对外经济贸易大学
2009年硕士学位研究生入学考试初试试题（模拟题1）
考试科目：815 经济学综合
一、 名词解释（每小题3分，共12分）
1、 经济租
2、 价格歧视
3、 经济增长的黄金分割率
4、 充分就业预算盈余
二、 单项选择（10题，每小题1分，共10分 ）
1.如果X商品与Y商品的相对价格是2:1,某人消费X商品与Y商品时的边际效用MUx/MUy之比是3:2,为实现效用最大化,应该()
A.X商品的价格必须上升 B.消费者必须增加X商品的消费
C.消费者必须增加Y商品的消费,减少X商品的消费 D.消费者收入必须增加
2.某一时间内,X商品的替代品的价格上升和互补品的价格上升,分别引起X商品的需求变动量为50单位和80单位,则在他们的共同作用下,该时期的X商品的需求量()
A.增加30单位 B.减少30单位 C.增加130单位 D.减少130单位
3．经济学中的“短期”和“长期”是根据下列哪一个条件划分的：
A．生产周期的时间长短 B。生产要素在一定时期内是否可全部调整
C．产量在一定时期内是否可以调整 D。生产规模在一定时期内是否可以调整
4．正常商品价格上升导致需求减少的原因在于：
A．替代效应使需求量增加，收入效应使需求量减少
B．替代效应使需求量增加，收入效应使需求量增加
C．替代效应使需求量减少，收入效应使需求量减少
D．替代效应使需求量减少，收入效应使需求量增加
5、 如果规模报酬不变，单位时间里增加了10%的劳动使用量；但保持资本量不变，则产出将（）。
A 增加10% ； B 减少10%；
C 增加大于10%； D 增加小于10%
6、当处于通货膨胀和国际收支逆差的经济状况时，应采取下列什么政策搭配：
A、紧缩国内支出，本币升值；B、扩张国内支出，本币贬值；C、扩张国内支出，本币升值：D、紧缩国内支出，本币贬值
7、假如某国家目前的均衡国民收入为5 500亿元。如果政府要把国民收入提高到6 000亿元，在边际消费倾向MPC等于90%的条件下，应增加支出( )亿元。
A 50 B 500
C 450 D 540
8、根据哈罗德增长理论，实现充分就业均衡增长的条件是
A 实际增长率等于自然增长率
B 实际增长率等于有保证的增长率
C 实际增长率等于自然增长率等于有保证的增长率
D 有保证的增长率等于自然增长率
9、．当一国经济处于IS曲线左侧，LM曲线右侧时：
A．I>S, L>M B. I>S, L<M
C. I<S, L<M D. I<S, L>M
10. 奥肯定律涉及（）
A. 失业率与产出率之间的数量关系 B. 实际产出增长和名义产出增长的关系
C. 通货膨胀与失业的关系 D. 实际工资率与就业量之间的关系
三、判断下列表述的内容是否正确（每小题1分，共十分）
1、长期总成本包括长期固定成本和长期可变成本两部分
2．垄断厂商在实现短期均衡时，可能会出现亏损，即经济利润为负。
3、当厂商以降低产品价格增加销量时，一定会带来销售额的增加。
4、公共产品与私人产品的区别在于：公共产品应由政府部门提供，而私人产品是由私人企业生产。
5、当政府对某一行业的产品实施最低限价政策时，通常会导致该行业单位供给减少，市场需求增加。
6、边际消费倾向越大，投资乘数越小。
7、在开放经济中，一国只能通过实施货币政策而不是通过实施财政政策实现充分就业和国际收支平衡。
8、在“凯恩斯区域”，货币政策的效果要大于财政政策的效果。
9、由于不同部门劳动生产率增长快慢不同导致的通货膨胀被称为需求拉动型通货膨胀。
10、哈罗德—多马模型认为经济活动自身可以自动趋向于均衡增长途径
四、计算与分析题（每题8分，共16分）
1、1、美国对包括钢铁、汽车及纺织品在内的许多产品实行配额。经济学家们估算通过拍卖配额权，美国财政部门每年至少获得100亿美元的收入，假定美国的服装市场在无贸易的条件下，国内的服装均衡价格为8美元/1单位，交易数量为200单位。而服装的世界市场价格为4美元/1单位，美国在自由贸易条件下，美国的服装价格降至4美元，国内生产者只供给100单位，需进口200单位才能满足国内的需求。现假定美国政府的服装配额为100单位，并将配额按一年的进口量分配给各进口国，请图示美国的服装配额进行分析：
（1）美国的服装交易量和价格是多少？
（2）配额导致的效率损失是多少？
（3）拍卖配额权会带来什么影响？
2、 假设某经济的消费函数为C＝100+0.8Y（其中Y为个人可支配收入），投资I＝100，政府购买支出G＝200，政府转移支付TR＝62.5（单位均为10亿美元），税率t＝0.25。问：
（1）均衡国民收入是多少？
（2）投资乘数和政府税收乘数分别是多少？
（3）当政府将一笔支出用在政府购买上对国民收入的影响是否和将这一笔支出用在政府转移支付上对国民收入的影响一样？为什么？
五、简答题（每题7分，共28分）
1、用替代效应和收入效应分析说明，如果牛肉的价格下降，对它的需求量必然会增加？
2、简述垄断竞争与完全竞争的比较。
3、利用什么样的货币政策和财政政策相配合才能有效地治理经济衰退。
4、通过图示说明蒙代尔-弗来明模型的含义
六、论述题
1、垄断是由什么原因造成的？为什么说垄断造成了市场失灵？政府能够采取有效的措施限制垄断吗？为什么？
2、比较分析新古典主义和新凯恩斯主义的基本观点。
七、英译汉（共三段，共50分）
1、 （20分）The perils of incrementalism
Bold, unorthodox remedies are needed to jolt the world economy back to life
THE prognosis is looking ever more grave. What began 15 months ago with a seizure of the credit markets has become a disease with an alarming list of real economic symptoms. America, Britain, the euro zone and Japan are already in a recession that threatens to be the worst, in some places, for a quarter of a century and possibly since the Depression. American consumers, unable to borrow and fearful for their jobs, are cutting spending; so are firms, short of cash and worried about sales. German business confidence is at a 15-year low. Japan’s exports to both rich countries and emerging ones are falling. Emerging economies are suffering too, as commodity prices fall and capital flees faster than in those countries’own crises of a decade ago. In some countries—notably the United States—a vicious deflationary spiral of banks withdrawing credit and demand contracting is no longer unimaginable.
Seeing the threat to the world economy’s vital functions, the policymakers have been working overtime. Interest rates have been cut dramatically. American rates are already down to 1%; Britain ’s are at a 50 year low; and this week China’s central bank lopped 108 basis points off its main policy rate. Hundreds of billions have been pumped into banks and financial markets. Many financial institutions have been bailed out: the rescue of the once mighty Citigroup is merely the latest unthinkable to happen.
Despite all this, the patient has not responded. This is partly because some traditional remedies, such as looser monetary policy, are weakened in a credit crunch. It is also because the doctors have been ham-fisted: look at Hank Paulson’s changes of mind about whether to use America’s $700 billion rescue fund to recapitalise banks or to buy toxic assets. In addition, though, a lot of policy has been far too timid.
Halting the world economy’s decline will demand something rather bolder than anything seen so far in this crisis.
2.（20分）The Knowledge Economy
Economists continue to search for the foundations of economic growth. Traditional “production functions” focus on labor, capital, materials and energy; knowledge and technology are external influences on production. Now analytical approaches are being developed so that knowledge can be included more directly in production functions. Investments in knowledge can increase the productive capacity of the other factors of production as well as transform them into new products and processes. And since these knowledge investments are characterized by increasing (rather than decreasing) returns, they are the key to long-term economic growth.
The most visible sign of the knowledge-based economy is the emergence of the “information society”. Information technology has speeded up the codification of knowledge, transforming it into a market commodity: large chunks of knowledge can be codified and transmitted over computer and communications networks. The use of personal computers has more than doubled in the last decade. These
computers can be linked nationally and internationally. Through computer net works, knowledge is more accessible to a wider group of people and cheaper to acquire.
Knowledge itself is becoming a more marketable product, and its spread is transforming other goods and services and creating new markets. The spiraling number of information services available on the Internet, raging from job searches to medical advice, is one example. The transformation of several disciplines—measurements, navigation, chemistry, music, surgery, telecommunications—by laser technology is another. And as the stock of knowledge accessible to the world economy swells, it is driving economic growth. The increase in knowledge accessibility and lower barriers to entry are also enhancing the role of the entrepreneur.
3、（10分）ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
Continued trade liberalization has remained an integral part of the China's long-standing structural reform strategy, which is aimed at establishing an outward-oriented "socialist market economy" that can deliver sustained economic growth and facilitate poverty reduction. The ongoing structural reforms coupled with unabated export growth has resulted in real GDP growth rates in excess of 10% since China's previous Trade Policy Review in 2006. As a result, it ranks as world's third largest economy and the third largest trader. GDP per capita rose from US$1,490 in 2004 to US$2,017 in 2006. The number of people living on less than US$1 has decreased to about 10% of the population. The rapid rise in GDP per capita and decline in people living in poverty demonstrate clearly the value of integrating more liberal trade and foreign investment policies into broader macroeconomic and structural reforms in order to promote economic development. |
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