what would happen to a personliving in a country where the judiciary and legislative powers aren’t keptseparate?
A. The inviolability of the legal apparatus would be guaranteed.
B. Laws could be manipulated to serve particular interests.
C. Lawmakers would have to mitigate conflicts of interest.
D. Lawmakers would have adjudication powers.
53. Complete the following sentence: “The Whigintelligentsia ______.”
A. supported traditional tendencies
B. supported reformist tendencies
C. supported Manichean tendencies
D. supported aesthetical tendencies
54. Which of the following best expresses the author’sopinion of the Utilitarians?
A. Unbiased.
B. Neutral.
C. Critical.
D. Sympathetic.
55.Which of the following is true?
A. The authorfavors the principles of English freedom as opposed to the ideals of the Frenchrevolution.
B. The authorfavors the principles of the French revolutions as opposed to the principles ofEnglish freedom.
C. The authoris deeply attached to the status quo between the principles of English freedomand the ideals of the French revolution.
D. The authorshows that the principle of political alienation in a capitalist society has aneconomic base.
Passage 4
There are two opinions as tothe production of light. Augustine seems to say that Moses could not havefittingly passed over the production of the spiritual creature, and thereforewhen we read. In the beginning Godcreated heaven and earth, a spiritual nature as yet formless is to be understoodby the word heaven, and the formless matter for the corporeal creature by theword earth. And spiritual nature wasformed first, as being of higher dignity than corporeal. The forming, therefore,of this spiritual nature is signified by the production of light. That is tosay, the light in question is a spiritual light. For a spiritual naturereceives its formation by the illumination whereby it is led to adhere to theWord of God.
Other writers thinkthat the production of spiritual creatures was purposely omitted by Moses, andgive various reasons. Basil says that Moses begins his narrative from thebeginning of the time which belongs to sensible things; but that the spiritualor angelic creation is passed over, as having been created beforehand.
Chrysostom givesus a reason for the omission that Moses was addressing an ignorant people, towhom material things alone appealed, and whom he was endeavoring to draw awayfrom the worship of idols. It would have been to them a pretext for idolatry ifhe had spoken to them of natures spiritual in substance and nobler than allcorporeal creatures; for they would have paid them divine worship, since theywere prone to worship as gods even the sun, moon, and stars, which wasforbidden them (Deut. iv. 19)
But Scripture also mentionedseveral kinds of formlessness, in regard to the corporeal creature (Gen. i. 2).One is where we read that the earth wasvoid and empty, and another where it is said that darkness was upon the face of the deep. Now it was necessary, fortwo reasons, that the informity of darkness should be removed first of all bythe production of light. In the first place because light is a quality of thefirst body, as was stated, and thus it was fitting that the world should befirst formed according to light. The second reason is because light is a commonquality. For light is common to terrestrial and celestial bodies. But just asin knowledge we proceed from general principles, so do we in work of every kind.For the living thing is generated before the animal, and the animal before man,as is shown in De Gener Anim. It wasfitting, then, as an evidence of the divine wisdom, that among the works ofdistinction the production of light should take first place, since light is aform of the primary body, and because it is a more common quality.
Basil, furthermore, adds athird reason: that all other things are made manifest by light. And there isyet a fourth, already touched upon in the objections, namely, that day cannotbe unless light exists. It had to be made, therefore, on the first day.
Comprehension Questions
56.The purpose of this article is to ______.
A. discuss the origination of light
B. argue that physical light came first
C. argue that spiritual light came first
D. discuss early religious idol origins
57.In this passage, the meaning of corporeal is ______.
A. a living thing
B. a spiritual thing
C. a physical body
D. a form of light
58. What does Chrysostom say is Moses’s reason for notdiscussing the spiritual nature of light?
A. The people wouldn’t understand.
B. The people would have treated it as a god.
C. The people did not find spiritual things appealing.
D. The people would have seen physical things nobler than spiritualthings.
59. One reason the author gives for the creation oflight first is ______.
A. to create form
B. it belongs to spiritual beings
C. to proceed from general principles
D. it is a primary body
60. In what way does Basil’s view differ fromChrysostom’s view of Moses’s omission?
A. Chrysostom uses a definition to explain the omission while Basiluses history.
B. Basil uses history to explain the omission while Chrysostom usesfear of misinterpretation.
C. Basil uses a definition to explain the omission while Chrysostumuses fear of misinterpretation.
D. Basil uses fear of misinterpretation while Chrysostom useshistory.
PART IV Translation
Directions: Write your translations inyour answer sheet.
Section A: Translate theunderlined sentences into good Chinese. (15 points)
We now find that a greatmany things we thought were Natural Laws are really human conventions. You knowthat even in the remotest depth of stellar space there are still three feet toa yard. That is, no doubt, a very remarkable fact, but you would hardly call ita law of nature. And a great many things that have been regarded as laws ofnature are of that kind. (1)On the other hand, where you can get down to anyknowledge of what atoms actually do, you will find that they are much lesssubject to law than people thought, and that the laws at which you arrive arestatistical averages of just the sort that would emerge from chance. Thereis, as we all know, a law that if you throw dice you will get double sixes onlyabout once in thirty-six times, and we do not regard that as evidence that thefall of the dice is regulated by design; on the contrary, if the double sixescame every time we should think that there was design.
The laws of nature are ofthat sort as regards to a great many of them. They are statistical averagessuch as would emerge from the laws of chance; and that makes the whole businessof natural law much less impressive than it formerly was. (2)Quite apartfrom that, which represents the momentary state of science that may changetomorrow, the whole idea that natural laws imply a law-giver is due to aconfusion between natural and human laws. Human laws are behests commandingyou to behave a certain way, in which way you may choose to behave, or you may choosenot to behave; (3)but natural laws are a description of how things do infact behave, and, being a mere description of what they in fact do, you cannotargue that there must be somebody who told them to do that, because evensupposing that there were you are then faced with the question, Why did Godissue just those natural laws and not others?
If you say that he did itsimply from his own good pleasure, and without any reason, you then find thatthere is something which is not subject to law, and so your train of naturallaw is interrupted. If you say, as more orthodox theologians do, that in allthe laws which God issues he had a reason for giving those laws rather thanothers—the reason,of course, being to create the best universe, although you would never think tolook at it—if there wasa reason for the laws which God gave, then God himself was subject to law andtherefore you do not get any advantage by introducing God as an intermediary.
(4)Youreally have a law outside and anterior to the divine edicts, and God does notserve your purpose, because he is not the ultimate law-giver. In short, thiswhole argument from natural law no longer has anything like the strength thatit used to have
I am traveling on in time in my review of thesearguments. The arguments that are used for the existence of God change theircharacter as time goes on. (5)They were at first hard intellectual argumentsembodying certain quite definite fallacies. As we come to modern times theybecome less respectable intellectually and more affected by a kind ofmoralizing vagueness.
Section B: Translate the following sentences into goodEnglish. (15 points)
1．意识到我们的文化差异可以帮助我们更有效地相互交流，了解我们不同的交流方式可以丰富我们的文化生活。不同的交流风格体现了我们深层的哲学观及世界观，这些深层的哲学观及世界观正是我们各自的文化基础。明白了这些深层哲学我们就会获得这个世界展示给我们的更加宽广的景象。
2．从某种意义上说，各国对多极化的认可反映了国际关系中对民主化的追求。在经济全球化的时代，一种深入的相互依赖的关系正在国与国之间形成。在联合国宪章中曾发表过的一种国与国平等的原则正深入人心，越来越多的国家已经清楚地意识到：无论大小、强弱、贫富，所有的国家都是世界大家庭中平等的一员，国际关系的民主化将成为构筑世界新秩序的共同愿望。
3．质疑不仅是从消极方面去伪存真的必要步骤，也是从积极方面建立新学说，启迪新发明的基本条件。对于别人说过的话，不经过思索，都不打折扣地承认，那是思想上的懒惰。这样的人永远是被动的，永远不能治学。只有常常质疑，常常发问的人才能提出问题，提出问题才想求出解答。学问只有通过不断的发问和求解才能增长，别无他法。
参考答案及解析
PART I Vocabulary
Section A (10 points)
1.B 句意：群众可能也会同意大范围的规划以及“缩小差距”的步骤，但这是不一定的。sanction批准，同意。approve赞成，同意。coerce强制，强迫。insist坚持。
2.A 句意：Petrazzini的主要观点不是与互相作用的传播相联系的文化同化，而是青年人和老年人之间以及因特网的传播的代沟扩大的恶化。homogenization匀化，同质化。uniformity同样，一致。discrepancy差异，矛盾。convention大会，协定。distinction区别，差异。
3.A vexing使人烦恼的。这里指“历史解释了欧盟和美国在隐私的最大威胁上的令人恼怒的分歧”。troublesome麻烦的，烦恼的。astonishing可惊异的。everlasting永恒的，持久的。conflicting相冲突的，不一致的。
4.A 句意：这里没有个人目标，没有前进的或者是留下什么的愿望，这里只有忠实地履行上帝的命令。decree法令、命令。order命令。petition请求、请愿。prophet先知。query质询、怀疑。
5.A detonate引爆。ignite点燃，引爆。这里指“一个恐怖分子在一个拥挤的咖啡馆想引爆一个汽车炸弹”。stain污点，瑕疵。impede阻止。ascribe归因于。
6.C 句意：音乐揭示了莫扎特于1773年深化他的观点的方法，那时他试图甩掉“儿童天才”的名声，并被正式看作是一个作曲家。prodigy天才，奇事。genius天才。bedlamite疯子，狂人。betrayer叛徒，背叛者。jailor狱卒。
7.C 句意：凯莉和意志消沉做斗争，她姐姐和暴力倾向做斗争，他们所知道的和父母的唯一身体接触就是辱骂和虐待。abusive辱骂的；虐待的。sadistic虐待狂的，残酷成性的。cordial热忱的，诚恳的。fastidious挑剔的，苛求的。absurd荒谬的。
8.D 句意：打开一个网页，比如You Tube或者Google Vides,你会发现很多奇事：喝醉的卡拉OK，正在出生的婴儿，飞机失事，奇异的体育事故和更奇怪的事情。freakish奇特的；异想天开的。bizarre奇异的。elegant文雅的，端庄的。fraternal兄弟的，友爱的。frantic狂乱的，疯狂的。
9.B 句意：仍然还有一些惊讶，就像黑暗中充斥四周的尖叫声一样，但是我们的确学会了盲人点字法的启示——“用脚看事物”。squeal尖叫声。scream尖叫声、喊叫声。divergence分歧。gradation分等级，顺序。strand线，绳。
10.A 句意：他没有分析他为何如此慷慨，但我认为这种倾向开始于他的高中时代，那时他是个公共车售票员。proclivity倾向。predilection爱好，偏袒。prosperity繁荣。premeditation预谋，预先策划。preamble导言。
Section B (10 points)
11.A 句意：在一个充满竞争和快速发展的现代社会，繁忙的商业执行官太全神贯注于他们的工作而几乎不知道休闲这个词是什么意思。be engrossed in全神贯注于。be exempt from免除于。be skeptical of怀疑的。be extraneous to与…无关系。
12.B 句意：但是一本小说的深度和其艺术和意识形态特征的价值不取决于要么是微不足道的，要么是意义重大的主题。trivial微不足道的，琐细的。versatile通用的，万能的。preliminary预备的，初步的。alternate交替的；轮流的。
13.D 句意：在一些方面它总是伪装的，因为作为原始的防御和掩盖行为，它可能太明显了。camouflaged伪装的。scrupulous小心谨慎的，细心的。clamorous大喊大叫的。intrinsic固有的，内在的。
14.D 句意：她经常与他冷淡地保持距离，也许因为他那有严重伤疤的脸给他的邻居不知不觉地造成了一种排斥感。repulsion排斥；厌恶。discordance不调和，不和。deliberation熟思；考虑。perversity反常。
15.A 句意：对于我们来说，这是一个黑暗的大秘密，如果泄露出去将会危害我们的未来。divulge泄露，暴露。recall回忆、回想。retain保持，保留。duplicate复制的；两倍的。
16.C 句意：他们老板的慈善行为被很多人赞同，但是无情的裁员下岗与总经理的不断加薪形成鲜明的对比，这使他看起来没有那么慈善了。benevolent慈善的。discourteous失礼的；无礼貌的。prudent谨慎的。obstinate倔强的，顽固的。
17.Cincrementally增加地。这里指“我们大多数人一生都在不断增加知识”。impartially公平地，无私地。impassably不能通行地。melodiously音调优美地。
18.A 从句子结构可以看出，最后一部分是“it could only beinfamy”的从句，所填词与infamy是同义词。infamy声名狼藉的。preposterous荒谬的。preludial序言的，序幕的。precise精确的，准确的。preponderant占有优势的。
19.B 从第一句“所以那时最…的科学家象征着人类智慧的高度”可以看出修饰词应该为褒义词。eminent杰出的，显赫的。fastidious挑剔的；苛求的。anonymous匿名的。waggish爱开玩笑的，滑稽的。
20.A 从句意来看，这篇小说写的是军队生活的离奇荒诞之处，用其尖锐的对话、纯粹的叙述和描写来阐释。pungent尖锐的；严厉的。notorious声名狼藉的。anticlimactic突减的；虎头蛇尾的。shaky不可靠的；动摇的。
PART Ⅱ Grammar
Section A (10 points)
21.C 句意：警察一直让我重述如何找到卷轴的经过，他们不断告诉我是我换了它，想让我招供。trip sb. up使某人绊倒，使某人犯错误。
22.D 本文用的是分句并列结构，从“department headstrying to staunch”可以看出，分句用的是进行时结构。besiege sb. doing sth.迫使某人做某事。
23.A 句意：如果你经常阅读博客或各种新闻网页，你可能不时会被其过多的信息烦恼，博客创造了太多的材料，以至于人类不能舒服地消化。too…for sb. to do sth.太…以至于不能…。
24.A 句意：如果人们关心银行的财政状况，当存款被联邦政府所保障时，人们就不会扎堆到银行取钱了。be(become) concerned about关心某事。be(become) concerned with与某事有关。be(become) concerned in与某事牵连或对某事负责任。
25.A 从句子结构来看，这句话是复合句，“he evokes thesensation”是主谓完整的一句话，“anotherworldly entity”之后是主谓完整的另外一句，两句是承接关系，用that连接。
26.B 后面一句是定语从句，先行词是the point，从句是the liability survival is matchedby the sexual attractiveness of the trait，先行词在从句中做状语，用where来引导。
27.A 句意：他是一个有影响力的人，因其广播事业而进入大富豪之列，他在很多方面都是站在事件的边缘。wealthier是比较级，与后面的the biggest moguls作对比，应该用than。
28.B 本句是一个“not only…but also”的结构，但本句中but also被省略。前半句讲的是“不仅…”，后半句是“而且…”，所以not only引导的句子要用倒装结构。
29.B 本句讲的是关于服用过多维生素E所带来的损害的两个理论，所以过多维生素E应该是增加出血和中风的风险。
30.A 最后一句句意是他们想要的正好是社会所期望的，这句话是定语从句，that为先行词，which在从句中做宾语。
Section B (10 points)
31.A pertainto多用于进行时态，所以A项应该改为is pertaining largely to。
32.D keepsth. at bay是固定词组，表示不让某物逼近，所以D项应该改为keepingcancer at bay。
33.C 后半句使用了比较级，将新型纸和以前的相比，所以that应该改为than。
34.C C项应该作为一个形容词出现，但是名词转化为形容词时必须变换形式，所以应改为highly-ended。
35.D 本句是一个定语从句，从句不能有独立的主谓结构，并要有上下文的连接词，所以应该改为many of which。
36.D thatdoes not derive from a nuclear weapons deterrent 与would rather based on addressing the security concerns of all people都是以global security为先行词的定语从句，所以would rather 前应加上and与上句并列或者加上which单独成为一个定语从句。
37.C belimited to中的to是介词，后面应该接动词的现在分词，所以改为limited todestroying。
38.A 在定语从句中，which不能单独作插入语，可以把which改为that, 或者直接把which 后面的逗号去掉。
39.A 此处应为被动语态，改为be treated。
40.D 此句的主句是we peer inward to our owngenome，所以后面不应该再出现谓语，应该改为manifesting themselves as。
PART Ⅲ Reading comprehension: (30 points)
Passage 1
41.C 根据第三段“The social condition of theFrench led them to conceive very general ideas on the subject of government”可知，社会条件导致法国人倾向于思考总体概念，所以法国人最喜欢的是政治上的总体概念。
42.B 根据第三段最后一句“whereas in America the twothings constantly balance and correct each other”，说明美国政治具有核查和平衡机制。
43.D 根据第五段第一句话“Men living in democraticcountries eagerly lay hold of general ideas because they have but littleleisure and because these ideas spare them the trouble of studying particulars”，说明因为一些民主国家的人们没有空闲时间，因总体概念可以免除专门学习的麻烦。
44.B 根据最后第二段“to general ideas, the bestcorrective that can be used will be to make that subject a part of their dailypractical occupation”，说明要使人们对其感兴趣的方式是鼓励他们参与其中。
45.D 根据最后一段“Thus it happens that thedemocratic institutions which compel every citizen to take a practical part inthe government moderate that excessive taste for general theories in politics”，说明强迫每位公民参与政治反而会降低人们对政治总体概念的兴趣。
Passage 2
46.C 根据第一段“Marriages based exclusivelyupon economic motives…but are particularly common among primitive groups andconditions where they do not cause any offence at all”说明基于经济动因的婚姻在原始时代是被人们广泛接受的，所以在简单文化中影响婚姻的是金钱。
47.D 第三段提到“and there would be nocompelling reason for the official insistence on at least pretending love maybe misleading—particularlyin the higher strata”，说明在高阶层中金钱关系的婚姻伪装很普遍，所以在低阶层的婚姻伪装相对比较少。
48.C 根据第二段“Yet personal attraction shouldbe decisive in a highly individualized society where a harmonious relationshipbetween two individuals becomes increasingly rare”及其上文叙述，在个人主义社会婚姻的关键是个人的喜爱，而因为在社会层面上人们之间区别很大，所以两人的和谐关系逐渐变少。
49.D 最后一段提到“In the case of marriage formoney, the union of a couple is determined by a factor that has absolutelynothing to do with racial appropriateness…makes selection by personalattraction more and more important”，因为种族与金钱的因素，使得基于个人喜爱的婚姻受到了阻碍，说明与种族有关的婚姻和与金钱有关的婚姻的相似之处是它们都阻止了合适婚姻的可能性。
50.D 最后一段“Marriage for money directlycreates a situation of panmixia—the indiscriminate pairing regardless of individual qualities…detrimental degeneration of the human species”，Panmixia的特点就是不考虑个人因素，从而产生了婚姻条件选择的歧视，说明基于金钱的婚姻不考虑个人的素质，从而导致了对人类物种有害的恶化。
Passage 3
51.D 根据第一段的描述，D项与原文事实正好相反，法律规则和权力分配正是美国宪法原则，其他三项在文中均有提及。
52.B 第一段提到“When these offices are unifiedin the same person or assembly, particular laws are made for particular cases,springing often times from partial motives, and directed to private ends”，说明当权力集于一人之手时，法律就可能被操纵而服务于满足私人目的。
53.A 根据第三段“hough the Whig intelligentsia of the Edinburgh Review and economists inthe Smithian tradition,…continued to think of liberty in classical terms, there was littlefurther development”，说明辉格党是以古典的方式看待自由，所以没有进一步发展，所以辉格党支持的是传统的倾向。
54.C 从第三段中“Bentham and his Utilitariansdid much to destroy the beliefs that England had in part preserved from theMiddle Ages, by their scornful treatment of most of what until then had beenthe most admired features of the British constitution”可以看出作者的整体态度是否定的，而从scornful等词语及整体语义来看，说明作者对功利主义者是以批判的态度论述的。
55.A 根据最后一段第一句“The lack of understandingof the traditional principles of English liberty …the French Revolution isclearly illustrated by one of the early apostles of that revolution in England”以及下文，作者阐明人们对英国自由缺乏理解，而往往认为其被法国革命理想所引导，所以作者倾向于英国自由原则。
Passage 4
56.A 本文开头第一句就说“There are, two opinions asto the production of light”，接下来就继续介绍关于光的起源的不同说法，很明显这篇文章的主旨是讨论光的起源。
57.C 根据第一段“And spiritual nature wasformed first, as being of higher dignity than corporeal”，精神是首先形成的，是比肉体更加高贵的东西，这里是将spiritualnature与corporeal作对比。
58.B 根据原文“For a spiritual nature receivesits formation by the illumination wherebyit is led to adhere to the Word of God“，说明人们已经把光的精神实质看成是上帝，所以摩斯没有讨论光的精神实质。
59.A 第四段提到“But Scripture also mentionedseveral kinds of formlessness, in regard to the corporeal creature …that the informity of darknessshould be removed first of all by the production of light”，说明创造物质的条件首先要驱除存在于深层表面的黑暗，因为地球是空的，所以光的创造是为了创造物质。
60.B 根据全文理解以及“Basil says that Mosesbegins his narrative from the beginning of the time which belongs to sensiblethings; …Chrysostom gives us a reason for the omission that Moses wasaddressing an ignorant people”，两者之间的对比鲜明，Basil从历史的角度解释而Chrysostom从对误解的担忧的角度解释的.
PART IV Translation
Section A: Translate theunderlined sentences into good Chinese. (15 points)
1．另一方面，当你能够真正学到任何关于原子到底是干什么的知识，你会发现它们并不像人们想象的那样受制于法律。你所使用的法律就和那些偶然出现的类别在统计学上一样平均。
2．迥异于此的是，自然法暗示着人们立法是为了区分自然法则和人类法则之间的混淆，这种观点也表明科学瞬间可变。
3．但是自然法是描述事物事实上是如何运转的，并且仅仅作为对它们事实做什么的描述，你不能说有人告诉它们去这样做，因为如果假设是你面临着这个问题，为什么上帝只传下那些自然法而不是其他的呢？
4．在外部确实存在一种法律并在神圣法令之前，上帝也不会达到你的目的，因为他也不是最终的立法者。简言之，从自然法而来的整个争论不再拥有像以前所有的那种力量了。
5．首先有些艰涩的智力争论，体现了某些特别明确的谬误。当我们进入现代，它们在智力上变得没有那么受人尊崇，甚至更被一种道德上的含糊所影响。
Section B: Translate thefollowing sentences into good English. (15 points)
1. To realize the difference among our culture can helpus to communicate with each other more effectively. To learn our different waysof communication can enrich our cultural life. Different communication stylesembody our deep-seated views of philosophy and the world. These deep-seatedviews of philosophy and the world is exactly our cultural foundationsrespectively. To understand the deep-seated philosophy, we will get widervisions which are shown by the world.
2. In a sense, the approval of every country tomulti-polarization reflects the pursuit of democratization in internationalrelations. In the times of economic globalization, a relation of deepinterdependence is formed among nations. The principle of equality amongnations, which was published in Charters of the United Nations, is filteringinto people’s mind. More and more countries have clearly realized that big orsmall, strong or weak, rich or poor, every nation is an equal member of theworld. The democratization of international relations will be the commonaspiration in establishing new order of the world.
3. Questioning is not only the necessary step ofdiscarding the false while retaining the truth in the negative aspect, but alsoa basic condition in establishing new theories and inspiring new invention inthe positive aspect. It is lazy in thought to admit other’s word completelywithout thinking. This kind of people is always playing a passive role withoutthe ability to learn thoughtfully. Only the people who often question and askothers can raise questions. By raising questions, they want to get the answers.There is no way for increasing knowledge except constantly asking and answeringquestions.
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