二、怎么学
(1)参透用意,依题施法:认真阅读2006年考试大纲和考试分析里有关本题型的相关规定,仔细分析、反复研究考试分析里的样题,从样题的分析中去寻找和探究命题者的心态,从而发现解答此类题型的方法。
考试分析指出,这一题型主要是考查考生把握论点论据一致性的能力。如样题所示,该题型要求考生根据文章内容,从多个选项中找到能支持相应论点的论据。这就要求考生理解各个论点的重点和含义,并能找出与论点一致的依据。
从分析中可以看出,命题组出这样的题,目的在于考察考生的演绎能力,就是给出论点,要求考生根据论点拓展开来,或是找出可以说明该论点的例子(如考试样题),或是找出进一步的阐释和论证。重要的一点就是要明确这些论据是从原文中抽出来的,论点和论据是一体的,要始终保持语段的一致性。论据是为论点服务的,论据不仅要和论点相关,而且还要可以证明论点。命题组会给出六个备选答案,其中多余的那个也肯定与本文中的小论点有关。一定要提高警惕,这些和论点有点关系但并不能说明论点的,只是一些“假朋友”,注意要抵制他们的“诱惑”。而除去这个假朋友以外的五个选项,也会因其叙述的内容相关联而容易被混淆,要始终清醒地明确只相关不行,必须要能说明这个论点。
从考试分析中样题的具体分析可以看出,命题者十分注意考查考生对文章的整体把握能力,提醒考生注意不能直接根据小标题(即论点)来找论据,而是要结合正文理解来进行选择。因此,考生不能过于投机取巧,起码要做到通读全文,然后再回到论点来进行选择。要记住,不能过于贸然。
(2)依法练习,寻求突破:论据题,实际上就是根据文章中已经明示的论点从选项中寻找支持该论点的论据。在做练习时,一定要明确本题的主旨是考查考生对语段一致性的把握,要始终在“一致”这个大原则下做题,逐渐熟悉这种题型的解题思路和方法。只有通过大量的做题,才能发现其中的思路,才能找到“感觉”。
三、怎么解
这类题目主要是考查考生区分论点、论据,把握论点论据一致性的能力。
(1)解题步骤
A.第一步,阅读六个选项,在每个选项下方标注该选项的中文意思的几个关键词,做到解题前就已经心中有数,对备选的几个论据有个大概把握。对于谈论相似主体的选项,需区别内容的相同处和不同处,并牢记体现不同处的关键词语。
B.第二步,通读全文,精读标题以及解释标题的文字,在阅读标题及其解释性文字的同时应该将后面的论据逐一与选项相对照。
C.第三步,再次将选项与文中已选择的标题进行比较,检查它们是否是一致的。
(2)解题技巧
A.“排除原则”:解题时要使用排除法逐一缩小可供选择的范围。
B.“黑体原则”:始终要抓住黑体字以及其解释,根据黑体字以及其解释一定可以选出答案。
四、大纲样题(Sample Three)
Directions:
You are going to read a text about the tips on resume writing, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45).There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar“tombstone”that lists where you went to school and where you’ve worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the “functional”resume—descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview.
It’s handy to have a “tombstone”for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those unrequested“tombstone”lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead.
What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read—a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers.
41. Put yourself first:
In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself.
42. Sell what you can do, not who you are:
Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work.
Toot your own horn!
Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch-if only you show it.
43.Be specific, be concrete, and be brief!
Remember that “brevity is the best policy.”
44.Turn bad news into good:
Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side.
45.Never apologize:
If you’ve returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraph(summary of background)in place of a chronology of experience. Don’t apologize for working as being a mother; it’s the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just don’t mention education.
The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don’t worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishments (leadership skills, budget management skills, child development skills etc.)Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before you’ve ready to show it to a stranger(friends are usually too kind)for a reaction. When you’ve satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right.
Isn’t that the kind of person you’d want working for your?
[A]A woman who lost her job as a teacher’s aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote:“Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teacher’s aide she would rehire if government funds became available.”
[B]One resume I received included the following:“invited by my superior to straighten out our organization’s accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts weekly, and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise and promotion.”Notice how this woman focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions her reward—all in 34 words.
[C]For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money management skills.
[D]An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statement“Ready to learn though not so well educated”.
[E]One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills and education background.
[F]A woman once told me about a cashflow crisis her employer had faced. She’d agreed to work without pay for three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasn’t in her resume. She answered,“It wasn’t important.”What she was really saying of course was“I’m not important.”
[试题分析]
这是一篇如何写好个人简历的文章。
首先,我们要通读全文,了解大意。作者在文中强调了这么一点:简历应该要引起招聘者的兴趣,应该是有趣的,具有个性的,同时又能与招聘要求吻合的。在文章中,作者给出了写简历时的一些诀窍,每个诀窍都提炼出一个小标题,给出解释和举例。考生应该明确一点,这些小标题不一定等同于论点或段落总结句。小标题一般都较短,只看小标题不参考其解释,就会出现“只见树木,不见森林”的现象,很容易出现偏颇。因此,考生碰到这种情况时,一定要保持冷静,不要急于求成,而是应该结合正文理解观点的含义,然后再结合小标题提炼出论点,最后再去和选项结合。
第一点,“Put yourself first”。字面意思是把自己置于第一位。什么意思呢?下面的句子进行了解释,“要想让自己的简历使人读起来富有激情,那么你首先要对自己有自信”。再看选项中哪个例子能进一步说明这一点呢?从选项中可以发现,有些例子是成功的例子,有些是不成功的例子。那么就有可能从正反两方面举例了,[F]就是一个反例,证明了第一个观点。作者通过例子说明,不要认为自己做过的事情不值一提,瞧不起自己的人别人又怎么会重视呢?
第二点,“Sell what you can do,not who you are ”。字面意思是给别人展示你能干什么,而不是你是什么样的人。要强调能力而不是性格。下面的解释是这样的:“要学会把自己的个性和成就转变限制到某个具体技能领域中,世界上有至少5000种技能领域”(意思是,这么多技能中,总有一种和你自己的经验相吻合)。再带着这个观点来看后面的选项,文后的例子中[C]项是这么说的:“例如,如果你有节约、投资、管理钱财的天分,那么你拥有理财的能力。”这就是把一般的个性特征和相关的技能领域结合起来的例子。
第三点,“Be specific,be concrete,and be brief!”意思就是说要简洁、具体。可以推断,相关的例子应该是表现出简历具体、简洁的一面。哪个选项说明了这一点呢?[B]项描写一位女士仅用了34个词就把重点说明白了,这反映的是简洁这一特色。
第四点,“Turn bad news into good”字面意思是将坏消息变成好消息。下面解释道:“每个人在工作中总有不尽如人意的地方。如果要提到这些事,那么从积极、正面的角度去看。”可以看出,这点就是要让应聘者把自己不利的方面换一种表达方式,变不利为有利。[A]选项描述了一个女助教因为政府缩减资金而被解雇,这本来是工作经历中不太好的一面,但是这位女士谈起此事时提到这么一句,“校长说了,如果政府的资金够的话,她第一个重聘的就是我”,从而变不利为有利,使人看到她的优势。
第五点,“Never apologize”字面意思是不要道歉。下面的文字举例说明了,不要为自己的弱势感到自卑,要看到弱势中的发光点;也不要提及严重影响求职的方面,可以适当避讳。个人简历不是进行道歉的地方。[D]项以一个失败的例子说明了这一点:作者的一位朋友在简历中写了“好学,但教育程度不高”,这点正好和解释中的一点吻合:“如果你没有接受过专业训练或高等教育,就不要提及教育这个方面。”
[答案]41.F 42.C 43.B 44.A 45.D
新题型速成胜经(6选5论据找论点)
一、怎么考?
(1)大纲规定
在一篇长度约500词的文章前有6个概括句或小标题。这些标题分别是对文章某一部分的概括。要求考生根据文章内容,从这6个选项中选出最恰当的5个标题填入文章的空白处。
(2)命题形式
该题型一般是一篇有七个段落的文章,除首末两段外,其余五个段落每段前都有一个空格,要求考生从选项中选出可以概括这个段落的句子或短语,充当这个段落的小标题。选项共有五个,多余的一个也是和某个段落内容有关,但并不一定是这个段落的概括,可能只是其中一部分的概括,这点要引起注意。
二、怎么学?
(1)以纲为准,依题定法:认真阅读2006年考试大纲和考试分析里有关本题型的相关规定,仔细分析、反复研究考试分析里的样题,从样题的分析中去寻找和探究命题者的心态,从而发现解答此类题型的方法。
考试分析中指出,该题型考查的是考生把握主旨大意,进行概括总结的能力。如样题所示,该题型要求考生为文章中的若干段落选出最恰当的小标题。其实,就是要求考生选出最能概括段落主题或要点的标题。
从考试分析中可以看出,这个题型的目的在于检测考生的归纳能力。其实这种能力的练习我们已经做过许多,最典型的就是中学语文课文中的概括每段大意练习;还有就是我们平常做阅读理解时碰到的某个段落说明了什么这种练习。因此,这种概括能力我们每个人都有,这种练习也不陌生。不同的就是现在面对的是一些英语文章,而且大意都已给出,只是要求与各段相配。虽然语言不同,但是做法是相同的,就是通读文章的每一段,分析清楚重点说的是什么,然后对之进行归纳总结,再和选项配对。
考试的样题分析也是这样进行的,首先通读全文,明晰文中讲了几个主体意思。然后再细看每个段落,每个段落分别说明了一个方面,将这个方面的大意概括出来。最后再看选项,将选项与概括出的大意相对照,选出一致的答案。基本方法就是这样。
(2)大量练习,掌握规律:主旨题,实际上就是根据文章中已经给出的论据去从选项中去寻找支持该论据的论点。这样的题型,就是要掌握一定的方法,也就是提炼、概括的方法,然后做大量练习,逐渐掌握规律。
二、 怎么解?
(1)解题步骤
A. 看选项,从选项中就可以推断出相关段落大致的内容是关于什么的。
B. 读所考段落,抓住每段主题句和核心词汇。正确答案常常是主题句的改写。
C. 将从段落中提炼出的主题句和选项相对照,选出答案。
(2)解题技巧
A. “重点词原则”:阅读整个段落,将段落中的重点词句找出,重点词句主要是指:
a反复出现的词
b括号里的词
c引号里的词
B.“干扰排除原则”:段落中未展开详细例证说明的选项往往是干扰选项,应该予以排除;
C. “排除原则”:某段话的答案确定后,将该选项划去,以防止影响其他题目的作答。
四、大纲样题
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
[A]What to do as a student?
[B]Various definitions of plagiarism
[C]Ideas should always be sourced.
[D]Ignorance can be forgiven.
[E]Plagiarism is equivalent to theft.
[F]The consequences of plagiarism
Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person.s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated,plagiarism is“the wrongful appropriation or purloinning, and publication as one’s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.”
41
The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.
42
Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequentces may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.
43
Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.
44
Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography--are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them, the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.
45
The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.
The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.
[试题分析]
首先,通读全文,了解大意。这篇文章是关于抄袭的,介绍了抄袭的形式,以及如何合理引用、避免抄袭的建议。
然后,再具体看每段文章各自说明的重点。文章第1段是解释抄袭是怎么回事。第2段的第一句话已经暗示了41题的答案,“The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation.” 中penalties是plagiarism的结果,而在6个选项中, F项中的The consequences of plagiarism (抄袭的后果)刚好与penalties相对应。第3段又说到,学生们应该避免抄袭,而造成抄袭又可以分为3种情况:偶然、无知和故意。这段主要将抄袭限制在学生身上,选项中A提到了学生,与这段内容一致。接下来的三段是对学生三种抄袭情况的进一步说明。第4段是关于偶然因疏忽抄袭的,提到原因是不知道出处,并且提到这种抄袭是最不恶劣的,选项C是说出处问题,D是说这种忽视可以谅解,是关于惩罚的,似乎两个选项都有关系。再看第5段,强调的是作者都应该学会标注引用的来源,如果没有标注,免不了要受到抨击。因此选项C最能体现这一点,最为切合。那么利用排除法,43题选A。再看43题所处段落中说,这种抄袭的情况是最轻的一种,是可以饶恕的,所以D选项最贴切。
[答案]41.F 42.A 43.D 44.C 45 |