一、总述
名词是表示人、物和抽象概念的名称的词。
考察内容:名词的可数、不可数、名词的所有格、名词的数
二、名词的分类
1. 可数名词 有单复数之分,若名词为单数,通常前面要加冠词a/an、the进行限定;
若名词为复数,可以加上the,或者直接用复数名词,或者加上数词来进行限定。
可数名词的复数构成规则:
① 规则形式是在名词后加-s;但以sh,ch,s,x 和z 结尾的名词后加-es;
② 辅音字母加-y 结尾的名词变y 为i,再加-es;f 或fe 结尾的名词将f、fe 变为-ves(比如:knife),但chief 、cliff 、grief 等只加-s。
③ 以s 结尾的某些表示疾病、学科、游戏及地理的名词和专有名词通常视作单数;
④ 一些名词单复数形式相同,如deer、sheep 等。
⑤ 特别注意:有些单数名词的形式,是集合名词,可以用作复数,如police,cattle,people,mankind等;
例如:Several hundred police were on duty at the demonstration yesterday.
Cattle are allowed to graze on the village common.
2. 不可数名词:通常是物质名词或者抽象名词,其前可以不加任何东西,若有特指,可以加the.
前面可以加上单位词,进行分类:
常见单位词: ①a piece of +advice/bread/cloth/fortune/information/music/muse
②a bit of、an item of、an article of(clothing)
不可数名词列举:
advice homework luggage rain soap
baggage importance machinery recognition snow
cash information mail research traffic
clothing jewelry money scenery violence
damage knowledge music water
equipment laughter news wind
furniture leisure peace work
3. 可数名词和不可数名词表示数量的表达法不同,应该特别注意以下的区别:
常用数量表达法
可数名词 不可数名词
a/an, one, two, three …
another
few
a few
fewer
a/the number of
many
several
a lot of
some
any
no
each
every
all
other —
—
little
a little
less
amount of
much
a lot of
some
any
no
all
other
4. 名词在翻译中遇到的问题:
(1)不可数名词和可数名词间的转换形式:
例如:water&waters(水域、海洋) sand&sands(沙滩)
wood&woods(树林) ash和ashes(废墟) goods(商品)
(2)名词表示特指时,可以加冠词
①不定冠词:a/an,通常表示一,但是不强调数目,翻译时注意;
例如:Germany is a European country.
②定冠词:表示特定或特指
例如:Is this the book that you are looking for?
定冠词还可以使用于一些比较独特的语言现象:如指代地球或宇宙这种独一无二的事物
the+名词:表示全部或者整体
例如:Do you know who invented the computer?
用于乐器或专有名词前,如play the piano、the Thames
第二节 代词
一、总述
代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词,等,详见下表。
单数 复数
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
人称代词 主格 I you he/she/it we you they
宾格 me you him/her/it us you them
所有格 my your His/her/ its
n物主代词 形容词性 my your his/her/its our your their
名词性 mine yours his/hers ours yours theirs
反身代词 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves
指示代词 this, that these, those
相互代词 each other one another
不定代词 some, someone, something, somebody,
any, anyone, anything, anybody,
no, no one, nothing, nobody,
all, both , one another, such, another, few, little, a few, a little, much, many, either, neither each, every, everybody, everyone ,everything,
疑问代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever
连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which
关系代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, as, that
二.重要考点
1. 物主代词
①形容词性物主代词:可加名词: my pictures
②名词性物主代词:后面不能加名词。
eg: May I borrow your pen?
Mine is missing.
2. 反身代词:通过反身代词指代主语,使动作发出者把动作在形式上反射到发出者本人。强调人称问题。
eg:I myself took Mary to the airport.
I cooked it myself.
3. it 的用法
(1)指代人,通常用于口语中;
(2)书面语:
① it 用来指代时间、距离、温度、天气等
eg:It's three years since I saw him.
② it 用来前指或者后指
eg:I've lost my book. Where is it?
There is no doubt about it that he was a fine teacher.
③ it 做形式主语 eg:Is it possible to learn typewriting very quickly?
④ it 做形式宾语,通常放在谓语动词和宾语补足语(形容词)之间,真正的宾语放在宾补之后
常见动词有:feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, think, suppose, regard
eg:She thinks it no use telling me.
He has made it clear that he wouldn't agree to the plan.
⑤ it 用于强调句,构成句型It's…that/who…
如何区分强调句中的it和形式主语中的it?
eg:It's clear that they have won.
如果It's和that去掉后,剩下的部分依然能构成完整的句子,就是强调句;否则,即为形式主语。
4. 不定代词之间的区别:
(1)all、each 与every的区别
① all和every可以指代三个或三个以上的人或物;all可以表示所有东西的总和,是一个不可分割的整体;each只能表示两个或两个以上的人,侧重个体;当each 在句中作主语、同位语或副词状语时,也不可用every 替换。
② all和every侧重整体,each侧重个体;
eg:Every staff of the university contributed to the fund.
Two girls came, and I gave an apple to each.
(2)everyone与every one的区别
①everyone等同于everybody,all people ,指的是所有的人;
eg:Everyone thinks they have the right to be here.
②every one既可以指人,也可以指物,强调一个个体,通常用every one of ;
eg:Every one of us has faults and shortcomings.
Every one of the films we have shown this year has been a success.
(3)none 与no one 的区别
none 表示“。。。。之中没有一个”,一般是对两个以上的人或物进行否定。none后面还可以接of;none 可以代替单数或复数名词,谓语动词也有单数或复数,而且它既可指人,也可指物。no one 表示“一个也没有”,即not a single one 只代表单数名词,只能指人,谓语动词用单数。
eg:No one failed the examination.
None of the students failed the examination.
(4)both 与all 的区别
both 用于指两个人或事物;all 用于指两个以上的人或物。both 与all 作同位语用,放在名词或代词后,如:We both study very hard. 若谓语是系动词时,则需将其放在系动词后。若谓语是行为动词,前面又有助动词时,应放在助动词之后。如:They have both gone to Beijing on business. both 与all 都可用of 结构。若其后是名词,of 可省略;若是人称代词时,of 不可省略。neither (of) 表示“两者都不….”。
(5)one… the other 与one… another 的区别
one … the other 所修饰的数是两个,the other 指两者中的另一个;而one … another 所修饰的数是三个或三个以上,another 指不定数目(至少三个)中的另一个。
(6)whole 与all 的区别
whole 表示“全部、所有”之意时,后面不能接复数,而且要采用“the + whole + 名词”的词序。当all 表示“全部、所有”时,后面既可跟不可数名词,也可跟复数可数名词,并采用“all + the + 名词”的词序,如all the students 、all the morning 。但all day 、all night 中不用the。
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