99经贸综合知识试题
注:第八题只限国贸专业考生答,第九题只限金融考生答
一,名词解释 (3分/1题)
1.国内生产总值 2.财政制度的内在稳定器 3.水平型国际分工 4.到达合同 5.外币期权 6
.衍生金融工具 7.普遍优惠制 8.外汇留成制度
二.单选 (1分/1题)
1.在一国货币贬值后,下列哪个经济现象最不可能能发生:
A.出口增加 B.进口增加 C.通货膨胀 D.通货紧缩
2.作为未执行远期外汇合约的当事人,他将面临:
A.交易风险 B.经济风险 C.经营风险 D.政治风险
3.下列有关备用信用证的说明中,正确地说法是:
A.备用信用证不受跟单信用证统一惯例的约束 B.该证的开证行不以单证相符作为付款的条
件
C.只有当开证申请人履约时,受益人才得到银行的付款 D.备用信用证仅在国际工程承包业
务中使用
4.按照 < <联合国国际货物销售合同合约 > >的规定,下列有关发盘撤回问题的表述中,()
是错误的.
A.发盘之所以能够撤回是因为发盘尚未生效 B.当发盘中规定了有效期时,该发盘不得撤回
C.所有发盘均可以撤回,即使该发盘是不可撤回的 D.撤回的通知须先于发盘或与之同时到
达受盘人
5.出口价格指数与进口价格指数之比,称为:
A.净贸易条件 B.收入贸易条件 C.单项因素贸易条件 D.购买力平价
6.世界贸易组织将服务贸易分为()大类
A.9 B.10 C.11 D.12
7.如果X商品与Y商品的相对价格是2:1,某人消费X商品与Y商品时的边际效用MUx/MUy之比是
3:2,为实现效用最大化,应该()
A.X商品的价格必须上升 B.消费者必须增加X商品的消费
C.消费者必须增加Y商品的消费,减少X商品的消费 D.消费者收入必须增加
8.某一时间内,X商品的替代品的价格上升和互补品的价格上升,分别引起X商品的需求变动
量为50单位和80单位,则在他们的共同作用下,该时期的X商品的需求量()
A.增加30单位 B.减少30单位 C.增加130单位 D.减少130单位
9.Leontief paradox 是在验证()理论时提出来的.
A.绝对优势理论 B.比较优势理论 C.竞争优势理论 D.要素贸易理论
10.我国现行的汇率制度是()
A.有管理的单一固定汇率制度 B.有管理的单一浮动汇率制度
C.有管理的双轨浮动汇率制度 D.由市场供求决定的浮动汇率制度
三.多选 (1分/1题)
1.下列哪些因素会使总需求曲线向右移动:
A.增加名义货币供给量 B.增加政府购买支出 C.增加税收 D.增加政府转义支付
2.对于生产函数Q=f(L,K)和成本方程C=wL+rK来说,在最优的生产要素组合点上应该有()
A.等产量曲线和等成本曲线相切 B.RTSLK=w/r
C.RTSLK=ΔK/ΔL=MPK/MPL D.MPL/w=MPK/r
3.近年来,国际海运业务中使用越来越多的海运提单是由承运人签发的()
A.一种不可转让的运输单证 B.用以证明海上货物运输合同的凭证
C.证明货物已经由承运人接管或装运的凭证 D.可以流通转让的所有权凭证
5.当对一商品实行最高限价时,()
A.生产者会生产更多的商品以缩小供求之间的差距 B.引起抢购或黑市买卖
C.产生商品过剩现象 D.商品供不应求,政府实行配给制
6.乌拉圭回合谈判中达成的 < <补贴与反补贴 > >中,将补贴分为()
A.禁止使用补贴 B.不禁止使用补贴 C.可申诉的补贴 D.不可申诉的补贴
7.运用保理业务,().
A.进出口商不需事先协商 B.出口商品的价格高于托收下的价格
C.出口商可免除外汇信贷风险 D.进出口商需事先协商
8.只有在合同到期日,客户才可以要求银行执行交割的外汇业务是()
A.择期业务 B.远期业务 C.欧式期权 D.美式期权
9.若一国国际收支的经常帐户与资本金融帐户为顺差,则该国()
A.外汇储备增加或官方短期债权减少 B.外汇储备增加或官方短期债权增加
C.外汇储备增加或官方短期债务减少 D.外汇储备减少或官方短期债务减少
10.一国实行复汇制,会()
A.扩大出口 B.减少进口 C.扩大进口 D.被国际上认为是歧视性汇兑措施
四,判断 (1分/1题)
1.长期总成本包括长期固定成本和长期可变成本两部分
2.当净出口是收入的函数,净资本流出入是利率的函数,则国际收支均衡函数BP曲线向右上
方倾斜.
3.在国际货物买卖中,当货物的风险转移给买方之后,卖方对货物与合同的不符概不承担责
任
4.按 < <关税与贸易总协定 > >第6条的规定,”缔约国为了抵消和防止倾销,可以对倾销的
产品征收数量不低于这一产品的倾销差额的反倾销税,”
5.自由贸易区通常之签定有自由贸易的国家所组成的经济贸易集团,在成员国之间逐步废除
关税与数量限制,是区域内各成员国间的商品可以自由流动,但每个成员国不能保持对非成
员国的贸易壁垒.
6.由于银行要扣除包装费,运费,保险费,利息损失等,外汇现钞买入价就高于外汇牌价的买
入价.
7.卖方信贷下,贸易合同的付款条件是D/A
8.一国通货膨胀加重,本币对外币的汇率必然贬值
五,填空 (1分/1题)
1.等产量曲线的主要特征为____,____,_____.
2.财政政策的主要工具包括____,____,_____.
3.由于差价税是随着国内外价格的变动而变动,因此,它是一种______.
4.1995年1月1日欧洲联盟成员数量由___国扩大到___国.
六.回答问题(6分/题)
1.为什么传统的经济学认为市场机制本身解决不了环境污染问题?你认为采取什么政策可以
解决?为什么?
2.已知某垄断厂商的需求函数为P=47-0.5Q,边际成本函数为MC=5+Q,问:该厂商的产品价格
与销售数量应分别为多少才可以使其实现利润最大化?
七,分析下列案例(7分)
1.某企业按CFR条件从伦敦进口货物一批,已向中保财产保险有限公司投保了平安险(FPA).
货物从伦敦装船后,因受恶劣天气袭击,部分货物遭受水渍损失.其后,载货船舶在运输中又
曾发生触礁事故,但货物幸未受影响.
试分析上述货物在装运港伦敦装船以后,因恶劣天气所遭受的水渍损失能否向保险公司取得
补偿.
八.回答问题(国贸专业答,20分)
1.叙述产业内贸易的特点与形成的原因
九.回答(金融专业答,20分)
1.我国某公司从日本进口机器设备一套,价值总额为1亿日元,经双方协商确定,我方可在美
元和日元中任何一种货币作为计价货币,而支付货币为日元.已知:签约时汇价为1美元=100
日元,付汇时汇价为1美元=80日元.
(1).我方最终选择日元作为计价货币是否合适?为什么? (3分)
(2).日元对美元时上浮还是下浮了? (2分)
(3).若用日元作为支付货币,多付了还是少付了多少日元? (3分)
2.某企业向某欧洲银行借款100,000美元,期限为3个月,年利率12%.
(1).该笔贷款的利息时先付还是后付,还是提用贷款后付? (2分)
(2).该笔贷款的利息时多少美元? (4分)
(3).该企业是按100,000美元还本还是按多少美元还本? (2分)
(4).该企业实际担负的利率是12%,还是多少? (4分)
1.ASIA: ONE YEAR LATER
On the first anniversary of Asia’s worst recession in half a century, it is c
lear that the geoeconomic shape of the Pacific Rim will be far different from
what anyone anticipated just a year ago. The fulcrum of growth is slowly shift
ing from a senescent Japan and stagnant Southeast Asia to a dynamic ,confident
China, President Clinton’s remarkable journey will likely mark this tectonic
shift for future histories. Consider these events taking place:
CHINA is choosing a strategy of pumping up domestic-led economic growth, in co
ntrast with the International Monetary Fund’s policy of austerity and Japan’
s weak yan-and-export push. By cutting interest rates, privatizing housing, in
viting foreign investment, and keeping the renminbi stable, Beijing is increas
ing domestic demand and growth. Certainly, China shares many of the woes affli
cting Asia-insolvent banks, lax regulatory enforcement, and corruption. Yet it
s vigor in attacking these problems and its decision to opt for a strong curre
ncy set it apart and show real leadship.
Japan,in contrast, is stick in a hermetically sealed society. Despite the rhet
oric of reform, its political and bureaucratic elites deny there is anything b
asically wrong and run the country as a pension state focused on an aging popu
lation. Problems are described as isolated , and solutions take an inordinate
amount of time. Seven years into a severe banking crisis, Tokyo is just now pa
ssing legislation to create a Resolution Trust Corp.-type unit. Meanwhile, the
unemployment rate soars to new records. Among men, who constitute most of the
labor force , it hit 4.3% in May, It is worse for the young. The jobless rate
for men 15 to 24 years old rose to 8.4%
Foreign investment should be pouring in to reinvigorate growth, but little is
allowed. Mergers and acquisitions should be consolidating companies, but few a
re permitted. Immigrants should be arriving to give new life to society and su
pport the elderly, but they are forbidden. Outside CEOs should be taking over
failing corporations, but is not accepted. As much as China is invigorated, Ja
pan is stultified. The contrast is startling.
SOUTHESAT ASIA is in agogogohed back i
nto poverty. Depression is looming. Indonesia is deindustrializing, with peopl
e leaving cities to return to villages. Chinese merchants are fleeing(up to 10
0,000 have left). Overseas Chinese capital that funded much of Southeast Asia’
s past three decated of growth is drying up.
2.FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT.
The Framework Agreement is made up of six parts that lay out the basic paramet
ers of the GATS. The six parts deal with(1) the scope and definition of GATS,(
2)general obligations, and disciplines of member states, (3)obligations and di
sciplines concerning specific commitments of member states,(4)a schedule for p
rogressively liberalizating the world’s trade in services, (5)the institution
al structure for implementing the GATS , and (6)miscellaneous provisions.
While much of the GATS is based on the provisions in the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade and uses much of the same terminology, the “architecture”
of the Agreement is significantly different. Unlike GATT, which provides for a
single set of the obligation that apply to all measures affecting trade in go
ods, the GATS contains two sets of obligations (1)a set of general principles
and rules that apply to all measures affecting trade in services and (2)a set
of principles and rules that apply only to specific sectors and subsectors lis
ted in a member state’s Schedule. The consequence of this division of obligat
ion is that the principles and rules in the GATS, as we shall see, are less “
binding” than those in the GATT.
3. PURPOSES OF TAXATION
Taxation schemes are usually created for three basic purposes: (1) to raise re
venue for government; (2)to encourage, regulate, or restrict local or foreign
investment; and (3)to protect consumers or local producers.
The rationale most commonly used for adopting or changing a particular tax sch
eme is to improve revenues. For example, the multinational oil companies that
discovered and developed the petroleum industry in the Middle East encouraged
the local governments to impose a corporate income tax. Although this seems ir
rational at first blush, it was a sound financial move. The countries, rather
than taking a percentage royalty on profits (which was the arrangement origina
lly agreed to), imposed an income tax on profits at a slightly higher percenta
ge. The result was an increase in income for both the companies and the countr
ies. This was because the companies could use the taxes they paid to the Middl
e East countries to offset the taxes they paid to their home-country governmen
ts.(Royalties, by contrast, cannot-in most countries-be used to offset corpora
te income taxes.) This meant that the companies paid fewer taxes at home and,
even though they were paying more to the host countries, their after-tax profi
ts were large. A second example is the value-added tax (VAT), w
hich generally produces greater revenues than a sales tax. In the last thirty
years, some forty countries have switched to, or adopted directly, a VAT.
By contrast, the most difficult tax scheme for governments to alter is one tha
t protects local products. Producers are commonly able to lobby the government
to maintain a particular scheme, even though it may run contrary to other gov
ernmental objectives. However, the protection of local producers is not necess
arily a frivolous rational for a tax scheme, even in times of increased intern
ational trade.
--
4. PAYMENT TERMS
Unless otherwise agreed in writing, or implied from a prior course of dealing
between the parties, payment of the price and of any other sums due by the Buy
er to the Seller shall be on open account and time of payment shall be 30 days
from the date of invoice. The amount due shall be transferred, unless otherwi
se agreed, by teletransmission to the Seller’s bank in the Seller’s count
ry for the account of the Seller and the Buyer shall be deemed to have perform
ed his payment obligations when the respective sums due have been received by
the Seller’s bank in immediately available funds.
If the parties have agreed on payment in advance, without further indication,
it will be assumed that such advance payment, unless otherwise agreed, refers
to the full price, and that the advance payment must be received by the Seller
’s bank in immediately available funds at least 30 days before the agreed dat
e of delivery or the earliest date within the agreed delivery period. If advan
ce payment has been agreed only for a part of the contract price, the payment
conditions of the remaining amount will be determined according to the rules s
et forth in this article.
5. TYPES OF DIVIDENDS
Cash Dividends. The most customary type of dividend is the cash dividend decla
red and paid at regular intervals depending in amount upon the policy of the b
oard of directors and earnings of the enterprise. References to “regular” di
vidends in a charter or contract are considered as referring to a distribution
of the earned surplus in the form of cash. While dividends are almost invaria
bly paid in cash, in a few instances a distribution of earnings has been made
to shareholders in the form of property and has been termed a property dividen
d. On one occasion, a distillery declared and paid a dividend in bonded whiske
y.
Stock Dividends. A stock dividend is a ratable distribution of additional shar
es of the capital stock of the corporation to its shareholders. It is reflecte
d on the books of the corporation by a reduction in surplus account equal to t
he amount of the stock dividend and a corresponding increase in the stated cap
ital account. The practical and legal significance of a stock dividend differs
greatly from a dividend payable in cash or property. Following the payment of
a stock dividend, the assests of the corporation are no less than they were b
efore, and the shareholder does not have any greater relative interest in the
net worth of the corporation than he had before except possibly where the divi
dend is paid in shares of a different class. His shares will each represent a
smaller proportionate interest in the assets of the corporation, but by reason
of the increase in the number of shares his total investment will remain the
same. The declaration and payment of a stock dividend means that surplus which
may have been previously available for distribution or other u
ses is thereafter frozen in stated capital.
A stock dividend should not be confused with a stock split. By the latter, eac
h of the issued and outstanding shares is simply broked up into a greater numb
er of shares, each representing aproportionately smaller interest in the corpo
ration. A stock split effects no change in the stated capital or in the surplu
s account. Where there is more than one class of shares outstanding it is poss
ible for either a stock dividend or a stock split in one class to alter the re
lative voting stregogo.
6 SAVING AND INFLATION
The greater part of the research, however, has been into the relationship betw
een inflation and the savings ratio. Most of the studies have found a positive
connection between these two variables, but there is some disagreement as to
why the inflation rate should affect the savings ratio.
One theory(Deaton 1977)explains the relationship in terms of consumers failing
to perceive that actual rate of inflation. The suggestion is that consumers u
nderestimate the average price level and are therefore unduly shocked at the a
pparently “excessive”
rise in the price of particular commodities. Until such time as consumers reco
gnize the true(and higher) level of average prices, purchases of these commodi
ties will have been cut back in response to the assumed sharp increase in indi
vidual prices. Savings will therefore rise as a result of this “inflation sur
prise” effect. This theory suggests that it is unanticipated inflation that m
atters, so that the effect on consumption, and therefore savings, will be part
icularly strong in the early stages of inflation when the rate of inflation is
accelerating.
A study by Bulkley(1981) has supplemented the above theory, showing that even
if inflation is fully anticipated the savings ratio will increase as long as a
nticipated inflation is itself increasing. Even if inflation is fully anticipa
ted, workers’ real wages will still have fluctuated throughout the year, sinc
e money wages are usually set on only one occasion in the year. Real wages wil
l therefore be at a maximum when the money wage is first set, falling to a min
imum a year later as prices progressively rise. In order to smooth out his or
her real consumption pattern over the year, an individual will save more each
week early in the contract period, and correspondingly less later in the contr
act period. If inflation is constant, and if wage contracts are spread evenly
over the year, then the additional savings of some will cancel out the reduced
savings of others, and there will be no aggregate effect on the savings ratio
. However, when anticipated inflation is increasing and with it the money wage
, then the extra savings by those who have recently received hi
gher wage awards will more than offset the reduction in the savings of those n
earing the end of their nominal wage contracts, and the savings ratio will rise. |
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