发展经济学经典Debraj,Ray Development Economics英文版

This book provides an introduction to development economics, a subject that studies the economic
transformation of developing countries. My objective is to make a large literature accessible, in a unified way,
to a student or interested individual who has some training in basic economic theory. It is only fair to say that I
am not fully satisfied with the final product: in attempting to provide a well-structured treatment of the subject,
I have had to sacrifice comprehensiveness. Nevertheless, I do believe that the book goes quite far in attaining
the original objective, within the limitations created by an enormous and unwieldy literature and the constraints
imposed by my own knowledge and understanding.
The primary target for this book is the senior undergraduate or masters level student with training in
introductory or intermediate economic theory. I also recommend this book as background or supplementary
reading for a doctoral course in development economics, along with the original articles on the subject.
Mathematical requirements are kept to a minimum, although some degree of mathematical maturity will
assist understanding of the material. In particular, I have eschewed the use of calculus altogether and have
attempted to present theoretical material through verbal argument, diagrams, and occasionally elementary
algebra. Because the book makes some use of game-theoretic and statistical concepts, I have included two
introductory appendixes on these subjects. With these appendixes in place, the book is self-contained except
for occasional demands on the reader’s knowledge of introductory economic theory.
I begin with an overview of developing countries (Chapter 2). I discuss major trends in per capita income,
inequality, poverty, and population, and take a first look at the important structural characteristics of
development. Chapters 3–5 take up the study of economic growth from several aspects.
Chapters 6–8 shift the focus to an analysis of unevenness in develepment: the possibility that the benefits
of growth may not accrue equally to all. In turn, these inequalities may influence aggregate trends. This
interaction is studied from many angles. Chapter 9 extends this discussion to population growth, where the
relationship between demography and economics is explored in some detail.
Chapter 10 studies unevenness from the viewpoint of structural transformation: the fact that development
typically involves the ongoing transfer of resources from one sector (typically agriculture) to another (typically
industry and services). This chapter motivates a careful study of the agricultural sector, where a significant
fraction of the citizens of developing countries, particularly the poor, live and work.
Chapters 11–15 study informal markets in detail, with particular emphasis on the rural sector. We analyze
the land, labor, credit and insurance markets.
Chapter 16 introduces the study of trade and development. Chapter 17 motivates and studies the
instruments of trade policy from the point of view of a single country. Finally, Chapter 18 studies multilateral
and regional policies in trade.
For programs that offer a single semester course in economic development, two options are available: (1)
if international economic issues can be relegated to a separate course, cover all the material up to the end of
Chapter 15 (this will require some skimming of chapters, such as Chapters 4–6 and 11–15); (2) if it is
desirable to cover international issues in the same course, omit much or most of the material in Chapters
11–15. A year-long course should be able to adequately cover the book, but some supplementary material
may be required for international economics, as well as financial issues in development, such as inflation and
monetary policy.
This book could not have been written without my students and the many classes I have taught in
development economics over the years: I thank students at Boston University, at the Indian Statistical Institute,
at the People’s University of China in Beijing, at Stanford, and at Harvard. I would also like to thank the many
people who have read and commented on earlier drafts of this book and have used them in courses they have
taught, among them Jean-Marie Baland, Abhijit Banerjee, V. Bhaskar, Gautam Bose, Ira Gang, James
Foster, Patrick Francois, Gabriel Fuentes, Bishnupriya Gupta, Ashok Kotwal, Dilip Mookherjee, Jonathan
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Morduch, James Robinson, Ann Velenchik, Bruce Wydick, and Frederic Zimmerman.
Several people have made contributions to this text. Chief among them is Parikshit Ghosh, my intrepid and
thoroughly uncontrollable research assistant, whose contributions to this book are too numerous to mention. I
would also like to thank Eli Berman, Gary Fields, Hsueh-Ling Huynh, Chiente Hsu, Luis-Felipe López-Calva,
Anandi Mani, Ghazala Mansuri, Jonathan Morduch, and Hiranya Mukhopadhyay for input at various stages.
Much of this book was written while I was Director of the Institute for Economic Development at Boston
University. I thank Margaret Chapman, Administrative Assistant to the Institute, for covering for my many
administrative lapses during this period. I thank the Instituto de Análisis Económico (CSIC) in Barcelona,
where this book was completed, and the Ministerio de Educación, Government of Spain for financial support
during my stay. I am very grateful to Peter Dougherty, my publisher at Princeton University Press, for his help
and encouragement.
I would like to record my deep appreciation to a (smaller) set of people who have shaped the way I think
about economics: Kenneth Arrow, Doug Bernheim, Bhaskar Dutta, Joan Esteban, Mukul Majumdar, Tapan
Mitra, Dilip Mookherjee, Kunal Sengupta, Amartya Sen, and Rajiv Vohra.
I thank Monica Das Gupta for innumerable discussions, and words of advice and encouragement.
Finally, I owe gratitude to Angela Bhaya Soares who always wanted me to write a magnum opus but will
have to be content with what she gets, to Bissera Antikarova and Farahanaaz Dastur for seeing me safely
through bad times, to Nilita Vachani for creating unforeseen but happy delays, and to Jackie Bhaya for getting
me started on it all.
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