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目录 封面
内容简介
目录
第一章 听 力
第一节 命题分析
第二节 技巧指南
第三节 专项练习[听力音频]
第二章 词汇、语法与文化
第一节 命题分析
第二节 技巧指南
第三节 专项练习
第三章 完形填空
第一节 命题分析
第二节 技巧指南
第三节 专项练习
第四章 阅读理解
第一节 命题分析
第二节 技巧指南
第三节 专项练习
第五章 翻 译
第一节 命题分析
第二节 技巧指南
第三节 专项练习
第六章 改 错
第一节 命题分析
第二节 技巧指南
第三节 专项练习
第七章 智力测试
第一节 命题分析
第二节 技巧指南
第三节 专项练习
第八章 写 作
第一节 命题分析
第二节 技巧指南
第三节 专项练习
内容简介
全国大学生英语竞赛(National English Contest for College Students,简称NECCS)是经教育部有关部门批准举办的全国惟一的大学英语综合能力竞赛活动。本竞赛旨在配合教育部高等教育教学水平评估工作,贯彻落实教育部关于大学英语教学改革精神,促进大学生英语水平的全面提高,激发广大大学生学习英语的兴趣,鼓励英语学习成绩优秀的大学生。
本书是专门为提高考生参加全国大学生英语竞赛B类(英语专业)考试水平而编著的复习资料。本书按照最新一年真题及样题的试题结构设置章节,全面讲解听力、词汇语法与文化、完形填空等八大考试题型的命题规律及解题技巧,同时穿插大量真题示例以及精选各题型专项练习,帮助学员加深对解题思路的理解和掌握,并在实战中灵活运用。专项练习是在参考众多相关考试用书、国内外权威杂志以及优秀论文等大量素材的基础上精心设计而成,具有很强的针对性和实用性。
内容预览
第一章 听 力
第一节 命题分析
1.考核要求
全国大学生英语竞赛听力部分主要考查考生获取口头信息的能力(理解主旨大意、听懂重要事实和细节、推断隐含的意义、判断言语的交际功能、分辨说话人的观点态度等),要求考生在听完听力材料后了解内容大意,抓住有关细节,并进行综合、归纳、推理,领会说话人的观点、态度、意图等。
2.试题结构
听力理解部分共30题,共计30分。B类竞赛主要从四个方面来考查考生的听力理解能力:短对话、长对话、新闻、笔记填空。
3.试题特点
(1)出题方式较为稳定,基本可归纳为四个方面:短对话、长对话、短新闻、笔记填空。
(2)英语竞赛听力发音为标准的英音或美音,基本不会涉及方言;语速每分钟150词左右(专八水平或略低于专业八级水平)。
(3)听力内容取材广泛,但不会涉及专业话题,基本为日常生活相关的内容,同时不乏一些社会热点。
(4)对话及新闻部分的录音只放一遍,笔记填空部分放两遍(2011年之前只放一遍),笔记填空部分难度相对降低,但听力部分总体难度依然不低,是考生失分较多的地方。
第二节 技巧指南
为了帮助考生进一步明确所要考查的目标,本书对听力内容充分分析、概括、总结,并做出正确的推理、判断,最后得出答案,下面分别讲解四种类型考题的特点及解题技巧。
◆短对话
1.试题特点
(1)注重考查逻辑思维
在全国大学生英语竞赛听力对话部分中,很少有题目能够从对话原文中直接找到答案,大多数题目都要求参赛学生深刻分析对话内容,从而判断出对话人的意图、态度或意见等。
(2)对话内容涉及面广
无论是长对话还是短对话,话题基本以衣、食、住、行等日常生活为主。
(3)对话的方式多为一问一答
在短对话听力测试中,对话多为问答式,首先由第一个人提出一个问题,再由第二个人予以回答。或者由第一个人陈述一个观点,第二个人表示附和或反对。问答的回合数一般不会超过三个。
2.解题攻略
短对话作为听力理解部分较为简单的一类题型,有其特定的解题技巧。
(1)提前快速浏览题目及选项,把握听音重点
考生应充分利用试卷发下到Directions播完的这段时间,迅速浏览试卷上的听力选项,这样在听的时候能有的放矢地捕捉关键信息,弄清对话环境和意图,最后排除各干扰项,做出正确选择。
例1: [2014年B类初赛]
What sort of shoes would the man buy?
A. An expensive pair of shoes.
B. An affordable pair of shoes.
C. A pair of trainers.
D. A stout pair of shoes.
【听音重点】根据题目中“what sort of shoes”和“buy”,可以猜测对话话题是关于买鞋,听录音时应重点注意男士要买的鞋子有什么特点。
【录音原文】
M:Sarah, I’m a bit broke at the moment, so I don’t want to spend too much today, butI’d like to shop around for a pair of shoes that don’t cost an arm and a leg.
W:Yeah, some shoes are over-priced, aren’t they? We could check out the new shoestore next to the delicatessen.
例2: [2014年B类决赛]
Which kind of transport is the man suggesting that the woman takes?
A. Car.
B. Train.
C. Coach.
D. Ship.
【听音重点】由题干中的transport以及选项中的四种交通工具,可知对话内容是关于女士使用何种交通工具,听音时要注意男士的具体建议是哪一种。
【录音原文】
W: I’mlooking for a convenient way to travel the country.
M: Haveyou heard of hiring a coach? Many people use this form of transport. It’s cheapand very popular.
W: No.I’ve not heard of it. Tell me about it.
M: It’slike going on an ocean cruise except that you go by land. Everything is plannedfor you from the moment you step on board a luxury coach.
(2)注意捕捉说话人的弦外之音
对话部分有很多问题不是针对讲话人的字面意思发问的,考生必须体会到讲话人的言外之意,才能推断出正确选项。
例:[2012年B类初赛]
What does the man mean?
A.The woman need not consider her advisor in her decision.
B.The woman should not take Dr. Sullivan’s course.
C.The woman need not worry about her physics course.
【录音原文】
W:I’d like to take Dr. Sullivan’s section of Physics 100, but my advisor is teaching it too, and I don’t want her to beoffended.
M:Who cares?
W:Well, I don’t want to get on her bad side.
M: Iwouldn’t worry about it.
Q:What does the man mean?
【解析】女士想选Dr. Sullivan的课,而她的导师也开此课,她便向男士征求意见,该对话中男士并未直接表达他的意见,但是由男士说的Who cares?可知,男士是告诉女士做决定时不用考虑导师。
(3)熟练掌握有关日常生活等方面的词语、习语、句型等
熟悉日常生活中常用的词汇、短语、习语、句型,能使考生听到相关对话时迅速做出反应,提高答题效率和正确率。
例:[2008年B类初赛]
A. Everyday.
B. Twice aweek.
C. Twice amonth.
【录音原文】
A: Ireally love this bar. They always have great drink specials.
B: Doyou know when they have “Happy Hour”?
A:Every Friday and Saturday from 6 p. m. to 8 p. m.
Q:How often does the bar have “Happy Hour”?
【解析】由对话可知,该酒吧每周的周五和周六两天是Happy Hour。Happy Hour为酒吧术语,表示减价供应饮料等的时间。
3.题型分析
听力短对话试题类型多样,这里主要介绍常涉及到的七种题型及针对各题型的答题技巧。
(1)地点与方向(Locations and Directions)
地点与方向类试题在对话中经常出现。这类题目根据对话内容,就有关地点提问,要求考生从所给出的选项中选出正确答案。这些地点包括对话进行的地点、对话涉及的事件的地点、涉及的人物的地点或人物来自哪里及要去的地点。
考题类型:
①直接型。地点在对话中会直接出现,但提到的地点通常不止一个,考生需要对其进行辨认、选择。
例:[2010年B类初赛]
Whichairport will the speakers depart from?
A. Heathrow.
B. Milan.
C. Liverpool.
【录音原文】
W:Berry, we really must book our flight soon.
M:Yes, I know. We can do it on the Internet. Let’s see. There is a flight fromLiverpool to Bangkok every day. But we have to change at Milan.
W: Sothere isn’t a direct flight?
M: Wecan get a direct flight from Heathrow. But it’s more expensive.
W:Let’s get a flight from Liverpool then.
【解析】在对话最后女士说Let’s get a flight from Liverpool then,可推测他们最后会从Liverpool出发。
②间接型。没有直接提到地点或方向,要求考生根据对话的主题和内容进行推理判断。
例1:[2014年B类决赛]
Wheredoes the conversation take place?
A.In a supermarket.
B. Ina cafeteria.
C. Ata wedding ceremony.
D. Ata cocktail party.
【录音原文】
W: Howabout some chicken supreme, then? That looks quite nice.
M: OK.What do we need then, apart from chicken?
W: Anonion,some lemonjuice—oh, put a lemon on the list, can you? Can we start a shopping list?
M: Yes,what about dessert? I know I will do peaches and ice cream.
W: OK. Let me take it.
【解析】对话中双方主要就需要买什么食材展开讨论,其中女士问男士要不要买点鸡肉,随后指出还需要洋葱、柠檬汁,并提出把柠檬纳入购物单,由此可推知对话发生在一家超市里。
例2:[2011年B类初赛]
Wheredoes the conversation probably take place?
A. Ata railway station.
B. Ata travel agency.
C.At an airport.
【录音原文】
W:Can I have your ticket, sir? And your passport? … Ah, I’m sorry, sir, but I’mafraid this flight is fully booked.
M:That’s not possible. I confirmed the booking a few days ago.
W:I’m very sorry, sir, but the flight has been overbooked. We can offer you aplace on a later flight. There’s one at 16:30.
【解析】对话中提到flight、ticket、passport、booking等可知此对话发生在机场,故选C项。
答题技巧:
对于直接型考题,考生应先看题目,确定题目所问的对象是男士还是女士,然后再针对对话中的地点进行辨认、选择。
对于间接型考题,考生则应特别注意对话的主题,如在学校时,话题常围绕学习。这类考题所涉及的场所通常有:学校、邮局、图书馆、商店、医院、餐馆、机场、车站、银行等。考生要注意与这些特定场所有关的词语。
常考场景相关词汇总结如下:
学校用语:
bachelor’sdegree学士学位
master’s degree硕士学位
doctor’s degree 博士学位
graduateceremony毕业典礼
academic year学年
make-upexamination补考
required/obligatorycourse必修课
optional/electivecourse选修课
mid-termexamination期中考试
finalexamination期末考试
register/enroll 注册
campus校园
credit学分
quiz小测验
freshman大一学生
sophomore大二学生
junior大三学生
senior大四学生
postgraduate研究生
seminar研讨会
scholarship奖学金
tuition学费
diploma毕业证书
society学生社团
student union学生会
dormitory宿舍
clinic校医院
major专业
thesis论文
机场、车站用语:
first class头等舱
economy class经济舱
express trains快车
direct flight直达航班
internationalflight国际航班
domestic flight 国内航班
behind theschedule晚点/误点
check-inprocedure登机手续
left-luggageoffice行李寄存处
stewardess/airhostess空姐
steward空中先生
waiting lounge 候机大厅
waiting room候车室
conductor列车长
car attendant列车员
passport护照
visa签证
airliner班机
flight航班
board登机
gate登机口
land着陆
departure起飞
take off起飞
seat belt安全带
银行用语:
current account现金账户
exchange rate汇率
foreign currency外汇
traveler’s check旅游支票
open an account开户
savings account储蓄账户
interest rate利率
installment分期付款
credit card信用卡
passbook存折
withdraw取钱
overdraw透支
cash现金
check支票
deposit存款
loan贷款
teller 出纳
图书馆用语:
loan desk借书处
library card借书卡
reference room参考资料室
reference book参考书
issue(期刊、报纸)期
due(书、作业等)到期应交还的
catalogue目录
current issue现刊
back issue过刊
periodical期刊
fiction/novel小说
index索引
renew续借
overdue超期
pay a fine交罚金
bookshelf书架
餐馆用语:
go Dutch AA制
Chinese food中餐
Western stylefood西餐
soft drink不含酒精的饮料
be full/stuffed吃饱
pay a bill付账
treat sb. tosth.请某人吃某物
rare三分熟的
medium五成熟的
well-done全熟的
appetizer开胃菜
refreshment茶点
cold dish冷盘
dessert甜点
soup汤
tender嫩的
menu菜单
tip小费
buffet自助餐
snack快餐
order点菜
邮局用语:
airmail航空快件
ordinary/regularmail平信
registered mail挂号信
stampscounter/window卖邮票处
ordinary telegram普通电报
urgent telegram加急电报
express mail快递
special delivery限时专递
overweightcharge超重费
return address 回函地址
sender’s address寄件人地址
package包裹
parcel form包裹单
postage邮资
zip code 邮政编码
remittance汇款
商店用语:
dailynecessities日用品
check-out/cashdesk付款台
men’s/women’sdepartment男/女装部
Cash or charge? 付现金还是记账?
bargain讨价还价
one price不还价
fixed prices定价
promotion促销
20% discount off打八折
packing/wrapping包装
on sale甩卖
sold out卖完
in stock有货
out of stock无货
cashier出纳员
fashion时尚
医院用语:
blood pressure血压
emergency room急诊
operation room手术室
give aninjection注射
visiting hours探视时间
surgeon外科医生
physician内科医生
traditionalChinese medicine中医
take one’stemperature量体温
dentist牙医
cough咳嗽
flu流感
fever发烧
headache头痛
sneeze打喷嚏
a sore throat 嗓子疼
indigestion消化不良
prescription处方
check-up 体检
ward病房
treat治疗
cure/heal治愈
dose剂量
tablet药片
capsule胶囊
first-aid kit 急救箱
宾馆用语:
room service客房服务
single/doubleroom单/双人间
check in/out 登记入住/付账后离开
reservation预定
reception desk登记处
service counter服务台
duration of stay停留时间
suite套间
inn客栈
full up注满了
vacancy空房
理发店用语:
hairdresser美发师
blow the hair吹头发
haircut理发
hairstyle发型
beard胡须
mustache髭
curly卷发的
bob剪短
shave刮胡子
cut剪发
海关用语:
allowance限额
go through thecustoms通关
declare申报
duty free免税的
visa签证
办公室用语:
vacancy空缺
appointment预约
candidate求职者
job applicant求职者
fire/dismiss解雇
employer老板
employee雇员
resume简历
scanner扫描仪
printer打印机
fax传真
file文件
copier复印机
schedule时间表
法庭用语:
jury陪审团
accuse控诉
My Lord/YourHonor 法官大人
guilty有罪的
innocent清白的
crime犯罪
witness证人
(2)时间与数字(Time and Numerals)
时间与数字类的题目包括直接型和隐含型。
考题类型:
①直接型。该类考题不需要计算,答案直接出现在对话中,要求考生根据题目从所给出选项中直接辨认出答案。主要考查考生对数字的辨认及记忆能力。
例1:[2013年B类决赛]
What time does the flight leave for Madrid?
A.
B.
C.
【录音原文】
W: I’mso excited about our trip to Spain. I hope we don’t miss the plane!
M: Ofcourse we won’t miss it. But we must make sure that we check in at ten to six.The flight’s at ten to eight.
W:Oh, I thought the flight would be at ten to ten.
M: No, silly. That’s thearrival time in Madrid!
【解析】题目问飞机什么时间起飞去往马德里。对话中男士告诉女士飞机在7:50(ten to eight)起飞。而女士认为飞机是在9:50(ten to ten)起飞。男士反驳道No, silly. That’s thearrival time in Madrid! 由此可知飞机在7:50起飞,到达马德里的时间为9:50。
例2:[2012年B类初赛]
How old does the boy have to be to get his own membership of thegym?
A. 12 years old.
B. 18 yearsold.
C. 20 years old.
【录音原文】
M: I’dlike to become a member of your club, but I’m not sure if I’m too young.
W:Well, if you’re under 18, you would need a parent or guardian over the age of 20to get a family membership and include you on that. But actually anyone can usethe gym facilities; we have a girl who’s 12 and who comes here to train in theswimming pool every day.
【解析】对话中提到如果不满18岁需要监护人才能成为体育馆的成员,以此推测年满18岁便可独自成为会员。
②隐含型。选项中的时间或数字不会直接出现在对话里,有时需进行简单的计算。
例:[2011年B类初赛]
Howmuch does it cost for a couple with two children to get into the castle?
A.£15.
B. £10.50.
C. £12.
【录音原文】
M:Can you tell me how much it costs to get into Sudeley Castle?
W:Yes, it costs £4.50 for adults and £3 forchildren.
【解析】女士说成人票价是4.5英镑,儿童是3英镑。一对夫妇和两个孩子总计15英镑,故选A。
答题技巧:
对于直接型考题,考生需要根据题目和对话内容在三个数字中进行选择,因此考生可以在听力开始前利用短暂的间隙浏览题目,查看题目所提问的对象,之后在听对话内容时将该对象所对应的数字记录下来。
对于隐含型考题的答案有时需要进行简单的计算,如将数字进行加减等。这要求考生在听对话时须将对话中出现的所有数字和其对应的对象记下来,以便根据题目要求进行计算。
①对于时间题,要注意以下几点:
a. 时间、日期和年代的读法
“-teen”和“-ty”是众多考生容易混淆的,应该注意区分。主要区别为:第一重音不同。前者重音在词末,而后者重音在词首;第二是否有鼻音。结尾发音有鼻音/n/的单词为“-teen”。如:fourteen和forty, thirteen和thirty,等。
b. 时间
5:12 fivetwelve/twelve past five
7:15 seven fifteen/aquarter past seven (after seven)
8:45 eightforty-five/a quarter to nine
11:50 eleven fifty/tento twelve
2:00 pm/14:00 two pm/fourteen hundred hours
12:00twelve/noon/midday
24:00 midnight
c. 日期与年代
3月15日 March 15th/the 15th of March
每隔一天(每两天) every other day/every two days
几天前theother day/a few days ago
两星期fortnight/period of two weeks
20世纪 the twentieth century
19世纪40年代 in the eighteen forties
公元前450年(450BC) four hundred and fifty BC/fourfifty BC
②对于数字题,要注意以下表达方式(相同意义的不同表达):
a. 多位数的表达
10 ten/a decade
12 twelve/a dozen
1960 nineteen sixty
1900 nineteen hundred
b. 分数与小数
分数:分子用基数表示,分母用序数表示
1/2 (0.5) one half (zero point five)
1/4 (0.25) one fourth/a quarter (zero point twenty five)
c. 号码、货币
电话号码按位数逐个读出来如87316789
房间号码、邮政编码、街道等:180 one-eighty/one-eight-zero
注意数量单位与单位基数的不同。如:a penny=one cent, a nickel=five cents, a quarter=twenty-five cents,a half dollar=fifty cents.
③注意数字换算
掌握听力课堂中所列的与数字相关的表达方式。由于每个对话间隔的时间短,既要回忆对话内容,又要阅读选项,还要进行计算,因此熟练掌握换算进率是十分必要的。
星期、日期、时、分的换算进率分别为7、30/31、24、60等。
Aquarter 指时间是15分钟,指月份是一季度(三个月),指百分比为25%。
(3)身份与关系(Identity and Relationships)
对话中身份与关系类题是指根据对话内容就与对话有关人物的职业、身份或人物之间的关系提问,要求参赛学生从所给选项中选出一个正确答案的题型。
该类考题包括考查职业身份和考查二者关系两种,其提问角度主要有以下四种:
①就对话人某一方的职业身份提问。
Whatis the woman’s job?
②就对话人之间的关系提问。
What’sthe relationship between the man and the woman?
③就对话中涉及的第三者的职业、身份提问。
Whatdo you think is Mary’s profession?
④就对话中涉及的第三者与第四者之间的关系提问。
Whatis the relationship between Tom and Jerry?
考题类型:
①考查职业身份
这类题涉及的职业主要有教师、学生、图书管理员、医生/牙医、营业员、服务员、修理工、家庭主妇等。
例:[2007年B类初赛]
A. A repair man.
B. Afriend.
C. A retailer.
【录音原文】
Listento this man telephoning someone about his washing machine. Who is he talkingto?
—I’vebeen in touch with them already and they said it’s not up to them because theguarantee doesn’t cover it. So I was wondering whether he might be able to comeand have a look. I don’t suppose you could give me any idea of what the chargemight be.
—Yes,I see. The thing is I’ve got some friends coming around this weekend and...
—Oh,that’d be great.
【解析】这位男士在第一句话中所说的them指厂家,因为guarantee中不包括这一项,所以他只好求助于修理工。
②考查二者之间关系
这类题涉及的关系主要有:教师与学生、医生与病人、丈夫与妻子、借书者与馆员、旅客与服务员、老板与雇员、修理工与顾客等。
例:[2011年B类初赛]
What is the most probable relationship betweenthe two speakers?
A. They are colleagues.
B. They are classmates.
C.They are a newly-married couple.
【录音原文】
W: Ihave to go out of town on a family emergency. Can you cover my speech class forme?
M:Sure, but I’ve never taught speech. I’m sure you’ll tell me what to do. I hopeyour emergency works out okay.
W:Thanks. My mother’s in the hospital, and I need to arrange for her discharge.
【解析】根据女士的问话“Can you cover my speechclass for me?”可知,两人均是老师,在商量代课(cover a class)的问题。因此两人的关系是同事。
答题技巧:
①如选项含职业、身份及关系方面的词汇,可断定该题属于身份与关系类对话。
②对话中一般不会直接提及人物的身份与关系,需要通过对话中的预期及关键词来进行判断。因此,考生应该掌握与特定语言环境及表示人物身份职业相关的词汇,并在听题时注意捕捉与人物职业身份相关的关键词。
③应该注意对话人的语气。不同关系的人物对话,其语气特征会比较明显。如夫妻、恋人之间常用比较亲昵的语气;同学、朋友之间常用比较随意的语气;而下属对老板则常用比较恭敬的语气。注意体会说话者的口气、语调及所用的称呼,这将有助于判断对话者之间的关系。如:
Dr. 是学生对老师或病人对医生的称呼
Mr., Mrs.反映下级对上级或学生对老师的称呼
Prof.用于对教授的称呼
Darling用于夫妻之间
常考身份与关系相关词汇总结如下:
职业身份:
Postman(邮递员):
deliver, letter, parcel, mail, post, airmail, registered letter,postcard, mailbox, postage, etc.
Repairman(修理工):
fix, plug, gear, garage, vacuum, air-conditioner, heater,refrigerator, washing machine, drain, microwave, switch, plumber,etc.
somethingis wrong with…
Police(警察):
speeding, traffic light, driver’s license, fine, give a ticket to ,etc.
Taxi-driver(出租车司机):
fare, meter, get off, change, tip, destination, etc.
Whereshall I take you?
Whereto?
Custom officer(报关员):
passport, restricted articles, free of duty, etc.
Doyou have anything to declare?
Anythingdutiable?
Librarian(图书管理员):
borrow, library card, periodical, journal, catalogue, book shelf,due, overdue, renew ,etc.
Bank Clerk(银行职员):
balance, cash, check, an open account, interest, overdraft,withdraw, deposit,etc.
两者关系:
Doctors and Patients(医生和病人):
examination, prescribe, injection, operation, fever, cough,headache, diagnose, medicine, flu, surgery, be operated on, indigestion, etc.
What’sthe matter with you?
What’swrong (with you)?
Isuffered…
Teachers and Students(教师和学生):
textbook, course, grade, mark, exam, term paper, test, assignment,homework, lesson, class score, scholarship, pass, fail, semester, credit, oralexam, written exam, make up an exam, school record, tuition, drop out,etc.
Waiter or Waitress(顾客和服务生):
shop-assistant , attendant menu, order, tip, on sale, for sale,marked price, discount, selling season, shopping record, treat, go Dutch,steak, ham, out of style, in fashion, all the rage, in good taste ,etc.
Whatcan I do for you?
May Ihelp you?
May Itake your order now?
Wouldyou like something else?
Willthis be cash or charge/check/cheque?
Airport Staff andCustomer(机场人员和乘客):
cabin door, gate, business class, economy class, first class,restricted articles, single ticket, return ticket, difference in time, airsick,seat belt fasten, take off, board, land ,etc.
礼貌用语: Hi! Please! How do you do? How are you? Hello!
Boss and secretary(老板和秘书):
typing,operating, copy, files, document, report, telephone, appointment, timetable,arrangement, etc.
(4)态度与建议(Attitude and Suggestion)
考生需根据对话内容的关键词、上下文甚至语气、语调的内涵意义并利用逻辑思维能力进行判断,找出对话中人物对某事件或某人的观点态度。
常见的提问方式:
Howdoes the man/woman feel about?
Whatdoes the man/woman think of...?
Whatdoes the man/woman mean?
Whatdoes the man/woman say about...?
例1:[2010年B类初赛]
Whatdoes the woman think of Matt?
A. He is nottrustworthy.
B. He is quitehonest.
C. He ishelpful.
【录音原文】
M:Where is Matt? He promised to meet me here this afternoon.
W:You shouldn’t believe what Matt says. He often tells lies and breaks promises.
M: Ido not agree. I know he sometimes forgets things, but he isn’t dishonest. Andif I had a problem, I’d ask Matt for advice.
W:Well, I wouldn’t. When Joan told him about her boyfriend, everyone in theschool soon learned about it. He can’t keep a secret.
【解析】女士的话如“You shouldn’t believe what Matt says”,“Well, I wouldn’t”以及“He can’t keep a secret”都充满了她对Matt的消极评论和不信任。
例2:[2014年B类初赛]
Whatdoes the woman think of the restaurant?
A. Itwas very luxurious and exotic.
B.Its dishes were to her taste.
C.Its service was first-class.
D.It was the worst place for a meal.
【录音原文】
M:So, what’s the most unusual restaurant you’ve ever been to?
W:Oh, a really extraordinary place called Jurassic Noah. My first impression ofthe place was a bit of off-putting. It looked like the last place on earthwhere you were likely to get a good meal.
M: Well, it certainly soundsunusual!
【解析】录音中女士说其对该餐馆的第一印象是a bitoff-putting(有点令人厌恶),随后提到“It looked like the lastplace on earth where you were likely to get a good meal”,由此可知女士认为该餐厅是最不适合去吃饭的地方。故选D。
答题技巧:
①答案通常与后者的话有关,选项中有关第一说话人的话通常不是正确答案。
第一人态度为肯定时,第二人的回答有:
支持:yes,sure, of course, that’s a good idea, out of question...
反对:no,not really, not likely, not at all, no way, out of the question...
第一人态度为否定,第二人的回答有:
支持:no,of course not, you don’t
反对:yes,of course, you do
②看清问题,找准听音重点。
观点态度类试题主要是判断对话中说话人对所谈及的事或人所持的观点及态度。考生做这类试题时要注意理解对话中的大意,并且还要注意问题中考查的是男士还是女士的观点,以免判断错误。
③这里要注意几种关于态度的表达方式:
a. 双重否定表肯定
notimpossible, can’t agree... any more, not unusual等
b. 部分否定的词
not all…(或:all…not), not every(或:every…not), not always等
c. 虚拟语气表假设,非真实情况
④熟练掌握表示建议的常用句式:
Whynot…?
Whydon’t you/we…?
Howabout…?
You’dbetter…
Youmay/might as well…
If Iwere you, I would…
I’drather you…
(5)行为与计划(Action and Plan)
行为与计划类题目的选项常以to + V(或不带to的不定式)短语形式、V-ing短语形式或V-ed短语形式出现。对话中常会出现一个或几个动作,要求考生根据对话的内容,迅速记忆提及的动作及相关信息、动作发生的前后顺序以及动作与动作发出者的对应关系等。
该类试题要求考生对对话的主题及题目中说话人的行为进行判断,主要的提问方式有:
Whatdoes the man want to do?
Whatis the man planning to do?
Whatis the man going to do?
Whatare the two speakers talking about?
…
①考查过去的行为
例:[2008年B类样题]
A.All of them landed safely.
B.Some were wounded, but there were no deaths.
C.Some were kidnapped.
【录音原文】
M:The hijacking incident ended with the death of the three kidnappers.
W:How were the passengers?
M:Well, all the passengers and crew members landed on their feet finally.
Q:What happened to the passengers?
【解析】录音提到所有的乘客和机组人员都安然脱险,也就是说他们都安全着陆了。
②考查将来的行为
例:[2014年B类初赛]
Whatdo the speakers plan to do on Friday?
A. Watch aballet performance.
B. Write apaper.
C. Go to aplay.
D. Dine out atlunch time.
【录音原文】
M:So, let’s do something on Friday then. I’ve got the paper in front of me so letme see what’s on. Mm… there’s the Kirov Ballet at the Playhouse.
W: Ilike ballet. That would be nice. What time does itstart?
M:Well, it’s on at 2:10, 5:10 and 8:10.
W:Let’s go to the 5:10 and then have something to eat afterwards.
【解析】对话中男士首先提议星期五去做点什么,并指出将会有KirovBallet at the Playhouse,于是女士问对方表演开始的时间,最后双方确定5:10去那儿。因此A项“观看芭蕾表演”是说话者在周五将做的事情。
③考查现在的行为
例:[2007年B类初赛]
A.Asking the customer’s opinion.
B. Offering a cheapsample.
C.Explaining a price rise.
【录音原文】
Youare walking round the market when you hear this woman talking to a customer.What is she doing?
Look,I’ll tell you what. You just take a couple home tonight. I’ll knock off 50pence. How’s that? And try them, you’ll love them. I promise you. And thentomorrow you can come and tell me if I’m not right. What do you say to thatthen? I cannot say fairer than now, can I?
【解析】录音中提到他们谈话的地点是在the market,其中一人说你可拿一双回家,价格已经降了50便士。由此可知,B选项符合题意。
答题技巧:
听对话时要对与动作有关的内容特别注意,抓住表示时间顺序的词语,如since,before, after, then等,还要特别注意对话中所使用的时态和重复出现的词,这些往往是答题的关键。
(6)因果(Cause and Effect)
此类题较难,因为原因的阐述通常会出现在第一句,容易被忽视,且该类题信号词较少,需听完全部对话后才能明白其内容重点。
常见的提问方式:
Whycan’t sb. do sth.?
Whyis sb. ...?
Whydoes sb. ...?
例1:[2013年B类初赛]
Whydoesn’t the man apply for a job at the factory?
A.He doesn’t think there is a chance for him to get a job there.
B.The factory is closing down during the summer vocation.
C. Hedoesn’t think that is a good place to work in.
【录音原文】
W:How are you going to spend your summer break?
M: Ireally need to work to pay for next semester’s tuition.
W:Why don’t you see if you could get a job at the factory?
M: Ihear they’re laying off workers there.
【解析】录音中男士提到他想要工作赚钱支付下个学期的学费。然后女士提出建议“为什么不看看能否在工厂里得到一份工作呢”,男士回答到他听说那里正在裁员。由此可知,男士认为他不可能在那里得到一份工作,所以选A。
例2:[2013年B类决赛]
Whycan’t the woman meet the man on Monday?
A.She has a conference to attend.
B.She will have to work.
C. She will not be in town.
【录音原文】
W:So, the 20th won’t work for you. How about something the following week?
M:That would be the week of the 23rd. Let’s see... I have time on Mondayafternoon and Wednesday Morning. Does either of those work for you?
W:Monday doesn’t; I’ll be out of town. Wednesday, later in the morning would.Say, 11:30?
M:OK, 11:30 Wednesday.
【解析】男士问女士Monday是否有时间,女士提到“Monday doesn’t; I’ll be out of town”,由此可知星期一女士不能和男士见面是因为她不在城里。
答题技巧:
①注意听清第二个人的讲话内容,尤其是当第二个人使用I’d like to..., but ...句式时,but之后就是具体原因。
②熟悉一些表示因果关系的词和短语,在听录音时要特别注意以下词或短语之后的内容。
Words: because, as, for, since, in that, hence, therefore,consequently, cause, reason
Expressions: dueto, owing to, because of, thanks to, on account for, as a result, result from,result in, lead to, give rise to, contribute to, attribute to, now that, sothat, so…that, such…that, in order to, be responsible for
(7)气候与天气
谈论天气的人一般是朋友或家庭成员,内容涉及气候、温度、环境及天气对人们生活和出行的影响。
例:[2008年B类样题]
A. Mild.
B. Draughty.
C. Hot.
【录音原文】
M: Iguess we’ll have a hot summer again.
W: Iknow. Last summer was mild. Do you remember our first summer here? Thetemperature stayed about 100 degrees Fahrenheit for ten straight days. There wasn’ta breeze anywhere.
Q:What do you know about their first summer?
【解析】录音中提到他们在这里的第一个夏天连续十天气温高达100°F,一点风都没有,由此可推断那个夏天是很热的。Draughty通风良好的。
答题技巧:
解答该类题型要注意气候与天气的相关词汇及短语:
climate,forecast, get worse, sunny, bright, warm (up), cloudy, overcast, gloomy, windy,foggy, rain, snow, snow storm, etc.
冷暖:temperature,hot, cold, such a severe winter, etc.
(8)主题(Subject)
该类题目要求考生根据对话中的内容判断他们讨论的主题是什么。
常见提问方式为:
Whatare they/the two speakers talking about?
Whatdo we learn from the conversation?
...
例1:[2009年B类初赛]
Twopeople are talking. What are they talking about?
A. A TVprogramme.
B. A film.
C. A concert.
【录音原文】
M: Didyou enjoy it?
W: Notreally. I thought it was rather disappointing.
M:Oh? Why is that?
W: Itwasn’t really what I expected. It went on too long.
M:No. But you must admit that on the big screen, it looked great.
W:Well, I think it would have been just as good seeing it at home.
M:Ah, But it won’t be on video till next year.
W: Ican’t wait that long.
【解析】由对话可知他们不是在家看的节目,排除选项A。对话中提到on thebig screen,可以推测他们是在看电影而不是听音乐会。
例2:[2013年B类初赛]
Whatare the speakers talking about?
A. Hanging apicture.
B. Framing a painting.
C. Buying newglasses.
【录音原文】
M: Weneed to replace the glass in that picture frame before we can hang thesepictures in the dormitory lobby.
W: Wecan go to the framing shop and have it done now.
【解析】录音中男士提到他们需要把相框里的玻璃替换掉,才能把这些图画挂在宿舍大厅里。女士接着说“现在我们可以去框架店做一个”。由此可知他们谈论的是给图画装框架的事情。
答题技巧:
主题型试题主要考查学生对短对话的主要内容的把握能力。考生需要抓住关键字或主题句,根据所获得的关键信息,来分析概括主题。
注意不要只从对话一方的话语中寻找答案。由于是考查谈话主题,因此双方的话语中应都含有与主题相关的线索词。
◆长对话
1.试题特点
(1)取材广泛
长对话的涉及题材十分广泛,如选课、考试、借书、打工、社团活动等大学校园内发生的与学习、生活及娱乐有关的内容,人物关系主要以学生之间或师生之间为主;或是租房、求职、商务、旅行或访谈等校园以外的内容,人物关系相对多样。同一次考试之中的两组对话一般会选用不同题材。
(2)命题点多且分散
长对话兼有短对话的特点。短对话中考查的习语与词汇、场景与人物、时间与数字、原因与结果、虚拟与转折等内容同样会在长对话中出现。长对话与短对话相比,信息量增大很多,短对话只针对一处信息点命题,而长对话命题点多且分散。
(3)命题顺序一般与原文一致
长对话一般是按照与原文相符的先后顺序进行命题的。这条命题原则对于考生来讲很重要,因为在听的过程中如能按顺序把某些选项中的关键词适当地“对号入座”,必要时再做一点笔记,就会增加对原文的理解,从而提高该部分的成绩。
2.解题攻略
(1)听到什么选什么原则
长对话部分一般只要听见了某个词语,并且在选项里面也出现了该词语,那么这个选项就极有可能是正确选项。这个原则对考查细节的题目比较实用。对于听不懂或者没有听清楚的词句,可以采用此技巧。
(2)中心内容原则
考生在听对话的时候,要把精力集中在说话人想要通过他的话传达什么样的信息或者阐明什么样的观点,而不是去想什么词没有听见,什么句子没有听懂,永远去关注说话人想说明的主要观点。
抓住这一点,不仅可以应对主旨类试题,还可以应对某些其他类型的试题,因为与短对话相比,长对话涉及的是一个“面”,必然有一个中心议题,中心议题就是该“面”的凝聚点,对话双方都是围绕该中心而展开对话的。因此对于长对话而言,做出正确选择的关键就是把握住对话的主题。
(3)问答原则
长对话中经常出现的问答的形式(即两个人对话时,其中一个人提问,另一个人对所提问的问题进行回答)是题眼。通常,对话中的提问往往成为问题的改写,回答的部分就是需要选的答案,因此考生要留心对话中的问句,学会在一问一答中把握考点。
(4)原因原则
原因在对话中常常会成为考试的焦点。因此,当对话中出现一些表示原因的标志词,如because, for, since, now that, so, consequently, therefore等时,考生要格外注意。
(5)but原则
这个原则非常简单,就是只要出现but,或者其他的转折连词,如however, although等,后面的内容往往就是考点。
(6)解释原则
有时候对话中会出现一些生僻的词或概念,如果这样的词或概念对理解整个对话没有影响,说话人是不会解释的,所以这个时候不需要对它多加注意,但是一旦说话人解释了,就说明它很可能对理解对话内容起到非常重要的作用,这时候,解释的内容就一定要仔细听,这极有可能就是题眼。
(7)建议原则
一般来讲,在对话中只要出现建议,建议就会是考点。实际上,这一原则不仅在长对话中适用,在短对话中往往也是如此,所以只要是建议就要把它记住,而且考生在复习时要尽可能地熟悉各种各样的建议方式。
3.题型分析
长对话部分的常考题型可分为以下三类:
(1)细节识别题(听懂重要的或特定的细节)
长对话中细节题所占的比重最高,一篇长对话中通常会出现4个以上的细节题,有时甚至全为细节题。细节题涉及对话中一些具体的信息,比如人物的身份、年龄、姓名、电话、事情发生的地点、原因等。可能的提问方式如下:
Wheredoes the conversation most probably take place?
Whenwill the show begin?
Howmuch is a child’s ticket?
Howlong does it take the man to…?
Whatgifts can children get from the library this year?
例1:[2012年B类初赛]
Why does the man need to take at least twelve hours?
A. He wants to graduate as soon as possible.
B. He must be a full-time student to qualify for his loan.
C. His advisor insists that he study full time.
【录音原文】
Woman:I see. Well, would you like to drop the class?
Man: Yes, but I also need topick up another class. I have to be a full-time student in order to qualify formy student loan.
Woman:So you need at least twelve hours. And you need afternoon classes.
【解析】男士需要获得助学贷款就必须是全日制学生,得每周修够12小时的课。
例2:[2013年B类初赛]
Whatis the man going to do during the summer?
A. Attendclasses.
B. Gotraveling.
C. Take apart-time job.
【录音原文】
W:What are your plans for the summer?
M: I’mgoing to attend summer classes.
W:Summer classes? You’re kidding. Aren’t you burned out by the end of the term?Don’t you need a holiday?
M:Not really. I don’t carry a heavy class load during the year so I can hold downa part-time job. Then I take a summer class or two that I really enjoy.
【解析】对话中女士问男士暑假的计划,男士回答到“I’m going toattend summer classes.”,由此可知男士会参加暑期课程。
例3:[2014年B类决赛]
Howmany text messages are British people sending a month nowadays?
A.Some 0.5 billion.
B.Nearly 1.5 billion.
C.Over 2 billion.
D.About 1 billion.
【录音原文】
M: Butactually texting is an even bigger thing with young people nowadays. About 90percent of them send at least one text massage a day. And if you look at the UKas a whole, people are sending over 2 billion text messages a month. What’s soamazing is that they’ve gone from zero to 2 billion in such a short time.
W: That’s an amazing increase.You know, we could design a graph to show that.
【解析】根据对话中男士提到的“And if you look atthe UK as a whole, people are sending over 2 billion text messages a month”,可知所有英国人一个月发的短信超过20亿条。故C项正确。
(2)推理判断题(推论隐含的意义)
推理试题的难度相对比较大,主要的提问方式有:
Whatcan you infer from the conversation?
Whatmight be the man’s attitude toward…?
Whatdoes the man think about…?
长对话部分对推理判断题的考查不是很多,该类试题主要考查考生的推理判断能力,考生应根据自己对对话内容的理解找出与对话意义相符的选择项,而不仅仅以词句是否与材料中听到的词句完全或部分相同而定。对于没有听懂的句子,可以根据已经获得的部分信息以及自己具备的一般常识来判断。
例1:[2013年B类初赛]
Whatdoes the woman imply about summer classes?
A.They’re more expensive than regular classes.
B.They’re more boring than regular classes.
C.They’re more interesting than regular classes.
【录音原文】
W:Well, that’s true. What other classes have you taken during the summersessions?
M:Well, I got university credit for digging on an archaeological site last year.
W: Oh?Where did you dig?
M: InColorado. It was a buffalo-kill site. You know, one where the early Americansdrove the animals off a cliff.
W:Did you find anything of interest?
M:Lots of broken stone tools used for butchering the buffalo.
W:You must have had a great time. I think I might consider taking some summerclasses.
【解析】录音的最后女士说到“你肯定过得很愉快,我想我也许会考虑参加一些暑期课程”,由此可推断出女士认为暑期课程比正规课程更有趣。
例2:[2013年B类决赛]
Whatcan be inferred from the conversation?
A.The woman is going to the Recreation Centre.
B.The man is going to the Music Complex.
C.The woman enjoys taking the bus with the man.
【录音原文】
W: Bill, could you tell mewhere the University Shuttle Bus stop is?
M:Well, it depends on the bus. Both the Family Housing Bus and the RecreationCentre Bus stop in front of the bookstore, but the bus to the Music Complexstops around the corner.
W: Oh. How can I tell whichone is the Recreation Centre Bus?
M: Ithas the letters “RC” above the windshield. All the buses have the initials oftheir final destination posted there.
W: Do you know the schedules?
M:For the “RC”bus, about every twenty minutesduring the day, but after five o’clock, it runs every hour until midnight.
W: Is it usually on time?
M:Yes, except during rush hour.
W: SoI should go now if I’m going to catch it?
M:Not quite so soon. Look, I have to catch the Family Housing Bus. The RecreationCentre Bus should come before mine. We can go together and I’ll let you knowwhich one to get on.
W: Oh, thank you.
M: Notat all.
【解析】对话中女士问Oh. How can I tell whichone is the Recreation Centre Bus?女士想知道Recreation Center Bus stop在哪里,在询问了相关的细节,又提到“So I should go now if I’m going to catch it?”,这里的it指的就是Recreation Center bus,由此可以推断出女士将去Recreation Center。
(3)主旨大意题
常见的提问方式:
Whatis the conversation mainly about?
Whatare the two speakers talking about?
Whatdoes the conversation focus on?
Whatis the main topic of the conversation?
长对话中对主旨大意题的考查不是很多,该部分是对整个对话内容的总结,属于难度较高的一类题目,因此考生仍需注意。长对话的主题句一般是出现在对话的开始部分,并且对话的主旨会通过对话场景体现在一些关键词中,考生应该注意把握。
例:[2012年B类决赛]
Whatare the speakers discussing?
A. Atrip to visit the Eskimos.
B.A trip the man has just taken.
C. Acamping trip they took.
【录音原文】
W:Hi, Jack. It’s good to see you again. Are you ready to get down to businessagain after the spring break?
M:Not really, but I guess I don’t really have too much choice, do I? And it’sgoing to be particularly hard to get back to work since I just had the mostfantastic vacation ever.
W:Really? What did you do?
M: Iwent kayaking on the Klamath River.
W:Kayaking?
【解析】本文主要围绕男士在假期的一次旅行经历go kayaking on the Klamath River展开,故选B项。
◆短新闻
1.试题特点
(1)新闻内容源自VOA、BBC等国外新闻广播;
(2)题材多样,主要为政治、经济、科技等方面的新闻,在人文、军事、体育、健康等方面也有所涉及;
(3)由于新闻语言本身的客观性,语音一般语气比较平稳,措辞不会带有个人色彩。
2.解题攻略
(1)听前预测
短新闻部分也可以进行听前预测,基本原则和对话的原则相同,即:
★把握时机,在听力开始宣读Direction时预读题干和选项;
★纵向浏览选项,快速寻找选项的共同点和不同点;
★几个选项相结合,预测新闻的大意。
错误的选项也可以传递很多信息,因为它的出现,就是为了让考生加以选择,所以肯定有“真”的地方。考生要做的就是找出几个选项的共同点,这些点一般都是“真”的,可以让考生对新闻的大致内容有所了解。对于选项的不同点,在听的过程中要做到“去伪存真”。
(2)听时注意
★新闻的第一句一定要注意。因为这句往往是新闻的导语,会告知新闻的主要内容,而且往往是主旨类题目的答案出处。
★和题目相关的内容一定要注意。新闻听力题目的原文信息定位比较简单,关键是在听时一定要细心,这样才能有效排除干扰项。
★遇到听不懂的地方立刻跳过。新闻听力的语速较快,如果遇到一个不熟悉的单词或没听清楚的句子就开始想它的意思,往往会影响对下文的理解。所谓“一心不能二用”,绝不可以在听的同时回想上文的内容。要养成一个习惯,即遇到不太懂的地方不要停下来思考,专心听下去。对于新闻听力,这点尤为重要。
★忽略特殊或难懂的人名地名。在新闻听力中,常常会遇到不太熟悉的人名或地名,但大部分情况下这些人名或地名不会对理解新闻内容造成影响。当然,重要的经常涉及的新闻人物及地名还是得熟悉一下。
★利用5W1H原则。新闻六要素(who, what, when, where, why, how),即通常说的“五个W和一个H”。听新闻必须捕捉这几个方面的信息,才能准确知道这则新闻究竟要传达的是什么内容。
3.题型分析
短新闻的基本题型可分为细节题、推断题和主旨题。
(1)细节题
和对话类题目类似,短新闻部分的题目也是以细节题为主,针对新闻的六要素(when, where, what, who, why, how)中的一个或几个进行提问。如2014年B类初赛的真题,5道短新闻题目全部为细节题:
16.For whom did President Obama deliver the address?
17.The news item reports on a research finding about ____ people suffering fromAlzheimer’s disease.
18.What is said to be the cause of the train crash?
19.What added to the difficulty in the putting out of the bush fire?
20.What does the latest research on HIV among South African teens show?
回答细节题时,考生首先要根据题干的关键词汇认真听取对话中的相关部分,然后再进行选择。当录音中出现题干中的关键词或题干原话时,往往就是答案所在。
例1:[2011年B类初赛]
Whywill the Spanish state broadcaster stop showing bullfighting?
A.The broadcaster RTVE thinks bullfighting is cruel.
B.Some animal protection organisations are now against bullfighting.
C.Bullfighting could cause anxiety in children.
【录音原文】
TheSpanish state broadcaster is to stop showing bullfighting because of theanxiety it could cause to children. In an update to its editorial guidelines,the broadcaster RTVE includes bull fighting in a section entitled ‘Violencewith Animals’, and says showing it to children should be avoided. The mainbullfighting organisation has said it’s astounded at the move.
【解析】新闻首句提到“stop showing bullfighting because of the anxiety it could cause tochildren”可知斗牛能给儿童带来焦虑,故选C项。
例2:[2014年B类决赛]
Whatis the function of the new device mentioned in the health report?
A. Itis used to destroy cancer cells.
B.It makes identification of AIDS easier.
C. Itkills the human immunodeficiency virus.
D. Ithelps strengthen the body’s natural defense.
【录音原文】
December1st marked World AIDS Day. People around the world join together to celebrateprogress in fighting acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, better known as AIDS. Anew device aims to make identification of AIDS easier and to lower the cost oftesting in developing countries. The human immunodeficiency virus—HIV attacks and destroys CD4cells making patients unable to fight off infections. Doctors often suggestpatients use antiretroviral drugs to help strengthen the body’s naturaldefenses for fighting disease. A CD4 cell count can help doctors decide if thedrug treatment is necessary or not.
【解析】根据新闻中提到的“A new device aims to make identification of AIDS easier and to lowerthe cost of testing in developing countries”,可知该新装置的作用是使艾滋病的确诊更加容易,并降低测试的费用。因此答案选B。
(2)主旨题
相比长对话部分,短新闻部分的主旨题略多。短新闻主旨题的答案一般情况下都出自新闻的首句或前几句,即新闻导语,所以考生对新闻的开头部分要特别注意。
例1:[2011年B类初赛]
Whatis the news mainly about?
A.The economies in developing countries.
B.Life in poor countries.
C.Energy consumption.
【录音原文】
Speakingat the fourth annual World Future Energy Summit in Abu Dhabi, UN SecretaryGeneral Ban Ki-moon said renewable energy could help solve a number of theplanet’s most pressing problems. Mr. Ban warned global energy consumption isset to rise by 40 percent inthe next two decades, with the highest growth expected in developing nations.He also pointed out that more efficient power would greatly help people livingin poorer countries.
【解析】新闻提到“Mr. Ban warned globalenergy consumption”可知新闻的重点是能源消耗问题,故选C项。
例2:[2013年B类初赛]
Whatdo we learn from the news?
A.New York is the first city using smartphones for taxi services in the US.
B.Similar cases have been reported in some other European countries.
C.Passengers can use apps to call taxi and make payment in NY.
【录音原文】
New York’s Taxi and LimousineCommission today voted to allow passengers to use mobile apps on theirsmartphones to hail cabs and pay for rides. NPR’s (National Public Radio’s)Margot Adler reports similar technology has already been used in severalcities.
【解析】这则新闻中首句便介绍纽约的车委会今天投票决定允许乘客使用智能手机上的应用程序打出租车和支付车费,因此正确答案为C项。
(3)推断题
推断题在短新闻题目中所占的比例很小,该类题目需要对某个事实细节进行推断。对考生的能力要求较高,原文不会直接给出答案,必须在听懂的前提下才能做出准确的推断。
例:[2010年B类初赛]
Whendid President Obama first contact Haitian President Rene Preval, after thequake?
A. OnThursday.
B. OnFriday.
C. On Saturday.
【录音原文】
PresidentObama says the United States will fully back Haiti’s rescue and recoveryefforts, now and in the future. Earlier Friday, Mr. Obama talked with HaitianPresident Rene Preval, after several days of efforts to reach his counterparton the telephone. Mr. Preval lost his home when the presidential palace andgovernment ministries collapsed in the quake.
【解析】新文中提及Earlier Friday, Mr.Obama talked with Haitian President Rene Preval, after several days of effortsto reach his counterpart on the telephone,可知在周五之前奥巴马都没能联系上海地总统,因此可以推知周五的这次联系是地震后两位总统的首次通话。
◆笔记填空
1.试题特点
(1)综合性
笔记填空是一种综合性的测试手段,它全面测试了考生的语音、词汇量、语法以及记笔记等能力。
(2)难度较高
相对复合式听写,笔记填空难度要更大一些。复合式听写时,考生可以根据空缺明确定位需要的单词在何时会读到,而在笔记填空时,考生只能看到针对文章的笔记提纲,需要根据笔记,在听懂的基础上准确捕捉空缺处信息。
(3)考查单词和短语
笔记填空只考单词和短语听写,不考句子听写。
2.解题攻略
(1)听前利用间隙浏览提纲
在录音播放前,尽快浏览提纲,通过已有内容预测文章大意并推测单词的词性,如果是动词或名词就要格外注意它们的词尾变化。这样考生在听录音时就更具有针对性,从而提高效率。
例:[2014年B类初赛]
Types of dinner party: Successes and failures; you will get a socialsuccess among your (21) _____ as long as youget it right. There will be (22) _____ silence if youget it wrong.
【预测】第21题空格接在物主代词your后面,因此可知此处应该填入名词。第22题空格部分接在be动词后面,修饰名词silence,因此需填入形容词。同时,由于第22题的句子中的“if you get it wrong”与第21题句子中的“if you get it right”意思刚好相反,因此可以推测,第22题空格部分所填入的词应该为消极意义的单词,从而与第21题句子中的“a social success”形成对比。(第21题答案为acquaintances。第22题答案为awkward。)
(2)利用速记法
边听边记,快速填写。在很短的时间里要写下听到的单词或词组,同时要保证拼写正确,而且还要跟上后面的听力内容,确实有很大的难度。因此考生要尽量运用速记法,以便能做到事半功倍。由于笔记填空不是给出整篇文章,而只是给出一些要点,因此考生在听的时候要特别注意空白部分前后的内容,通常以空白部分前面的内容作为信号词,即出现该词时就应将其后面的内容记录下来。在速记时要擅用通用符号和缩略语。
参考词汇:
knowl=Knowledge
acti=Activities
lit=Literature
his=History
poli=Politics
b=Book
j=Journal
desc=Description
st=Students
immed=Immediately
irr=Irrelevant
import=Important
coher=Coherently
devel=Development
edu=Education
explan=Explanation
conversa=Conversation
prepar=Preparation
Q=Questions
(3)听完录音后,重新检查已填的词是否正确,力求答案完整。
一是根据空白部分左右两侧内容,检查所填入的词是否满足基本的语法规则,一般从词性、名词的单复数、动词的时态语态等方面检查是否有问题;二是检查单词的拼写是否正确。
3.题型分析
笔记填空的基本题型可分为要点题、细节题。其中细节题又可以分为直截了当型和细节理解型。
(1)要点题
要点题即针对文章的要点设置空缺,文章的要点一般为体现文章的主要内容和文章脉络的句子,多为段落的主题句。解答要点题需要考生从宏观上把握文章的脉络结构,对信息引导词句提高敏感度。
Nowlet’s move on to the disadvantages.
Nowlet’s look at the features of them one by one.
Thereare at least three components of...
In the next part of the lecture, I’d like to talkabout one of the basic steps...
Intoday’s lecture, I’ll try to answer these questions.
Theseare the steps shared between...and...
Generallyspeaking, there are two basic types of...
Firstly,...Secondly, ...Thirdly, ...
Firstand foremost...
Then,...
Lastbut not the least...
Afterthis stage come the levels of...
Next,the level of...
Whatfollows is the top level of...
Forone thing,.…Another component of... is..., and last...
Finally,...
First of all, what is...?
例:[2012年B类初赛]
Managing Money
Important Tips:
1. Watch how muchyou spend
-Don’t overspend, e.g. if you earn $2000, don’t spend $2500.
-Cutback on______(21) things.
2. Check how muchyou______ (22)
-Before youaccept a job, compare your______ (23) with similar jobs in other companies.
-Make sure youget paid enough.
3. Have a______ (24)i.e. a simple financial plan
-Use it. Don’tforget it.
4. Manage yourdebt
*Think aboutwhat you borrow money for:
-Borrow to buyassets, e.g.______ (25) or pay for education.
-Don’t borrowmoney for things which aren’t______ (26), e.g. expensive clothes, holidays,etc.
* It’s importantto know how much you spend by______ (27).
-Pay the wholebill every month.
-If you paysmall amounts, you also pay______ (28), so you pay more for something.
5. Plan yoursavings
-Save______ (29)of your salary.
-Try to increasehow much you save______ (30).
【要点题判断】从本答题卡给出的notes可以看出,第22题和第24题为要点题,与notes上的其他3个要点一起形成文章的主干结构。
【录音原文】
Ah, the next point isabout how much you earn. It’s important that your salary is appropriate foryour job. Find out how your salary compares to other people doing the same kindof job in two or three companies. If you’re going to work long hours or havelots of responsibility, you need to make sure you’re getting paid enough.
Another important pointis that you need a budget. That’s a simple plan of what you spend your moneyon. If you have a plan, it will make saving money a lot easier. Everyone needsa budget. It doesn’t matter how much money you earn…I can’t stress this enough.Make sure you have a budget! And make sure you use it. Don’t just write it andforget about it.
【解析】录音中提到了表示文章脉络的句子“Ah, the next point isabout how much you earn.”和“Anotherimportant point is that you need a budget.”。这两个句子均为所在段落的主题句,分别对应第22题和24题的答案。22题答案为earn。第24题答案为budget.
(2)细节题
细节题是要点之下细节内容上的填空,是笔记填空采用最多的出题形式。细节题大致分为:直截了当型和细节理解型。
①直截了当型
此类细节题可以直接拿来就填,文章内容和需要填入的内容完全吻合。竞赛中空缺处所填写的词绝大部分都是这种类型。
例:[2014年B类初赛]
Tips for holding a dinner party: Avoid holding dinner parties inyour own home unless you’re a (23) ______ and want theattention;An (24) ______ location isin a restaurant which has lots of favorable benefits. Firstly, your (25) ______ wouldn’t beexposed to your guests. Secondly, you don’t need to worry about your cooking.Thirdly, you can (26) ______of the dinnerparty.
【录音原文】
Themost sensible course of action is never to be a host. But you’re a show-offand you want the attention, so here goes.
Althoughit may seem as if it’s a contradiction in terms, wherever possible, avoidhaving dinner parties in your own home. An alternative location that hasa number of distinct advantages is a restaurant. Firstly, it enables you toconceal your domestic lifestyle. Secondly, you don’t have to worry aboutyour cooking. Thirdly, and most satisfyingly, you split the cost of theevening with your guests.
②细节理解型
该类题虽然也是对细节的考查,但听到的内容不能直接填入空缺,需要对听到的内容进行同义转换、词性转换、思维角度转换等来满足空缺处对字数、语法等的要求。
例1:[2012年B类初赛]
—Don’tborrow money for things which aren’t______ (26), e.g. expensive clothes,holidays, etc.
【录音原文】
Itisn’t a good idea to borrow money for non-essentials, for example, expensiveclothes, holidays or dinner at a nice restaurant.
【解析】essential(否定前缀的转换)
例2:[2013年B类初赛]
Toreview notes effectively you need to (28)______them,reorganize them, highlight the main points and…
【录音原文】
Andfinally, after the lecture, you should review your notes as soon as possible.That means basically writing them out again, but this time reorganize them,highlight the main points, and even add your own thoughts and comments in themargin.
【解析】rewrite(同义转换:write them out again转换成rewrite)
◆平时备考:
为了提高听力效果,考生应在听力训练和复习中有意识地注意以下几个方面的训练:
1.通过“读”帮助“听”,努力扩大知识面
听力部分的内容取材广泛,几乎覆盖生活的各个方面。对现实生活各个领域的词汇都略知一二是听懂的基础,对于短新闻类题目尤其适用,新闻作为一种语言测试题型也是语言在现实生活中真实运用的体现。所以考生在平时的学习中要多读多听,不断积累各个方面的知识和词汇,尤其是时事政治词汇。
2.掌握正确的语音
掌握正确的语音是提高英语听力能力的重要基础。学习者有必要对音标、字母组合、发音规则等进行系统的复习,不断提高对语音的辨别能力和敏感程度。只有熟练地掌握了这些基础知识,才能逐步过渡到对句子、段落以至于整篇文章的理解。
3.扩大词汇量
扩大词汇量,熟记新闻报道中的常用词汇。虽然英语新闻广播所使用的词汇量很大,但其中的常用词比较稳定,且重复率较高。如VOA广播中的SpecialEnglish节目要求的常用词汇约为1500个,如果能熟练掌握这些词汇,听懂Special English就不是问题。
4. 加强储存记忆(memoryspan)
做到这一点需要按意群捕捉讲述的内容,不要一字一字地听,而要抓住关键词或句。听完一段不可能一字一句地回忆,而要建立整体概念。
5. 加强及时反应(immediaterecall)
只有当你建立了整体概念,才能达到立即回忆。
6. 做简短笔记(briefnote-taking)
在听较长材料时,用缩写或自己能看懂的点、线或其它标记做些快速记录,如:数字、地点、人名或其他关键词语等。
7.多做听写和记笔记训练(dictating & note-taking)
这种练习有助于储存记忆,训练快速抓住关键词或句,以及中心思想的能力。
8. 精听与泛听(intensive& extensive listening)
同一段内容反复听若干次,这样有助于增加记忆的持续时间;听不同内容的材料,有助于增加听各种不同声音、口音及语速的经验。前者属于精听,后者为泛听,两者应有机结合起来。
9.训练听与寻找答案同时进行(looking for the right answer while listening)
在听的同时迅速浏览各选项择,只需细看各项选择的不同部分,而相同的部分只看第一个即可,这样可以节省时间以便多做思考。当然,如果能巧妙地利用每一部分考题的空隙快速浏览一下所要做的习题的选择项,那是再好不过了。因此,特别要提醒考生的一个诀窍就是:当听力理解的每一部分开始放音时,总要有一长段的题目指令(Direction)与例题(Sample),考生可以不必去听它,因为听与不听根本不会影响你后面的答题。利用这一段时间,浏览题目及选项,并推测一下录音内容大有益处。考生千万不要错过这个时机。
10.必须防止两种情况的发生
一是精神过度紧张;二是注意力长时间的滞留。要学会控制自己的注意力,尽量不使其长时间地滞留或努力缩短其滞留时间,要迅速再度集中注意力听下面的内容。
总之,听力的提高固然与个人的语音水平有关,但更重要的还必须通过大量的听的实践来提高。客观地讲,提高英语听力水平没有捷径可走,多听是唯一的办法。所谓“技巧”都是在英语新闻听力训练的过程中根据自己的实践总结的经验,任何“技巧”都代替不了“听”本身。所以,要想提高英语听力水平,一定要养成经常听英语的习惯。
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