一起来背《新概念英语》第三册！》》已更新（可在线听写o(∩_∩)o...）

  Lesson 60
         Too early and too late
              太早和太晚

Punctuality is a necessary habit in all public affairs in civilized society.  
准时是文明社会中进行一切社交活动时必须养成的习惯。  

Without it, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in state of chaos.  
不准时将一事无成，事事都会陷入混乱不堪的境地。  

Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it.  
只有在人口稀少的农村，才可以忽视准时的习惯。  

In ordinary living, there can be some tolerance of unpunctuality.  
在日常生活中人们可以容忍一定程度的不准时。  

The intellectual, who is working on some abstruse problem, has everything coordinated and organized for the matter in hand.  
一个专心钻研某个复杂问题的知识分子，为了搞好手头的研究，要把一切都协调一致，组织周密。  

He is therefore forgiven if late for a dinner party.  
因此，他要是赴宴迟到了会得到谅解。  

But people are often reproached for unpunctuality when their only fault is cutting things fine.  
但有些人不准时常常因为掐钟点所致，他们常常受到责备，  

It is hard for energetic, quick-minded people to waste time,  
精力充沛、头脑敏捷的人极不愿意浪费时间，  

so they are often tempted to finish a job before setting out to keep an appointment.  
因此他们常想做完一件事后再去赴约。  

If no accidents occur on the way, like punctured tyres, diversions of traffic, sudden descent of fog, they will be on time.  
要是路上没有发生如爆胎、改道、突然起雾等意外事故，他们决不会迟到。  

They are often more industrious, useful citizens than those who are never late.  
他们与那些从不迟到的人相比，常常是更勤奋有用的公民。  

The over-punctual can be as much a trial to others as the unpunctual.  
早到的人同迟到的人一样令人讨厌。  

The guest who arrives half an hour too soon is the greatest nuisance.  
客人提前半小时到达是令人讨厌的。  

Some friends of my family had this irritating habit.  
我家有几个朋友就有这有令人恼火的习惯。  

The only thing to do was ask them to come half an hour later than the other guests.  
唯一的办法就是请他们比别的客人晚来半小时。  

Then they arrived just when we wanted them.  
这样，他们可以恰好在我们要求的时间到达。  

If you are catching a train, it is always better to be comfortably early than even a fraction of a minute too late.  
如果赶火车，早到总比晚到好，哪怕早到一会儿也好。  

Although being early may mean wasting a little time,  
虽然早到可能意味着浪费一点时间，  

this will be less than if you miss the train and have to wait an hour or more for the next one;  
但这比误了火车等上一个多小时坐下班车浪费的时间要少，  

and you avoid the frustration of arriving at the very moment when the train is drawing out of the station and being unable to get on it.  
而且可以避免那种正好在火车驶出站时赶到车站，因上不去车而感到的沮丧。  

An even harder situation is to be on the platform in good time for a train and still to see it go off without you.  
更难堪的情况是虽然及时赶到站台上，却眼睁睁地看着那趟火车启动，把你抛下。  

Such an experience befell a certain young girl the first time she was travelling alone.  
一个小姑娘第一次单独出门就碰到了这种情况。  

She entered the station twenty minutes before the train was due,  
在火车进站20分钟前她就进了车站。  

since her parents had impressed upon her that it would be unforgivable to miss it and cause the friends with whom she was going to stay to make two journeys to meet her.  
因为她的父母再三跟她说，如果误了这趟车，她的东道主朋友就得接她两趟，这是不应该的。  

She gave her luggage to a porter and showed him her ticket.  
她把行李交给搬运工并给他看了车票。  

To her horror he said that she was two hours too soon.  
搬运工说她早到了两个小时，她听后大吃一惊。  

She felt in her handbag for the piece of paper on which her father had written down all the details of the journey and gave it to the porter.  
她从钱包里摸出一张纸条，那上面有她父亲对这次旅行详细说明，她把这张纸条交给了搬运工。  

He agreed that a train did come into the station at the time on the paper and that it did stop,  
搬运工说，正如纸条所说，确有一趟火车在那个时刻到站，  

but only to take on mail, not passengers.  
但它只停站装邮件，不载旅客。  

The girl asked to see a timetable, feeling sure that her father could not have made such a mistake.  
姑娘要求看到时刻表，因为她相信父亲不能把这么大的事弄错。  

The porter went to fetch one and arrived back with the station master,  
搬运工跑回去取时刻表，同时请来了站长。  

who produced it with a flourish and pointed out a microscopic \'o\' beside the time of the arrival of the train at his station;  
站长拿着时刻表一挥手，指着那趟列车到站时刻旁边一个很小的圆圈标记。  

this little \'o\' indicated that the train only stopped for mail.  
这个标记表示列车是为装邮件而停车。  

Just as that moment the train came into the station.  
正在这时，火车进站了。  

The girl, tears streaming down her face, begged to be allowed to slip into the guard\'s van.  
女孩泪流满面，央求让她不声不响地到押车员车厢里去算了。  

But the station master was adamant:  
但站长态度坚决，  

rules could not be broken and she had to watch that train disappear towards her destination while she was left behind.  
规章制度不能破坏，姑娘只得眼看那趟火车消逝在她要去的方向而撇下了她。  

  punctuality
n.   准时

     rural
adv. 农村的

     disregard
v.   不顾，无视

     intellectual
n.   知识分子

     abstruse
adj. 深奥的

     coordinate
v.   协调

     reproach
v.   责备

     puncture
v.   刺破（轮胎）

     diversion
n.   改道，绕道

     trial
n.   讨厌的事，人

     fraction
n.   很小一点儿

      flourish
n.    挥舞（打手劳）

     microscopic
adj. 微小的

     adamant
adj. 坚定的，不动摇的

第五章 形容词
ADJECTIVES

定义：形容词是用来修饰名词的词，描述名词的性质、外观、特点等。
功能：形容词可以做定语、表语或补助语。
分类：主要分为两类：描绘性形容词和限定性形容词。

● 描绘性形容词主要用来描绘大、小、新旧、颜色、质量等。
● 限定性形容词主要用来限定所修饰词的数量、距离及范围所属等。

1．当形容词修饰单数可数名词时，必须与冠词连用：
a lovely girl,      the naughty boy
2．形容词可与系动词连用，做表语，说明主语的性状。常用系动词有：be，become，seem，appear，feel，look，taste，smell，sound，remain，go，turn，keep，stay, etc.
The dish tastes delicious.
The music sounds sweet.
The milk went bad.

小心陷阱  feel，smell，taste，look，keep有时可以用作实义动词，并可以用副词修饰。
He looked me up and down carefully.
I tasted the soup slowly to see whether it was salty.
3．形容词用作后置定语。（简单理解：一般的形容词修饰名词时放在名词前面，但有些形容词修饰名词时放在名词的后面）
a river navigable（一条可通航的河）
sight visible可见的景象
person responsible（负责人）注意：responsible person（有责任心的人）
the best way possible（尽可能好的办法）
the number necessary（必要的数量）
the people present（在场的人）
4．只能作表语的形容词
1．某些表示健康状况的形容词。
well（身体好的），ill（病的），faint（虚弱的），poorly（身体不好的）
示例：His mother has been ill for a long time.
特别注意：sick是个特例。它既可做表语，又可做定语。
He is sick for a couple of days.（他病两三天了）
He is a sick person.（他是个病人。）
2．某些以 a-开头的形容词。
如：afraid（害怕的），alone（独自的），alive（活着的），asleep（睡着的），awake（醒 着的），aware（意识到的）

The old man is alone in the house.（老人一个人在家。）
The teacher is alive with enthusiasm.（这位老师热情洋溢。）
He is asleep in his mother\'s arms.（他在母亲的怀抱中睡着了。）
I have been aware of the difficulty.（我已经意识到了困难。）

5．当一系列形容词修饰名词时，须注意排列顺序：代明形容词 + 数量形容词 + 性状 形容词 + 名词。（下图看起来费劲，看透了绝对实用）
代明形容词        数量形容词        性状形容词        名词
1        2        3        4        5        6        7        8        9        10        11
用于冠
词前的
形容词        冠词        
序数        
基数        
性质
状态        大小
长短
形状        
新旧
温度        
颜色        
国籍        
材料        名词
        指示代词                                                                        
        物主代词                                                                        动名词
        不定代词                                                                        
All        the        first        one        good        big        old        blue        English        wood        box
Both        A(n)        second        two        bad        small        new        yellow        Indian        stone        
        this                                                                        
cage

Such
        that        
...        
...        
...        round        
cold        
...        
...        Iron
        
        your                                ...                                       
        Some                                                                        
Eg.  a broken small old gray stone bridge.
such a good yellow pen.

测试精编

I．选择正确选项：
1. The Chinese food served in American restaurant is not bad but I prefer ________.
A. Chinese food authentically      B. Chinese authentic food
C. food Chinese authentically      D. authentic Chinese food

2. ________ lessons were not difficult.
A. Our first few short English
B. Our few first short English
C. Our few first English short
D. Few our first English short

3. — Do you think that the Labor bill will be passed? — Oh, yes, it\'s ________ that it will.
A. almost surely                B. very likely
C. near positive                 D. quite certainly

4. — Have you traveled much? — No, I have done ________ traveling.
A. few      B. little      C. small      D. less

5. — I was very busy. — Did you really work hard ________?
A. all day                     B. all the day
C. all the day long              D. all of day long

6. — Do you need anything from the store? — ________ and some cheddar cheese.
A. Only a French bread loaf
B. A French bread loaf only
C. Only a loaf of French bread
D. A loaf of French bread only

7. According to the information, the newly-constructed highway is said to be ________.
A. lengthy twenty miles         B. length about twenty miles
C. about twenty miles long       D. in twenty miles of length

8. Mr. Smith has done ________ business here.
A. a lot of                    B. a number of
C. much                      D. lots

9. — Are you helping to organize the political convention? — I\'m in charge of welcoming the ________.
A. out-of-town visitors      B. visitors from outside of town
C. visitors out-of-town      D. outside town visitors

10. — Does Jane have brown hair? — Yes, In fact, it\'s quitesimilar in shape ________ yours.
A. as      B. with       C. like      D. to

形容词keys：
1.D    2.A    3. B    4. B    5.A    6. C    7.C    8.A    9.A   10.D

第六章 副  词
ADVERBS

定义：副词用来修饰动词（系动词除外），形容词，其它副词或整个句子。
功能：表示时间、方式、程度、范围等。
分类：

● 时间及频度副词：before，frequently，always，usually 等
● 地点副词：here，northward，anywhere，above，below等
● 方式副词：rapidly，quickly，clearly，hard，well等
● 程度副词：quite，much，nearly，just，enough，perfectly，only 等
● 疑问副词：how，why，when，where 等
例：He walked out of the room slowly.
She looks very beautiful.
We study English very carefully.
Even a child can do it better.
Perhaps she will telephone you tomorrow.

金牌要点：几个重要副词的使用：
1. enough：修饰形容词或副词，须置于被修饰词后；而修饰名词时放在修饰词的前面。
He is old enough to go to school.
I have enough money to buy this type of bicycle.

2. too：位于形容词或副词前。
She is too eager to see me.

3. very：置于所修饰的形容词、副词前。
He is very handsome and many girls like to speak with him.

4. much：修饰动词，形容词及副词比较级。
The subject has beentalked too much.
Her dress is much more beautiful than mine.

5. still:“依旧，仍然”用于肯定句、否定句中。
He still remembers the days they spent together.
I still can not catch his words.

6. yet: 位于疑问句末尾时意思是“已经”；用于否定句时意思是“还”。
Have you emptied the dustbin yet?
I haven\'t done that yet.

7. only: 根据句意灵活运用。（请翻译下面三个句子！）
Only he can tell you how to do it.
He can only tell you how to do it.
He can tell you how to do it only today.

8. hardly, scarcely, seldom, never本身为否定意义副词，注意使用。
Hardly had we left the station when it began to rain.

你知道吗？

几个易混淆的副词：
1. easy: stand easy (= comfortably)
easily: It can\'t be solved easily.

2. clear: The bullet went clear through the window
(= directly)
clearly: Clearly, he doesn\'t know anything about it.
(= obviously)

3. high: He can jump very high.（高地）
highly: We think highly of the good teacher.（高度地）

4. just: We have just know the news.（刚刚）
justly: He was justly punished.（公正地）

5. hard: You must think hard.（努力地）
hardly: He hardly knows about it.（几乎不）

6. pretty: He is not pretty sure about it.（非常）
prettily: The girl is prettily dressed.（漂亮地）

7. near: He lives near the school.（附近）
nearly: I nearly missed the bus.（几乎）

8. late: Don\'t come late next time.（迟到）
lately: I haven\'t read novels lately.（最近）

9. formally: You should be dressed formally at the meeting.（正式地）
formerly: Formerly, he was the manager of the company.（以前）

10. free（免费地）
freely（自由地）

11. most（最）
mostly（大部分）

12. sharp（准时地）
sharply（严厉地）

测试精编

I．选择正确选项：

1. Automobile production of the present time has been increased ________.
A. greatly      B. highly      C. on a large scale       D. infinitely

2. — Was the class long enough? — No, ________ enough.
A. it wasn\'t much too long
B. it wasn\'t too much long
C. it wasn\'t quite long  
D. it wasn\'t too long much

3. After the funeral, the residents of the apartment building ________.
A. sent faithfully flowers all weeks to the cemetery
B. sent to the cemetery each week flowers faithfully
C. sent flowers faithfully to the cemetery each week
D. sent eachweek faithfully to the cemetery flowers

4. Air travel has provided people with the opportunity to travel ________.
A. a large amount of miles
B. much distance
C. extensively
D. wide rangingly

5. — Paul still hasn\'t returned from the meeting. — Really? I\'m sure he expected to be back ________.
A. before long now  
B. long before now
C. now before long
D. now long before

6. — Has your father arrived in Bombay yet？
— He probably arrived there sometime ________ .
A. a week past       B. thelast week       C. this past week       D. theweekbefore now

7. — Whydoesn\'t Jessica stay withrelatives inNewYork？ — She________ inBoston.
A. has onlyrelatives
B. only has relatives
C. has relatives only
D. relative has only

8. The nectarineis a fruit ________ likea peach.
A. as       B. and       C. too       D. somewhat

9. 一 Isawyouat theracetrack last week. 一 Igoquite often, but I onlybet ________ .
A. scarcely B. hardly C. barely D. occasionally

10. Let\'s stayat home, Ithinkit\'s ________ for walking.
A. muchtoo hot
B. very much hot
C. too much heat  
D. very much heat

副词keys：
1.A   2. C   3. C   4. C   5. B   6. C  7.B   8. D   9.D   10.A

第七章 冠  词
ARTICLES

不定冠词“a”用来表示可数名词的单数形式，用于辅音音素前，an用于元音音素前。
如：a person, a day; an hour, anold man...

I．定冠词用法如下：

（英语刚启蒙时你就知道冠词了，可你真正掌握了吗？再背一遍又何妨？！）
1．用于双方都知道的名词前：Please cleanthe classroom．
2．用于单数名词前，表示一类人或物：
The horseis a useful animal.（马是有用的动物）
This is a very hardjob for theteacher.（对于老师这是一项很难的工作。）
3．用于世界上独一无二的东西前：the sun, the spring.
4．用于方位名词前：People in the west like coffee very much.
5．用于乐器名词前：play the violin.
6．用于计量单位前：Gasoline is soldby the gallon.
7．形容词最高级和序数词前：This is the easiest way to work out the problem.
He came to see me for first time.
8．用于江河湖海山脉名称前：the Pacific，the Thames，the Rocky Mountains
9．杂志、报刊名称前：the Times，the Overseas Digest
10．用于建筑物、和组织前：the White House, theMinistry of Education
11．用于姓氏复数前，表“某某夫妇，某某一家人”the Smiths，the Greens
12．用于形容词前，表一类人 / 物：the rich, theblind
13．用于 English，Chinese，French等名词前，表“全体国民”the English，the Chinese

II．以下情况不用冠词：

1．三餐前 breakfast，lunch，supper， ... Have you had lunch？
2．体育运动项目前 playchess，... I have nointerest intennis.
3．在由 by引出的交通工具前by air（乘飞机），by car
4．在称呼或职位前 He has been elected president of the committee.
5．习惯用语前 at school，day by day，at table（在吃饭），go to church（做礼拜）...

测试精编

I．单项选择：
1. The cat is ________ beautiful animal, but its intelligence leaves much tobe desired.
A. a          B. an          C. the          D.  /  
2. ________ universityofChicago has anexcellent lawschool.
A. A          B. An         C. The          D.  /  
3. — Tina looks especiallyprettytonight.
— Yes, shealways looks her best in ________ ofthat color.
A. dress       B. a dress      C. that dress     D. the dress
4. — Didhe flyacross theEnglishChannel？
— No, hecrossedit by________.
A. a ship      B. theship      C. ships         D. ship
5. If you want to gotothe post office from here, take________.
A. Broadwaybus              B. theBroadwaybus
C. some Broadwaybus          D. a Broadway\'s bus
6. 一 Howdid you paythe workers？ 一 As a rule, they were paid ________.
A. byan hour   B. bythehour    C. bya hour     D. byhours
7. ________ moretobe pitiedthanblamed.
A. Uneducatedare              B. Uneducatedis
C.The uneducatedare           D.The neducatedis
8.Astronomy is ________ of stars and planets.
A. a science     B. science     C. the science      D. scientific
9. － After that, what happenedtohim？
— The chancetoenter ________ cameand he tookit.
A. tocollege     B. thecollege   C. for college      D.college
10.Westernart ofthe19thcenturyshows the influence of________ Far East.
A. a           B. an          C. the            D.  /  

1.A   2. C   3. B   4.D   5. B   6. B   7. C   8. C   9. B   10. C

第八章 介  词
Prepositions
金牌要点：
“英语是介词和动词的语言”，由此可见，掌握介词的用法何其重要。
学习介词的最好方法是要弄清楚介词与介词之间位置上的关系，请参考下图：
above
                                               over
                                       to → on ↑ → from         
In
→ through



into ↗  ↓  ↘ out of   by
under
below
I．分类：

1．常用简单介词：
about，across，against，among，after，at，behind，besides，beyond，by，concerning，beneath，between，despite，except，during，down，for，from，past，than，under，until 等。
2．合成介词：
inside，outside，onto，out of，within等。
3．短语介词：
according to，ahead of，along with，as for，because of，be means of，due to，in spite of，on behalf of，owing to，with regard to等。

II．介词与“……的”之关系：

在英语学习中，一遇到“……的”，大家就会立刻想到’s 所有格或者of，实际上，在很多情况下，“……的”必须借助于介词才能准确表达。
以下请学员重复记忆：
● 美国的冬天 → the winter in America
● 停车场的入口 → the entrance to the parking lot
● 穿过森林的小路 → the path through the forest
● 鲁迅的著作 → the works by Lu Xun
● 水中的月亮 → the moon reflected in water
● 历史的见证 → the witness to history
● 对爱的渴望 → a longing for love
● 对我们不利的证据 → the evidence against us
● 阳光下的漫步 → a walk in the sunlight
● 追求名誉的女人 → a lady after fame
● 两人之间的争论 → an argument between the two persons

重要介词的重要用法：
（1）from：此介词表示“to”相反的方向。
He came from London.
Hewent to London.  
二词常搭配使用“from ... to...”
WestudiedEnglish from morningtoafternoon
He\'ll start fromBeijingto Shanghai.

经典用法：
● 由于 → The girl is trembling from fear.
● 免除 → Tramps are always free from care. 流浪汉们总是无忧无虑。
● 分开 → The couple parted from each other at the airport.
● 由……制成 → The red wine is made from grapes. 红葡萄酒是由葡萄制成的
由 from引导的惯用法：
from far 从远处
from now / then on从现在 / 那时起
from bad to worse 每况愈下
from time to time（occasionally 时而）

习语：
She comes to visit me from time to time

（2）out of ：表示与“into”相反的语意
He will be out of town.
I stepped out of the dark room.
out of+ 名词 (= lack, to be without 用完，用光）
He went to the shop because he was out of paper.
out of date (= old-fashioned 过时的）
The book has been out of date.
out of work (= jobless 失业的)
He needs money because be is out of work.
out of the question (= impossible 不可能的)
Finishing the hard work is out of the question.
out of question (= doubtless 毫无疑问的）
That hecan doit well is out of question.
out of order（= not functioning 失灵的）
Her radio is out of order, so she can\'t listen to it.

（3）by: 表示从旁经过或在……附近。
经典用法：
● 通过→This is the nearest road by which they came.
● 在……时候→The young man works by day and steals money by night.
● 由……所生→He has two sons by her second wife.
● 抓住→She caught her child by his coat in the flood.
● 按……计算→The farmers sell their apples by the pound.
● 就（气质，特征）而言→He is an artist by temperament（气质）。
He passed by me without saying hello.
He lives by the sea.
用于被动语意，导出动作执行者
The glass was broken by the boy.
by + 具体时间：
They usually have dinner by 8 o\'clock.
by + 交通工具 (bus, train, plan...)
He travelled to Paris by air / plane.
by the end of + 时间名词：到……末为止。
By the end of last year, they had learnt 100 texts.
By the end of this term, they will have learnt 100 texts.
by then: 到那时
He will graduate in 1999, by then he will leave Beijing.
by way of (= via) 经由，取道
They are going to the United States by way of Hong Kong.
by the way 顺便问
By the way, do you know where Mr. Li has gone?
by far: ……得多（用于修饰比较级和最高级）
The book is by far the best on the subject
by accident ［不小心，与on purpose（故意地）语意相反］
The wrong information was put into the computer by accident.

（4）in: 在……内部，与 \"out\" 语意相反。
All the students are in the classroom.
In + month / year: 在某月 / 年 In January, in 2000
In time 及时
They arrived at the station in time.
In the street 在街上
In the past 在过去
In the future 在未来
In the beginning 开始，起初
In the end 最后，终于
In the way 挡住去路
He couldn\'t drive his car away because a big stone was in the way.
once in a while 时而
Once in a while, he went to the Museum.
in no time at all 立刻，迅速
He finished his homework in no time at all.
in the meantime 同时
He was having supper, and in the meantime he watched TV.
in a row 坐在某一排上
We sat in the 20th row of the cinema.
in the event that 如果
In the event that you pass the exam, I\'ll telephone you.
in case 万一，如果
Bring you raincoat in case it rains.
get in touch with 与……取得联系
keep in touch with 与……保持联系

（5）on: 位于某物体表面上。
The dishes are on the round table.
on a day / date 在某天及某天的上，下午，晚上
on Wednesday, on February 9th , 1999
on Friday afternoon, on a dark night.
on a / the + (bus, plane, ship, train, bike)
He went to school on a bus.
on a ... street 在某条街道
Mrs. Smith lives on 5th \'Avenue.
on the floor of a building. 位于某层楼
on time 准时（比 in time 具体）
on the corner (of two streets) 在两条街道相交的一角
That shoe store is on the corner of 2 nd Street and 5th Avenue.
on the sidewalk 在人行道上
on the way 在途中
on the right / left 在右侧 / 左侧
on the television / the radio 在电视 / 收音机里
The manager will make a speech onthe TV.
on the telephone 打电话
You are wanted on the phone. 有您的电话
on the whole 总的来说，总体上
on the one hand, or the other hand 一方面，另一方面
on sale 出售
The books are on salefor $7 each.
on foot 步行

（6）at: 此介词通常用来指某一特定时间和地点。
at + 地点
Mr. Smith lives at 15, 16th Avenue.
注：在某条街道On... street，而在某街某号应用at
at + 特定时间
At 7:00 in the morning, he goes towork.
at home / school / work 在家 上学 上班

at night 在晚上  
at best 充其量  
at times 有时
at peace 和平状态  
at least 至少
at worst 最差
at intervals 间或，时而
at random 随意，胡乱地
at most 至多
at present 目前，现在
at war 交战
at leisure 悠闲自得地
at a loss 不知所措
at large 逍遥法外




（7）其它介词短语：
in place of / instead of 代替
for the most part — mainly 主要地
in hopes of 希望……
off and on 时断时续
all of a sudden 突然
for good 永远

（8）动词短语 + 介词构成的习语
break off 结束
The two countries broke off their diplomatic relationship.
bring up 抚养，提出
call on sb. 要求，拜访，呼吁
He called on the workers to struggle.
care for 关心，照顾，喜爱
She only cares for new clothes.
I have to care for my son after school
check on 调查
come along with sb. 伴随，和某人在一起
come down with 因……而生病
Last summer, many people came down with intestinal disorders.
count on 依靠、指望
do away with 摆脱
draw up 起草
drop out of (school ... ) 退（学）
figure out 弄明白，弄清楚
find out 发现，查明（事实）
get by: 设法生存
Despite the high cost of living, we will get by on our salary.
get through 完成，接通（电话）
It\'s not easy to get through the work in a day.
How can I get through to you?
get up 起床，组织
Aparty will be got up in my house.
go along with 同意
hold on to 抓住，坚持
In spite of being a millionaire, he holds on to his usual living ways.
hold up 抢劫，忍受，停止
The bank was held up last night.
He held up very well after the death of his wife.
The work had been held up.
pass out 昏迷 run across 遇见，见到
I ran across some old friends yesterday.
run into 偶然碰见
When Tom was in London, he ran into his good friend at the theatre.
see about 考虑
The young man is seeing about getting a ticket for the football game.
take over for 替代
I took over for Janet because she was ill.
talk over 讨论
try out 试验，试行
They are trying out a new idea to help the poor students.
Turn in 上交，睡觉
After a tiring day, he turned in early.
watch out for 警觉
Please watch out for thieves.
weigh on sb. 压迫，使……焦虑
Some problems are weighing on me, so I can\'t sleep well.

测试精编

（1）单选：
1. — Where is your hometown?
— It is about 20 miles ________ the east of Chicago.
A. in          B. on          C. to         D. by

2.  When I met Jenny, I took a liking ________ her at once.
A. of          B. for          C. on         D. in

3.  I am ________ your temper.
A. fed up by                   B. fed up with
C. fed up because of             D. fed up to

4. — Do you like working as a waiter?
— Yes, but I get tired ________ the whole day.
A. with standing                B. from standing
C. to stand                     D. of the standing

5.  The accident clearly resulted ________ your carelessness.
A. in           B. on          C. for        D. from

6. — Why do you ask if I\'ve been smoking?
— Because you smell ________ cigarettes.
A. of           B. by          C. with          D. as

7.  The colleges vary so greatly that the problem was finally answered only ________.
A. with respect to a specific college
B. getting to specific college
C. with a view to specific college
D. with a regard to a specific college

8. — Have you some other reasons ________ the ones you just mentioned above?
— Yes, I do.
A. in addition     B. besides      C. off          D. beside

9. — Do you ever dance like that in public?
— Certainly not! That would be ________ my dignity.
A. beneath       B. under        C. beyond       D. above

10. —What do you have to do tomorrow?
— I\'ll have to ________ in a conference.
A. join          B. taking part     C. attend        D. participate

11. Modern technological advances are being made, but ________.
A. with highly considerable expense
B. at a great expense
C. with great expense involved
D. by a lot of expense

12. — Why didn\'t you go to the lecture yesterday evening?
— ________, I changed my mind.
A. On a second thought          B. By the second thought
C. On second thoughts           D. By secondthoughts

13. ________ one time, Manchester was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world.
A. On           B. By           C. To            D. At

14. — Wasn\'t the issue settled?
— No, the two sides are still ________ conflict.
A. in            B. during        C. on           D. with

15. — How do you like these articles?
— They are not much ________ demand now.
A. on            B. in           C. at             D. for
1. C   2. B   3. B   4. B   5.D   6.A   7.A   8. B   9.A   10. D   11. B  12. C  13.D  14.A  15. B

第九章 反意疑问句
Tag Question

1．一般用法：
He is a student, isn\'t he?
He isn\'t a student, is he?
(1) “have to, had better, used to”要用下列方式反问：
He has to finish the work, doesn\'t he?
They used to smoke, didn\'t / usedn\'t they?
You\'d better get up immediately, hadn\'t you?
(2) “has, have”作为助动词和实意动词，反问形式不同。
We have done all the work, haven\'t we?
You have some time, don\'t you?

金牌要点如下
2． “seldom, barely, hardly, scarcely, few, little” 语意本身是否定，因此反意问句应为肯定形式。
She seldom comes to visit us, does she?
He hardly knew it, did he?
3．当主句为祈使句，反意问句提出要求，命令应用 “will you”
Do it at once, will you?
但如表示邀请，劝告，反意问句用 “won\'t you”
Have a cup of tea, won\'t you?
4．否定祈使句应用 “will you” 来反问。
Don\'t open the window, will you?
5． “Let\'s” 短语
● 当其为肯定形式，“shall we” 提出反问
Let\'s play basketball, shall we?
● 当其为否定形式，“all right, ok” 提出反问
Let\'s not go to the party, all right?
● 如为 “let us ...” 其反问形式应为 “will you” 提出请求
Let us go home, will you?
6．当 “think, suppose, consider, believe” etc 被用作为主句谓语动词，其后带有宾语从句时，反意疑问问句应与从句保持一致。
Idon\'t think that he is an honest man, is he?

Exercises:

单选：
1. — Your uncle told me that he overslept this morning. — Oh, my uncle rarely used to oversleep, ________?
A. wasn\'t he      B. was he      C. didn\'t he      D. did he

2. — Remove this, ________? — Right away.
A. will you       B. shall you    C. don\'t you      D. do you

3. You ought to wait for her, ________?
A. don\'t you      B. oughtn\'t you      C. shouldn\'t you      D. won\'t you

4. You have Tom move the stone, ________?
A. do you       B. don\'t you      C. haven\'t you      D. have you

5. Let\'s go dancing, ________?
A. will we       B. shall we       C. don\'t we        D. are we

6. Have dinner here, ________?
A. will you      B. would you      C. won\'t you       D. haven\'t you

7. There is someone at the door, ________?
A. isn\'t there     B. is there         C. isn\'t he         D. is it

8. The price of crude oil used to be a great deal lower than now, ________?
A. does there      B. wasn\'t it      C. don\'t it      D. didn\'t it

9. This is the third time this week he\'s had to study late, ________?
A. isn\'t it         B. isn\'t he       C. hasn\'t it      D. hasn\'t he

10. — Don\'t bother to drive me back!
— But then you\'d have to walk home alone, ________?
A. hadn\'t you       B. do you       C. would you    D. wouldn\'t you
1. D   2.A   3. B   4. B   5. B   6. C   7.A   8.D   9.A   10. D

第十章 独立主格结构
Absolute Structure

此独立形式只是一个小短语，而不是主谓完整的简单句，又称之为独立分词构句。当分词意义上的主语不是主句的主语时，必须在分词前保留意义上的主语，否则语意不通。（定义有点费解，多看几遍）

示例：
Being ill in bed, I can\'t go to school.
Mother being ill in bed, I can\'t go to school.
（1） 独立主结构形式可用以表时间，理由，条件，伴随状态等
He lay on the grass, the sun shining upon him.
= He lay on the grass, and the sun was shining upon him.

Weather permitting, I\'ll start tomorrow.
= If weather permits, I\'ll start tomorrow.

School being over, the boys went home.
= When school was over, the boys went home.

The sun having set, we arrived at the station.
= After the sun had set, we arrived at the station.

王牌重点：当独立主格结构的主语表示“一般人”，如：we, one, you时，主语可省略，此用法常用于下列表达方式中：
generally speaking 一般来说
strictly speaking 严格地说
talking of ... 谈到
speaking of ... 说到
judging from ... 由……来判断
taking all things into consideration 把一切都考虑在内
considering ... 考虑到……

[示例]：
If we judge from his face, he must be ill.
= Judging from his face, he must be ill.
He has lots of books if we consider that he is young.
= He has lots of books, considering that he is young.
（2）with 复合结构也是独立主格结构形式之一。这种结构在句中作状语（表示原因，方式，伴随等）和定语，作定语时紧随被修饰名词后。
1．with+ 名词 + 介词短语：
The woman with a baby on her back is my sister.
The boy rushed into the room, with his schoolbag in his hand.
2．with + 名词 + adj.
with the door open, he left the classroom.
3．with + 名词 + adv.
With the gloves off, she felt cold.
With the lights on, the building looks beautiful.
4．with + 名词 + 现在分词（主动）
with + 名词 + 过去分词（被动）
Withthe guide leading us, we got to the village.
The boy was crying with the vase broken.
5．with + 名词 + 不定式
With the hard work to be done, we have to prepare for it.

第十一章 平行结构
Parallel Structures
许多句子在描述一个人或一件物品时往往会出现一系列修饰语；动词的修饰语， 即副词往往也会几个同时使用，构成平行结构，平行结构要求语法结构须保持一致，如：
1．系列动词：
after school, we sang, danced and played the piano in the classroom.

2．系列形容词：
She is slim, tall, blond and beautiful.
3．系列副词：
The students are listening to me carefully and eagerly.
平行结构不仅包括动词，形容词，副词，也包括分词，不定式，动名词，名词短语和句子等的平行用法，务必提高辨别力。

测试精编

I 单选：
1. The purpose of the research had a different meaning for them than ________.
A. ours      B. for ours it had     C. with us     D. it did for us

2. The decision to ration a commodity rests on a judgement of its relative scarcity, ________ and the feasibility of continuing it.
A. it is important                      B. is it important
C. its importance                      D. what is its importance

3. Scandinavian countries make household goods that are designed both to function well ________.
A. and to be looking beautiful
B. and to look beautiful
C. and to be beautiful looking
D. as well as to look beautifully

4. The chairman urged the members of the committee to set aside their differences ________.
A. and began to work
B. starting to begin to work
C. and be settled for work
D. and settle down to work

5. In his novels the author combines sound scholarship with ________.
A. a witty style                       B.a style of wit
C. a style full of wit                   D. a style which witty

6. During the examination we were supposed to stay in our seats, keep our eyes on our work, ________ to anyone.
A. but could not talk
B. rather than speak
C. instead of speaking
D. and not speak

7. Paris is renowned both as the political center of the nation and as ________.
A. the cultural center also
B. a center of cultural activity
C. being a cultural center
D. to be a center of cultural activity

8. The bonding power of any adhesive depends on the cohesion of the adhesive itself and ________ to the surface to which it is applied.
A. how well does the adhesive adhere
B. how well the adhesive adheres
C. does the adhesive adheres
D. the adhesive adheres

9. Molds can\'t produce their own food ________ their nourishment from living on dead organic matter or on other living matter.
A. obtain       B. obtained      C. but obtain      D. is obtained

10. I her writing, Eleanor Willie often dealt with her own personality as it was, rather than ________.
A. as others defined it
B. other\'s definitions
C. its definition by others
D. it was defined by others

1.D   2. C   3. B   4.D   5.A   6.D   7. B   8. B   9. C   10.A

第十二章 容易混淆的动词
Some Confusing Verbs
在学习英语动词时，一些初学者常碰到大量易混淆的同义词，下面就几组常用的动词加以比较。

1. rise，raise，arise，arouse
“rise” 是不及物动词，过去式为rose，过去分词为risen，其基本词义“上升，上涨”。
● The sun rises in the east.
● A good idea rose in my mind. “raise” 是及物规则动词，“举起，提高”。
● He raised his voice to make himself heard.
● The boy can raise the heavy stone.
“arise”，是不及物动词，过去式为arose，过去分词arisen，其语义为“出现，发生” 。
● His curiosity arose due to the question his mother asked.
“arouse”是及物动词，过去式和过去分词为aroused，其语义为“唤醒，引起”
arouse somebody from sleep 把某人唤醒
arouse suspicion 引起怀疑

2. lay，lie，lie
“lay”及物动词，“放置，生蛋”，过去式与过去分词为 “laid”
I\'ve laid the book on the self.
The hen lays an egg every day.
“lie”不及物动词“位于，平躺”，过去式为“lay”过去分词 “lain”
He lay on the floor and slept soundly.
Beijing lies in the north of China.
“lie”及物动词“说谎”，它是规则动词。
He lied to his teacher.

3. sit，seat
“sit”不及物动词，过去式与过去分词均为 “sat”。
He sat in the classroom reading newspaper.
“seat”及物动词，“使就坐”“容纳”。
He seats himself here.
He is seated there.
He seats the baby on his knees.
The hall will seat 5000 people.

4. affect，effect
“affect” 及物动词，“对……有影响，感动，触及”
The relations between then will be affected.
“effect” 及物动词， “导致，造成，带来（变化），产生”
The changes in methods effected some improvement in his study.

5. hang (hanged, hanged) / (hung, hung)
当 hang过去式与过去分词为 “hanged”，其含义是“绞死”；而当hang的过去式与过去分词为“hung”时，其含义是“悬挂”。
The man was hanged for murder. He hung his coat on the hook.

6. borrow，lend “borrow”借入 “borrow sth. from ...”
“lend”(lent, lent) 借出 “lend sb. sth” 或 “lend sth. To sb.”

7. take，bring，fetch
“take”(took, taken) 及物动词“拿走”
“bring”(brought, brought) 及物动词“带走” “fetch”及物动词，“去取回来”

8. receive，accept
“receive” 客观上收到
“accept” 主观上愿意接受
I received his gift, but I wouldn\'t like to accept it.

9. fit, suit“适合”
“fit” 指“尺寸”的适合
“suit” 指“款式，花样等”的适合
The dress doesn\'t fit me. It is too long.
Blue is the color that suits her well.

10. answer，reply “回答”
“answer” — vt.
“reply” — vi 须和 “to”连用
“you needn\'t know it.” He answered.
So far, they haven\'t answered / replied to our questions.

11. spend, cost, take “花费”
“spend” (spent, spent) 花“时间，金钱”主语须是人。
He spend 5 hours writing the article.
“cost” (cost, cost) 花费“金钱，时间，劳力”可接双宾，主语须是“物”
The book cost me $20 and 2 days.
“take” 通常指花“时间”主语须是“某种事情”
It takes me 20 minuter to go to school.
The work took me longer than I expected.

12. assure，ensure
“assure” 使放心 assure sb. of sth.
assure sb. that...
I can assure you of my honesty.
“ensure” 保证 ensure sth.（其后不能接人称）
ensure that
ensure doing sth.
I can ensure his safety.
He ensured that he finished the job in time.
He ensured coming back later.
百分重点：如ensure 含义为“保护，使安全”，其结构为：
ensure sb from / against sth.
He ensured the boy from drowning.

13. beat, defeat, win — vt.
“beat” (beat, beaten) 战胜，打败比赛，辩论中的对手
He beat John at chess yesterday.
“defeat”“击败”敌军，入侵者，整个球队
They defeated the enemy in that battle.
“win” (won, won)“赢得比赛”win over sb.（赢了某人）
The football team won the match.

14. damage，destroy，hurt，spoil，wound，injure.
以上六个词中，“hurt” 可作及物，不及物动词外，其余五个均为及物动词。
“damage” —— 损坏（害）（有修复的可能性）
“destroy” —— 摧毁，打破（希望，计划）毁灭（无修复的可能性）
“hurt” —— 伤害（感情或身体某一部位）痛疼
“spoil” —— 破坏，糟蹋（晚会，旅游，参观等）宠爱，惯怀（孩子）
“wound” —— 使受伤（枪伤，刀伤）
“injure” —— 使受伤
e.g. Don\'t spoil your son too much.
The man has destroyed the girl\'s life all her hopes.
Some houses were damaged in the earthquake.
I don\'t mean to hurt you.
He was injured in the accident.
It was dangerous because he was wounded seriously in the war.

测试精编
1. His newly-published novel is quite a success ________ a good income from the reading public.
A. ensuring him                       B. assuring him
C. assuring him of                     D. assuring him about

2. Before discussing the steps in detail, ________.
A. a general principle should be laid down.
B. I should like to lie down a general principle
C. I\'d like to lay down a general principle
D. a general principle lies.

3. The typewriter ________.
A. was laying on the table, where it had laid all week.
B. was lying on the table, where it had laid all week.
C. was laying on the table, where it had been laid all week.
D. was lying on the table, where it had been laid all week.

4. Up till now, these problems have been ________ for centuries.
A. laying dormant                     B. laying dormantly
C. lying dormant                      D. lain dormantly

5. During the period of inflation, the value of money drops as ________.
A. prices rise                         B. prices arise
C. the price is rising                   D. prices are raised

6. When all the students ________, the professor began his lecture.
A. seated         B. sit         C. were seated         D. seat

7. My watch ________ five o\'clock.
A. says          B. tells        C. speaks             D. talks

8. “Oh, glad to see you, John.” “What ________ you to this city?”
A. carries        B. brings       C. takes              D. makes

9. “He has been working very hard recently.” “Because the burden of a big family has been ________ on his shoulder.”
A. bear          B. borne         C. born            D. bore

10. The visiting delegates were urged to ________.
A. talk at liberty                    B. state their open minds
C. make individual expressions        D. speak freely
1. C   2. C   3.D   4. C   5.A   6. C   7.A   8. B   9. B   10.D

第十三章 赘词与否定
Redundancy ＆ Negation

（1） 所谓赘词，即累赘，也是句中不该重复出现的部分，因此不能使用。
1. advance + forward ×
proceed + forward ×
progress + forward ×
这三个词汇本身具有“向前”的概念不能再与“forward”搭配

2. return + back ×
revert + back ×

3. sufficient enough ×

4. compete together ×

5. reason ... because ×
（正确结构：reason ... that ...）

6. join together ×

7. repeat again ×

8. new innovations ×

9. two twins ×

10. same identical × （都表示同一的，仅能使用其中一个）

（2） 否定：注意在下列否定句中形容词，副词和代词的变化。
1. He talked too much.
□ He didn\'t talk very much.

2. He will come back too.
□ He won\'t come back either.

3. She has already know that.
□ She hasn\'t known that yet.

4. We have some novels.
□ We haven\'t any novels.

5. He is telephoning someone.
□ He isn\'t telephoning anyone.

6. They are still in the classroom.
□ They aren\'t in the classroom any longer.

7. I like her a great deal.
□ I don\'t like her much.

8. She was away a long time.
□ She wasn\'t away long.

测试精编
1. Would you please ________ the listening comprehension script until after you have listened to the tape.
A. not to read     B. not read     C. don\'t read      D. don\'t to read

2. If you promise ________ angry with me, I\'ll tell you what I broke.
A. get not        B. not get       C. not to get      D. not getting

3. She hasn\'t begun working on her Ph.D. ________ working on her master\'s.
A. still becauseshe is yet.          B. yet as a result she is still
C. yet because she is still          D. still while she is already

4. If his wife won\'t agree to sign the papers, ________.
A. neither he will                B. neither won\'t he
C. neither will he                D. he won\'t neither

5. Not for a moment ________ what she said.
A. he has doubted                B. he doubts
C. he did doubt                  D. did he doubt

1. B   2. C   3. C   4. C   5.D