新东方小印说考研核心词汇速成胜经

考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 1



一、真题文章(1994年)



The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is of the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of likely breakdown in the communication cycle. Too often careless use of words prevents a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener which interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission---reception system breaks down.
  Moreover，inaccurate or indefinite words may make it difficult for the listener to understand the message which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be unable to explain or describe in a way that can be understood by his listeners.



二、译文




  与语言相关的，可以讨论的首要的和最小的单位是词。说话时，选词是最重要的。适当的选词可以消除交际过程中可能出现的障碍。用词粗心大意往往阻碍说话人和听话人的思想交流。说话人使用的词汇可能引起听话人的反感，从而干扰其理解。因此，这传输信息——接受信息系统就会中断。

而且，词义不准确或不明确的词使听话人难于听懂传递给他的信息。说话人的常用词汇中如没有详细而精确的词的话，就不可能用听话人能理解的方式进行解释或描述。




三、考研核心词汇




choice / tFCis / n. 选择, 抉择, 精选品, 选择机会, 选择权 adj. 精选的, 上等的, 挑三拣四的, 可选的, 宠爱的, 爱惜的

[例] She had to make a choice between the two dresses.

她得在两件衣服中选择一件。

[同义] alternative ， cream ，decision ，option， pick， preference ，selection

[派生] choose / tFu:z / v. 选择, 选定

[固定搭配] at one's own choice 随意挑选, 自由选择；be choice of 好挑剔的；



utmost / 5QtmEust / n. 极限, 最大可能, 极力 adj. 极度的, 最远的

[例] the utmost ends of the earth   天涯海角

[同义] extreme, farthest ,greatest, most

[固定搭配] at the utmost 至多；do one's utmost 尽全力； make the utmost of ...

充分利用； to the utmost 竭力; 尽力；



reaction / ri(:)5AkFEn / n. 反应, 反作用, 反动(力)

[例] What is his reaction to your proposal?   他对你的建议有什么反应?

[反义] action / 5AkFEn / n. 动作, 作用, 战斗, 行动, 举动, 行为, (戏剧或书中)的情节, (某一地区、领域或团体中)最能产生效果、最有趣、最有刺激性的活动 vt. 对...起诉

[派生] react / ri5Akt / vi. 起反应, 起作用, 反抗, 起反作用

reactive / ri(:)5Aktiv / adj. 反应的, 起反作用的, 反动的, 电抗性的



interfere / 7intE5fiE / vi. 干涉, 干预, 妨碍, 打扰

[例] I was playing with Jane, but Anne interfered and spoiled the game.

我正在和珍妮玩，可是安妮插了进来，把游戏给打乱了。

[同义] arbitrate, encroach, intercede ,interrupt, intervene, intrude, meddle

[派生] interference /7intE5fiErEns/ n. 冲突, 干涉

[固定搭配] interfere in 干涉, 干预； interfere with 妨碍; 干涉, 干扰；



comprehension /7kCmpri5henFEn/ n. 理解, 包含

[例] Reading depends on the comprehension of the ideas expressed by the words used.

阅读有赖于对所用词句所表达的含义的理解。

[同义] apprehension

[反义] incomprehension / in7kCmpri5henFEn / n. 不了解, 不领悟

[派生] comprehensive /7kCmpri5hensiv/ adj. 全面的, 广泛的, 能充分理解的, 包容的

comprehend /7kCmpri5hend/ vt. 领会, 理解, 包括(包含), 由...组成



hence / hens / adv. 因此, 从此

[例] They grew up in the Sudan; hence their interest in Nubian art.

他们在苏丹长大；由是产生了对努比亚艺术的兴趣

[同义] accordingly, away, consequently, elsewhere, from now on, later therefore

[反义] ago / E5^Eu / adv. 以前的, 以往的



transmission / trAnz5miFEn / n. 播送, 发射, 传动, 传送, 传输, 转播

[例] transmission of news   消息的传播

[同义] sending ,transport, transfer, broadcast

[反义] reception / ri5sepFEn / n. 接待, 招待会, 接收

[派生] transmissible / trAnz5misEbl / adj. 可传送的, 可遗传的

    transmit / trAnz5mit / vt. 传输, 转送, 传达, 传导, 发射, 遗传, 传播 vi.发射信号, 发报



inaccurate / in5Akjurit / adj. 错误的, 不准确的

[例] There is a slight inaccuracy in this design. 这张设计图中有一点不大准确。

[同义] incorrect , inexact

[反义] accurate / 5Akjurit / adj. 正确的, 精确的

[派生] inaccuracy / in5AkjurEsi / n. 错误



indefinite / in5definit / adj. 模糊的, 不确定的, [语]不定的

[例] an indefinite leave of absence 对在场者的离席无明确限制的

[同义] broad, confused, general, hazy, indistinct, obscure, unclear, vague

[反义] definite / 5definit /   adj. 明确的, 一定的

[派生] indefinitely / in5definitli / adv. 不确定地



四、强化练习



1. And price is the number one factor influencing consumers' ­­­­­­­__________ of vehicle in China, with 98% of respondents naming it, compared with 82% of UK consumers and 83% of those in the U.S.

A. desire     B. conclusion   C. choice     D. purpose



2. Although the rain pours down with the ________ relentlessness, ceasing all outdoor activities, the man of the field lifts his face to the heavens and smiles.

A. top       B. utmost     C. graceful     D. dissipated


3. The Romantic Movement, which started as a ________ against the industrial revolution of the century, was born and flourished in Germany, but has not stopped the Germans from being Europe's most successful entrepreneurs and industrialists.

A. constancy   B. construction   C. convention   D. reaction


4. First of all, don’t let your emotions ________ with your vision. Don t see something because you want to see it.

A. interfere     B. interpret     C. consolidate   D. comply



5. To prevent local __________ of the disease, mosquito-breeding places must be eliminated.

A. transference   B. transmission     C. change   D. console





答案： CBDAB



考研英语应试学理论研究连载九： 考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 2

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时间： 2006年02月06日 16:34   作者：教学管理部 印建坤   来源：新东方教育科技集团总公司




考研英语核心词汇速成胜经 Unit 2


一、真题文章



Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. Neither kind of sleep is at all well-understood , but REM sleep is assumed to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more mysterious .The new experiments, such as these described for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations for the purpose of non-REM sleep .
    For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet , upon examination of the dead bodies , the animals look completely normal . A researcher has now cast light on the mystery of why the animals die. The rats develop bacterial infections of the blood , as if their immune systems--the self-protecting mechanism against disease--had crashed.


二、译文



睡眠通常被分为所谓的REM睡眠阶段（REM=rapid eye movement眼睛快速运动）和较长非REM睡眠阶段，前者特点为眼球快速转动并做梦。我们对两种形式的睡眠了解都不多，但是人们认为REM睡眠对大脑起某种康复功能的作用。非REM睡眠的作用更加神秘。最近睡眠研究协会在明尼阿波利斯举行的会议上，专家们首次描述的一些新实验，对非REM睡眠的作用的阐释令人兴奋。

例如，人们早已了解到，完全剥夺其睡眠对老鼠具有100%的致命性，然而，在检查老鼠尸体时，这些动物看上去完全正常。一研究人员已阐明这些动物死亡原因的奥秘。老鼠患血液细菌感染，似乎他们的免疫系统（抵抗疾病的自我保护机制）已崩溃。



三、考研核心词汇



characterize / 5kArIktEraIz / vt. 表现...的特色, 刻画的...性格

[例] This kind of behavior characterizes the criminal mind.

这种举止是罪犯的心理特征。

[同义] depict, describe, distinguish, picture, portray, represent

[派生] characterization / 7kAriktErai5zeiFEn / n. 描述, 人物之创造



assume / E5sju:m / vt. 假定, 设想, 采取, 呈现

[例] The queen assumed a velvet robe. 王后穿了一件天鹅绒长袍

[同义] adopt, believe, presume. put on, suppose, suspect

[反义] conclude / kEn5klu:d / v. 结束, 终止, 决定, 作出结论

vt. 推断, 断定, 缔结, 议定

[派生] assumed / E5sju:md / adj. 假定的, 假装的, 装的



restorative / ri5stC:rEtiv / adj. 有助于复元的 n. 滋补剂

[例] a restorative tonic 有恢复作用的滋补品

[派生] restore / ris5tC: / vt. 恢复, 使回复, 归还, 交还, 修复, 重建



function / 5fQNkFEn / n. 官能, 功能, 作用, 职责, 典礼, 仪式, [数]函数

vi. (器官等)活动, 运行, 行使职责

[例] Growth is a function of nutrition . 长身体是由营养决定的。

[同义] act, ceremony, exercise, gathering, operate, perform

[派生] functional / 5fQNkFEnl / adj. 功能的

[固定搭配] public function 盛大的公共集会, 正式社交集会；

social function 盛大的公共集会, 正式社交集会；



purpose / 5pE:pEs / n. 目的, 意图, 用途, 效果, 决心, 意志

vt. 打算, 企图, 决心

[例] He went to town with the purpose of buying a new television.

他进城的目的是买一台新电视机。

[同义] aim, design, determination, goal, intention, object

[派生] purposeful / 5pE:pEsful / adj. 有目的的

[固定搭配] on purpose 故意地；有意地；   to good purpose 有益地，有成效地

to little purpose or to no purpose几乎徒劳的，少有成效地



deprivation / 7depri5veiFEn / n. 剥夺

[例] deprivation of civil rights 剥夺公民权

[派生] deprival /di5praivEl/ n. 剥夺

deprive / di5praiv / vt. 剥夺, 使丧失



fatal /5feitl/ adj. 致命的, 重大的, 命运注定的, 不幸的, 致命的, 毁灭性的

[例] “It is fatal to enter any war without the will to win it” (Douglas MacArthur).

“不抱赢的希望参加战争，那是必死无疑的” （道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟）。

[同义] deadly, destructive, disastrous, fateful, important, killing

[派生] fatally / 5feItElI / adv. 致命地, 宿命地, 不幸地   



bacterial / bAk`tIErIEl / adj. 细菌的

[例] bacterial diseases. 细菌性疾病

[派生] bacteria / bAk5tiEriE / n. 细菌



immune   / i5mju:n / adj. 免疫的

[例] The criminal was told he would be immune from punishment if he helped the police.

罪犯被告知说,如果他协助警方,就可以免受惩罚。

[同义] clear, exempt, free, resistant

[反义] liable / 5laiEbl / adj. 有责任的, 有义务的, 易...的, 有...倾向的, 负有责任的, 很有可能的

    susceptible / sE5septEbl / adj. 易受影响的, 易感动的, 容许...的

n. (因缺乏免疫力而) 易得病的人

[派生] immunize / `ImjU:naIz / v. 使免疫, 赋予免疫性



crash / krAF / n. 碰撞, 坠落, 坠毁, 撞击声, 爆裂声

v. 碰撞, 坠落, 坠毁, (指商业公司, 政府等)破产, 垮台

[例] The elephant crashed through the forest. 大象冲进森林。

[同义] break, shatter, smash, strike

[派生] crasher / `krAFE(r) / n. 猛击, 不速之客

[固定搭配] on a crash basis 紧[应]急地； with a crash 轰隆一声；

四、强化练习



1. The scientists monitored the patients\' blood pressure, release of harmful hormones(荷尔蒙) and other measurables that__________ heart failure.

A. characterize   B. consider     C. integrity   D. intend


2. The companies _________ no obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

A. intervene     B. dictate     C. prolong     D. assume


3. Architectural form should not rigidly follow__________, but ought to reflect the needs of the social body it represents.

A. profession   B. function     C. vacation   D. vocation


4. The________ of today I come here is to help people who want to learn English but don’t know how to learn.

A. neglect     B. proposal     C. purpose     D. likely


5. Survival is usually uppermost in the minds of companies with their backs to the wall, even if that entails being reduced to a minority stake. In Thailand, however, most ailing companies seem loathe to admit that their conditions may be_______.

A. gross     B. fatal       C. flat         D. extinct



答案： ADBCB


考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 3



一、     真题文章



    Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.
      They do not provide energy, nor do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for transforming foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if any is missing a deficiency disease becomes apparent.
      Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements-usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen. They are different in that their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin performs one or more specific functions in the body.
    Getting enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for excess vitamins. Many people, nevertheless, believe in being on the \"safe side\" and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well- balanced diet will usually meet all the body\' s vitamin needs.



二、     译文


    维生素是有机化合物，饮食中少量的维生素是维持动物（包括人类）生存和生长必不可少的部分。



它们不提供能量，也不构成身体的任何一部分，它们的任务是把食物转变成能量和维持身体健康。至少有13种维生素，若缺少其中一种，缺乏症疾病便明显可见。



各种维生素都很相似，因为它们由同样的元素构成，一般包括碳、氢、氧，有时还有氮。各种维生素的不同之处在于，各种维生素的元素排列不同，同时每种维生素在人体内都有一种或多种特别的作用。



  吸取足够的维生素对生命是必要的，但过量的维生素对人体并无滋养的用处。尽管如此，许多人出于保险的想法，还是摄入过量的维生素。不过均衡的饮食一般能够完全满足身体对维生素的全部需求。



三、     考研核心词汇


vitamin / 5vaitEmin, 5vi- / n. 维他命, 维生素

[例] primary vitamin   维生素原

[派生] vitaminic / 7vaitE5minik / adj. 维他命的



organic / C:5^Anik / adj. 器官的, 有机的, 组织的, 建制的

[例] an organic part 一个有机的组成部分

[派生] organism / 5C:^EnizEm / n. 生物体, 有机体



compound / 5kCmpaund / n. 混合物, [化]化合物 adj. 复合的 v. 混合, 配合

[例] If you take this action, it will only compound your problems.

如果你这么做，只能徒然增加你的困难。

[同义] complex, mixture, blend

[派生] compounding / 5kCmpaundiN / n. 组合, 混合



maintenance / 5meintinEns / n. 维护, 保持, 生活费用, 扶养

[例] He took a course to learn about car maintenance.

他学习了汽车保养的课程。

[反义] abandonment / E5bAndEnmEnt /   n. 放弃

[派生] maintain / men5tein / vt. 维持, 维修, 继续, 供养, 主张



deficiency / di5fiFEnsi /   n. 缺乏, 不足

[例] a nutritional deficiency 营养缺乏

[同义] shortage, insufficiency, lack, inadequacy weakness

[派生] deficient / di5fiFEnt / adj. 缺乏的, 不足的, 不完善的

[固定搭配] make up for a deficiency 补足亏空



apparent / E5pArEnt/   adj. 显然的, 外观上的

[例] It was apparent that he knew nothing about how to repair cars.

很明显，他一点儿也不知道怎样修理小汽车。

[同义] clear, evident, obvious, plain, seeming

[反义] hidden / 5hidn / v. hide的过去分词 adj. 隐藏的

[派生] apparently / E5pArEntlI / adv. 显然地



arrange / E5reindV / v. 安排, 排列, 协商

[例] In a dictionary the words are arranged in alphabetical order.

词典里的词是按字母顺序编排的。

[同义] adapt, catalog, classify, fit, organize, settle

[反义] derange / di5reindV / vt. 使错乱, 扰乱, 使精神错乱, 使发狂

    disturb / dis5tE:b / vt. 弄乱, 打乱, 打扰, 扰乱 v. 扰乱

[派生] arrangement / E5reindVmEnt / n. 排列, 安排

[固定搭配] arrange for 安排, 准备；arrange with sb. about sth.与某人商定某事；



essential / i5senFEl / adj. 本质的, 实质的, 基本的, 提炼的, 精华的

n. 本质, 实质, 要素, 要点

[例] What is the essential difference between these two economic systems?

这两种经济体制的本质区别是什么?

[同义] basic, fundamental, important, necessary, needed, required

[派生] essentiality / i7senFi5Aliti / n. 本性, 真髓, 本质, 重要性



excess / ik5ses, 5ekses / n. 过度, 剩于, 无节制, 超过, 超额

adj. 过度的, 额外的

[例] You have to pay for excess luggage on a plane.

在飞机上你得付超重的行李费。

[同义] additional, extra, surplus

[反义] deficiency / di5fiFEnsi /   n. 缺乏, 不足

[派生] excessive / ik5sesiv / adj. 过多的, 过分的, 额外

[固定搭配] in excess of 超过



四、     强化练习



1. The results showed that tobacco yields could increase with the increase of _________ fertilizer.

A. organic     B. corrupt     C. poisonous   D. civil



2. We speculate that it is not caffeine but perhaps some other ______ contained in soda-type soft drinks that may be responsible for the increased risk in hypertension,\" said the study, which was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association.

A. contemporary   B. counterpart   C. compound   D. content



3. The Government is planning to assign 40 per cent of road_______ works to the private sector contractors in the short term and increase the level to 100 per cent in 10 years.

A. schedule     B. maintenance   C. scrape     D. scrutiny



4. It became ________ that our stay in the U.S. would be a long one and I immediately began thinking on how best to pursue my interest in economics.

A. secure     B. shallow       C. apparent     D. apparatus


5. Now any hotel or travel agency can book your tickets and ________ transportation to the station.

A. supervise   B. interfere       C. resent     D. arrange



答案： ACBCD


考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 4


一、     真题文章



  Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world\'s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people swarm into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day\'s work for a day\'s pay. One day at a time. As industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive by reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.

  Even though its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and temporary workers. This \" disposable \" work force is the most important trend in American business today, and it is fundamentally changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive while avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens imposed by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of importance that came from being a loyal employee.



二、     译文



拥有五十六万员工的人力公司是世界上最大的临时就业代理机构。每天清晨，该公司的员工们涌入美国的工厂和办公室，寻找一份只干一天、当天付薪的工作。某日，正当通用汽车公司和IBM这样的工业巨头们正通过裁减雇员数目以求设法生存时，总部在威斯康星州密尔沃基市的“人力公司”却是门庭若市。



即使美国的经济继续恢复，兼职和临时工的人数也还是不断增加。这种“一次性”的就业大军是当今美国经济的最重要的趋势，而且它从根本上改变了个人与职业的关系。这种现象为这些公司开辟了一条道路，使其既不失国际竞争力，又可以不受市场周期的冲击，避免就业法规、医疗保健和养老金法案带来的日益增加的负担。对雇员而言，这将意味着不再享有保障、福利，不再具有作为一个忠实雇员的使命感。



三、     考研核心词汇



agency / 5eidVEnsi / n. 代理处, 行销处, 代理, 中介

[例] agency general 总代理

[同义] management, office, operation, work

[派生] agent / 5eidVEnt / n. 代理(商)



swarm / swC:m / n. 蜂群, 一大群 v. 涌往, 挤满, 密集, 成群浮游, 云集

[例] The beach is swarming with bathers. 海滩满是海浴的人。

[同义] assemble, cluster, collect, crowd, gather, meet

[固定搭配] a swarm of 一群, 一堆； swarm into 蜂拥而入；swarm with

充满着, 拥挤着；



giant / 5dVaiEnt / n. 巨人, 大力士, 巨大的动物或植物, 伟人, 天才

adj. 庞大的, 巨大的

[例] Shakespeare is a giant among writers. 莎士比亚是一位文坛巨匠。

[同义] colossal, enormous, gigantic, huge, immense, mammoth, monumental,

[反义] diminutive / di5minjutiv / adj. 小的, 指小的, 小型的

n. 小的人, 指小辞, 指小词, 爱称

dwarf / dwC:f / n. 矮子, 侏儒 v. (使)变矮小,

[派生] giantlike / `dVaIEntlaIk / adj. 巨人般的, 巨大的



disposable / dis5pEuzEbl / adj. 可任意使用的

[例] Every disposable piece of equipment was sent to the fire.

每一种可用的设备都被大火烧毁了

[派生] disposal / dis5pEuzEl / n. 处理, 处置, 布置, 安排, 配置, 支配

dispose / dis5pEuz / v. 处理, 处置, 部署 vt. 布置, 安排, 除去, 使愿意



fundamentally / fQndE5mentElI / adv. 基础地, 根本地

[例] She is fundamentally unsuited to office work.

她根本不适合做办公室工作。

[同义] primarily

[派生] fundament / 5fQndEmEnt / n. 基础, 基本原理, 臀部

fundamental / 7fQndE5mentl / adj. 基础的, 基本的 n. 基本原则, 基本原理



pension / 5penFEn / n. 养老金, 退休金

[例] “Some French farmers suggest that the Government pension off the older and less efficient farmers”(E.J. Dionne, Jr.)

“一些法国农夫向政府建议让那些年长的或工作效率低下的农夫领取退休金或补助金而退休”(小E.J.迪翁)

[同义] aid, allowance, assistance, grant, help, stipend

[派生] pensionable / `penFLnEbl / adj. 有资格领退休金的, 可领退休金的



loyal / 5lCiEl / adj. 忠诚的, 忠心的

[例] The people stayed loyal to their country.

人民忠于他们的国家。

[同义] devoted, dutiful, faithful, obedient, true, trustworthy

[反义] disloyal / dis5lCiEl / adj. 不忠的, 背叛的, 不忠诚的

[派生] loyalty / 5lCIEltI / n. 忠诚, 忠心



四、     强化练习



1. Buying a train or a bus ticket used to be a major hassle. Now any hotel or travel ________ can book your tickets

A. resource     B. recollection   C. agency     D. agony


2. He’s just like a fly hanging around. Sorry, not a fly. It’s a________ of flies flying near your ears

A. bunch     B. swarm       C. lump       D. pile



3. They were ________, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed.

A. giant       B. clever     C. delight     D. light


4. Nowadays the average age at which people settle down and marry is much older than it was 30 years ago, so singles will tend to have more________ income.”

A. dependent   B. redundant   C. professional   D. disposable



5. \"John Mills was a great actor, a true gentleman and a ________ friend; someone who made us proud to be British,\" Blair said in a statement.

A. loyal       B. liar       C. gangster     D. predominant



答案：CBADA


考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 5



一、     真题文章



  Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They admitted that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the average man. But they insisted that its immediate results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the bulk of the English population. By contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a completely agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.

  This view, however, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists in history and economics, have shown two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was marked by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.



二、     译文



    直到不久以前，绝大部分历史学家对工业革命仍持批评的态度。他们承认，从长期来看工业化大大地提高了普通人的生活水平。但是，他们坚持认为在1750至 1850年间，工业革命所造成的直接后果是给大多数英国民众带来了普遍的贫穷和困苦。相比之下，他们认为在那之前的一百年，即1650至1750年，那时英国依旧还是个完全的农业国，但那是一个富裕繁荣的历史时期。


    然而，人们普遍认为这种观点是错误的。历史学和经济学方面的专家已经证明了两件事：从1650年到1750年期间以极度贫困为特征，而工业化显然没有使这种状况恶化；事实上却可能改善了绝大多数平民百姓的生活条件。



三、     考研核心词汇



industrialization / in7dQstriElai5zeiFn / n. 工业化, 产业化

[例] bring about industrialization   实现工业化

[派生] industrialize / in5dQstriElaiz / vt. 使工业化 vi. 工业化



average / 5AvEridV / n. 平均, 平均水平, 平均数, 海损

adj. 一般的, 通常的, 平均的 vt. 平均为, 均分, 使平衡, 达到平均水平vi. 买进, 卖出

[例] What is the average rainfall for August in your country?

你们国家八月份的平均降雨量是多少?

[同义] fair, medium, middle, ordinary, passable, usual

[反义] maximum / 5mAksimEm / n. 最大量, 最大限度, 极大

adj. 最高的, 最多的, 最大极限的,

minimum / 5minimEm / adj. 最小的, 最低的 n. 最小值, 最小化

[派生] averagely / 5AvEridVli / adv. 平均地, 一般地

[固定搭配] law of averages 平均律； on (an) average 通常；按平均；



widespread / 5waIdspred, -5spred / adj. 分布广泛的, 普遍的

[例] a widespread disease   一种流行病

[派生] widespreader / 5waid5spredE / 撒布装置



misery / 5mizEri / n. 痛苦, 苦恼, 悲惨, 不幸, 穷困

[例] Misery loves company. 同病相怜。

[同义] distress

[反义] happiness / 5hApinis / n. 幸福, 快乐

[派生] miserable / 5mizErEbl / adj. 痛苦的, 悲惨的, 可怜



preceding / pri(:)5si:diN / adj. 在前的, 前述的

[例] the preceding night   前一晚

[同义] previous, prior ,former

[派生] precede / pri(:)5si:d / v. 领先(于), 在...之前, 先于



abundance / E5bQndEns / n. 丰富, 充裕, 丰富充裕

[例] The tree yields an abundance of fruit. 这树结果甚多。

[同义] plenty , profusion

[反义] lack / lAk / n. 缺乏, 短缺的东西 vt. 缺乏, 没有, 需要 vi. 缺乏, 没有

[派生] abundant / E5bQndEnt / adj. 丰富的, 充裕的, 丰富, 盛产, 富于



specialist / 5speFElIst / n. 专门医师, 专家

[例] a specialist in oncology   一个肿瘤科医生

[同义] expert

[派生] special / 5speFEl / n. 特派员, 专车, 专刊adj. 特别的, 特殊的, 专门的,



populace / 5pCpjulEs / n. 平民

[例] majority of the populace 绝大多数平民百姓



四、     强化练习

1. The _______ age at first marriage in the USA has been inching upward; it\'s now 26 for women and 27 for men.

A. first       B. average     C. fundamental   D. essence

2. Kung Fu features abundant varieties and delicate skills and has become __________physical exercises.

A. valuable     B. priceless     C. widespread   D. worthless


3. Of the January sun; and not to think of any_________ in the sound of the wind, in the sound of a few leaves.

A. prick       B. prestige     C. pressure     D. misery


4. Rice may reign supreme in Vietnamese cuisine (烹饪), but fish and seafood are not far behind in significance or __________.

A. abundance   B. pretext     C. pride       D. pack


5. _________economic considerations are what the Chinese President termed \"three evil forces\" - terrorism, extremism and separatism - which prompted the idea of a regional mechanism.

A. Lessening   B. Legal     C. Preceding     D. Dizzy





答案： BCDAC

考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 6



一、     真题文章



  Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies with low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them alive and active. When the work is well done, a climate of accident-free operations is established where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.

    Successful safety programs may differ greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by observing rules or regulations. Still others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.


    There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial stand-point alone, safety pays off. The fewer the injury claims, the better the workman\'s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at a profit or at a loss.


二、     译文



    安全生产并非始自今日。事故发生率较低的公司往往制定安全计划，尽力安排计划的实施，并不断努力使其保持活力、发挥作用。当上述工作圆满完成时，一个无事故的作业环境便建立起来。在这里，因人员伤害而损失的时间便会保持在最低水平。


成功的安全计划因其侧重点不同而存在很大的差异。有些计划把重点放在对机械的安全防护上，有些则强调通过遵守规章制度来保证安全生产，还有一些是依靠对工人采取动之以情的做法。但是要想获得最佳效果，在每个安全措施中，都要遵循某些基本的观念。


安全生产的价值毋庸置疑。单从经济角度来看，安全生产也是大有裨益的。伤害索赔越少，员工的保险率就越高。它可能意味着企业经营的盈亏。



三、     考研核心词汇



establish / is5tAbliF / vt . 建立, 设立, 安置, 使定居, 使人民接受, 确定

v. 建立

[例] The club has established a new rule allowing women to join.

\"俱乐部制定了一条新规章,允许妇女入会。\"

[同义] demonstrate , fix , found , organize, prove, set, settle, show

[反义] demolish / di5mCliF / vt. 毁坏, 破坏, 推翻, 粉碎

[派生] establishment / is5tAbliFmEnt / n. 确立, 制定, 设施, 公司, 军事组织



due / dju: / n. 应得物、权力, [复]应付款 adj. 应得的, 应付的, 正当的, 预期的, (车、船预定)应到的

[例] Our thanks are due to him. 我们要感谢他。

[同义] equitable, fair, fitting ,just ,proper, rightful ,square

[反义] undue / 5Qn5dju: / adj. 不适当的

[固定搭配] due to 因为；由…引起；由于；



differ / 5difE / vi. 不一致, 不同

[例] Chinese differs greatly from Japanese in pronunciation.

汉语发音跟日语大不相同。

[反义] coincide / 7kEuin5said / vi. 一致, 符合

[派生] difference / 5difErEns / n. 差异, 差别, 分歧, 争论, [数]差额, 差分adj. [数]微分的, [机]差动的

[固定搭配] agree to differ 求同存异, 彼此保留不同意见；beg to differ

恕不苟同； differ from 不同于; 和...不同; 和...意见不一致；differ in

在...方面不同； differ with sb. 与某人意见不同；



stress / stres / n. 重压, 逼迫, 压力, 重点, 着重, 强调, 重音 vt. 着重, 强调, 重读

[例] I must stress that we haven\'t much time. 我必须强调我们没有多少时间了。

[同义] accent, emphasis, force, importance ,insistence, pressure, strain, tension

[固定搭配] stress out Slang 极度受压经历如来自于工作的极端压力；



appeal / E5pi:l / n. 请求, 呼吁, 上诉, 吸引力, 要求vi. 求助, 诉请, 要求vt.控诉

[例] The government is appealing to everyone to save water.

政府呼吁每个人节约用水。

[同义] beg, entreat ,implore, plead

[派生] appealing / E5pi:liN / adj. 吸引人的, 哀诉似的, 恳求似的

[固定搭配] appeal to 向...呼吁[请求]；



obtain / Eb5tein / vt. 获得, 得到

[例] I haven\'t been able to obtain that book. 我还没能得到那本书。

[同义] acquire ,earn ,gain, get ,procure, receive ,secure

[反义] lose / lu:z / vt. 遗失, 浪费, 错过, 输去, 使失去, 使迷路, 使沉溺于

vi. 受损失, 失败

[派生] obtainable / Eb5teInEb(E)l / adj. 能得到的, 可到手的



insurance / in5FuErEns / n. 保险, 保险单, 保险业, 保险费

[例] A balanced diet is an insurance against malnutrition.

均衡的食谱是防止营养不良的保证。

[派生] insure / in5FuE / vt. 给...保险 v. 确保



四、     强化练习



1. We sincerely hope to ________ business relations with your esteemed corporation.

A. distribute     B. establish     C. arrange     D. erode



2. And where wealthy women _______ from most men is in their interests in socially responsible investing.

A. disagree     B. esteem     C. escalate     D. differ



3. __________ is not healthy, and it makes everyone angry.

A. Erection     B. Cruise     C. Stress     D. Cue



4. Computer technology enabled the researchers to _______ precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect (智能) and emotion, and determine the human character.

A. obtain     B. complain     C. compose     D. constitute



5. In a lifetime, many of us spend as much on________ as we do on other things.

A. coinage     B. insurance   C. cluster       D. casualty



答案： BDCAB


考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 7



一、     真题文章



  If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain instead of consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family only if he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance against the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to replace old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to feed the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation channels and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be self-sufficient. He must either sell some of his property or seek extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low rate of interest, but loans of this kind are not frequently obtainable.



二、     译文



如果一个农民想要获得成功，就必须使消费与生产之间保持一个较大的差距。他必须储存大量谷物而不是立即将其消费掉。一个农民必须要有余粮才能持续养活自己和家人。农民必须以如下三种方式来使用这些剩余粮食：留做播种用，留做备荒用，留做商品卖掉以更新农具和买化肥用给土壤施肥用。要修建灌溉沟渠，或以其他方式改善农田，也可能需要钱。如果没有余粮可用，农民就不能自给自足。他就不得不卖掉部分财产或者想办法通过贷款筹得资金。很自然他会设法去贷低息贷款，但是这种贷款往往是不容易得到的。



三、     考研核心词汇



consumption / kEn5sQmpFEn / n. 消费, 消费量, 肺病

[例] The petrol consumption of the big car as very high.

这辆大的小汽车耗油量很大。

[反义] production / prE5dQkFEn / n. 生产, 产品, 作品, (研究)成果

[派生] consume / kEn5sju:m / vt. 消耗, 消费, 消灭, 大吃大喝, 吸引

vi. 消灭, 毁灭



surplus / 5sE:plEs / n. 剩余, 过剩, [会计]盈余 adj. 过剩的, 剩余的

vt. 转让, 卖掉

[例] Brazil has a big surplus of coffee. 巴西有很多剩余的咖啡。

[同义] additional ,excess, extra, leftover, spare, superfluous , supplementary

[反义] deficit / 5defisit / n. 赤字, 不足额

[固定搭配] operation surplus 营业盈余； overall surplus 总顺差；



commodity / kE5mCditi / n. 日用品

[例] Air conditioners are one of the many commodities that Japan sells abroad.

空调是日本许多出口商品中的一种。

[同义] article , product , ware



implement / 5implimEnt / n.工具, 器具 vt. 贯彻, 实现 v. 执行

[例] The committee\'s decisions will be implemented immediately.

委员会的决定将立即执行。

[同义] apparatus, appliance ,bring about, carry out ,complete, contraption

[派生] implementation / 7implimen5teiFEn / n. 执行

    implementary / 9ImplI`mentErI / adj. 实施的, 执行的



fertilizer / 5fE:ti7laizE / n. 肥料(尤指化学肥料), [动]受精媒介物

[例] He was not only a distinguished writer but a fertilizer of other talents.

他不仅是个杰出的作家, 而且还有使人获益的其它才干。

[派生] fertilize / 5f\\:tIlaIz / vt. 施肥, 使丰饶, 使受精, 使肥沃, 使多产



irrigation / 7iri5^eiFEn / n. 灌溉, 冲洗

[例] bring the farmland under irrigation   使农田水利化

[派生] irrigate / 5iri^eit / vt. 灌溉, 修水利, 冲洗伤口, 使潮湿 vi. 进行灌溉



sufficient / sE5fiFEnt / adj. 充分的, 足够的

[例] Sufficient data have been collected for the building project.

为这项建筑工程已经收集了充分的资料。

[同义] adequate, ample ,enough , plenty, satisfactory

[反义] insufficient / 7insE5fiFEnt / adj. 不足的, 不够的 n.不足

[派生] sufficiency / sE5fiFEnsi / n. 充足, 自满, 足量



fund / fQnd / n. 资金, 基金   v. 支助, 投资

[例] public welfare fund   公益金

[同义] assets, stock , supply

[固定搭配] in funds 手头有钱; 有资本；no funds 存款不足(银行退回空头支票时用语)； out of funds 缺钱；slush fund 职工文娱活动的资金；



loan / lEun / n.（借出的）贷款, 借出 v. 借, 借给

[例] The bank loaned me some money. 银行借给了我一些钱。

[同义] advance ,give, lend

[反义] borrow / 5bCrEu / v. 借, 借入, 借用

[派生] loanable / 5lEunEbl / adj. 可借出的



四、     强化练习


1. \"If the institute\'s results are correct, then the actual numbers for cocaine ________are much higher than the accepted figures,\" Roman Simon said .

A. assumption   B. assimilation   C. deterioration   D. consumption


2. Above all, in western areas of China, there is_______ of electricity supply. So, cities that are thirsty for electricity may ask for remote help.

A. definite     B. surplus     C. limited     D. deliberate



3. The company helps businesses _______ growth strategies, leverage technology, and thrive through the power of collaboration.

A. deliver     B. circulate     C. implement   D. commemorate



4. To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam. Without ________ preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.

A. sufficient     B. deficient   C. formidable     D. abundant


5. Suddenly ploughed tracts and _______ channels appeared, and the glisten of flooded rice-fields; and cranes preceded the suburbs of Mari.

A. fracture     B. fragment   C. irrigation     D. impulse



答案： DBCAC

考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 8


一、     真题文章


  The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West.

  In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press. Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.

  In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee. Lord Irvine said he agreed with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not offer sufficient control.


  Publication of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a storm of media protest when he said the interpretation of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges rather than to Parliament.

  The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which makes the European Convention on Human Rights legally binding in Britain, laid down that everybody was entitled to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.

  \"Press freedoms will be in safe hands with our British judges,\" he said.


  Witness payments became an issue after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were said to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.



二、     译文


政府将要查禁报界付款给那些牵涉到大案要案(诸如罗斯玛丽.韦斯特案件)的证人以图收买他们的行为。



  为了更有效地对新闻界实施合法监控，大法官埃尔文勋爵将草拟法案。该法案将提出，付款给证人是非法的；在审判开始前，对案件的暴光程度也要严格控制。


在写给下议院新闻媒体选择委员会主席杰拉尔德.考夫曼的信中，埃尔文勋爵说，他赞同委员会今年的报告，该报告称，自我约束并未发挥足够的监控作用。


埃尔文勋爵说，对欧洲立法中所包涵的关于个人隐私监控权的解释，将留给法官，而不是议会。这招致新闻媒体的一片抗议。此后两天，信被公之于世。


大法官说，《人权法案》的引入使得《欧洲人权公约》在英国有了法律效力，它规定了人人都享有个人隐私权，公众人物也可以走上法庭去保护自己及其家人的权利。



他说：“由我们英国的法官来负责，新闻自由将安然无恙。”


1995年，罗斯玛丽.韦斯特被判十项无期徒刑，此后，付款给证人的做法成为人们关注的问题。据说有多达十九个证人由于向报界讲述其经历而获得了报酬。这就引起了人们的关注，证人为了确保被告被判有罪，他们可能会被怂恿在法庭上夸大他们经历的事情。



三、     考研核心词汇



ban   / bB:n / n. 禁令 vt. 禁止, 取缔(书刊等)

[例] Smoking is banned in school. 在学校禁止吸烟。

[同义] bar, block ,exclude, forbid, obstruct ,outlaw, prohibit

[反义] approval / E5pru:vEl / n. 赞成, 承认, 正式批准

    permission / pE(:)5miFEn / n. 许可, 允许

witness / 5witnis / n. [律]证人, 目击者, 证据, 证明, 证词 vt. 目击, 为...作证, 证明, 表明 vi. 作证, 成为证据

[例] His tears witnessed the shame he felt. 他的眼泪说明他感到羞愧。

[同义] behold, discern, glimpse ,observe ,perceive, see , sight



prominent / 5prCminEnt / adj. 卓越的, 显著的, 突出的

[例] A single tree in a field is prominent . 田地里一棵孤零零的树是很显眼的。

[同义] celebrated, distinguished, eminent, famous, great ,important

[反义] anonymous / E5nCnimEs / adj. 匿名的

[派生] prominently / `prCmInEntlI / adv. 显著地

prominence / 5prRmInEns / n. 突出, 显著, 突出物



significant / si^5nifikEnt / adj. 有意义的, 重大的, 重要的

[例] a significant speech   意味深长的讲话

[同义] important

[反义] insignificant / 7insi^5nifikEnt / adj. 无关紧要的, 可忽略的, 无意义的

[派生] significance / si^5nifikEns / n. 意义, 重要性



tighten / 5taitEn / v. 变紧, 绷紧, 拉紧

[例] Will you tighten this screw; it\'s very loose.

你把这个螺丝拧紧好吗，它太松了。

[反义] loosen / 5lu:sn / v. 解开, 放松, 松开

[派生] tightening / 5taitniN / 上紧, 固定, 紧密



legal / 5li:^El / adj. 法律的, 法定的, 合法

[例] a legal holiday   法定假日

[同义] admissible, authorized, just ,lawful

[反义] illegal / i5li:^El / adj. 违法的, 不合规定的

[派生] legality / l i(:)5^Aliti / n. 合法, 墨守陈规, 法律上的义务



chancellor / 5tFB:nsElE / n. 长官, 大臣

[例] the Lord Chancellor   大法官



draft / drB:ft / n. 草稿, 草案, 草图 vt. 起草, 为...打样, 设计 v. 草拟

[例] draft a bill   起草法案

[同义] air, bill ,call-up ,check ,drawing ,enlistment ,enrollment ,induction ,note

[派生] drafting / 5drB:ftiN / 起草

[固定搭配] on draft 散装的，直接汲取的从一个大容器中汲取的，如酒桶；



committee / kE5miti / n. 委员会

[例] Our club has a committee on entertainments.

我们俱乐部有一个管理娱乐事宜的委员会。

[同义] council ,delegation, group

[派生] committeeman / kE`mItImEn / n. 委员



protest / prE5test / n. 主张, 断言, 抗议 v. 主张, 断言抗议, 拒付

[例] The people made a protest about the rise in prices.

人们对价格上涨提出抗议。

[同义] challenge ,disapprove ,dispute, dissent, object, squawk

[反义] agree / E5^ri: / vi. 同意, 赞成...的意见, 与...一致, 承认, 适合 vt. 同意

[派生] protestatory / prEJ`testEtErI / adj. 表示抗议(或异议)的



privacy / 5praivEsi / n. 独处而不受干扰, 秘密

[例] We must respect other\'s privacy.

我们应该尊重别人的隐私。

[同义] cloister, hideaway, intimacy, isolation, retreat, sanctum, seclusion, secrecy

[派生] private / 5praivit / adj. 私人的, 私有的, 私营的, 秘密的 n. 士兵



convention / kEn5venFEn / n. 大会, 协定, 习俗, 惯例

[例] social conventions 社会习俗

[派生] conventional / kEn5venFEnl / adj. 惯例的, 常规的, 习俗的, 传统的



verdict / 5vE:dikt / n. [律](陪审团的)裁决, 判决, 判断, 定论, 结论

[例] The verdict was that the prisoner was guilty.   判决是犯人有罪。

[同义] decision, decree, determination, finding, judgment, pronouncement

[派生] verdictive / `v\\:dIktIv / n. <罕>裁定用词, 审判用语



四、     强化练习



1. SHENZHEN will______ the raising of poultry inside the special economic zone and buy anti-flu drugs worth 20 million yuan (US$2.5 million) in case of a bird flu outbreak.

A. ban       B. incorporate   C. knit       D. knot



2. China will________ rapid development of its space industry, with the launch of programs for a space station, moon probe and new-type rockets in the next 30 years.

A. leak       B. witness     C. lean       D. pledge


3. Exceptional children are different in some ________ way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.

A. popular     B. dim       C. portable     D. significant



4. The army has roughly doubled in size since 1988, when it bloodily suppressed a wave of ________ and installed itself in power.

A. protest     B. position     C. postpone     D. pour



5. You\'re carefully protected by a _______ policy where personal information is strictly treated as confidential.

A. portray     B. primitive     C. privacy     D. procedure



答案： ABDAC

考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 9



一、     真题文章



Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened between . As was discussed before, it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the company of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution speeded up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading on through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures into the 20th-century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that process in perspective . It is important to do so.

  It is generally recognized, however , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal\" too, as well as institutional , with display becoming sharper and storage capability increasing. They were thought of, like people, in terms of generations, with the distance between generations much smaller.


  It was within the computer age that the term “information society\" began to be widely used to describe the context within which we now live. The communications revolution has influenced both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been controversial view about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. \"Benefits\" have been weighed against “harmful\" outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult .



二、     译文


人们曾把20世纪电视的发展与15、16世纪印刷术的传播进行比较。然而在这段时间之间还发生过许多事情。正如前面讨论的，直到19世纪，报纸才继小册子和书本之后，和期刊一起，成为电子时代之前最重要的传媒。正是与此同时，通信革命加速发展，从铁路运输开始，发展到电报、电话、无线电和电影，直到20世纪的汽车和飞机。并非人人较正确地看到这一进程，而做到这点是很重要的。


然后，人们普遍承认，20世纪早期计算机的出现，及随后60年代集成电路的发明，大大地改变了这一进程，虽然它对传媒的影响并不是立竿见影的。随着时间的发展，计算机变得越来越小，却越来越强大；并出现了个人电脑，也出现了大型机，它的显示器分辨率越来越高，存储量越来越大。就像人类一样，计算机也被分为一代代，而每代之间的差距更短了。



正是在这个计算机时代，“信息社会”这个词开始广泛用来描绘我们所生存的环境。通信革命对工作、休闲以及我们思考和感受时空的方式都产生了影响，但是也产生了关于其经济、政治、社会及文化含义的不同看法。“益处”要针对产生的“害处”来权衡。很难一概而论。



三、     考研核心词汇



diffusion / di5fju:VEn / n. 扩散, 传播, 漫射

[例] diffusion of light   光线的漫射

[派生] diffuse / di5fju:z / v. 散播, 传播, 漫射, 扩散, (使)慢慢混合

adj. 散开的, 弥漫的

    diffusive / di5fju:siv / adj. 散布性的, 扩及的, 普及的



dominant / 5dCminEnt / adj. 有统治权的, 占优势的, 支配的

adj. [生物] 显性的

[例] The right hand is dominant in most people. 大多数人右手比左手有力。

[反义] recessive / ri5sesiv / adj. 退行的, 逆行的, [遗]隐性的 n. 隐性性状

[派生] dominance / 5dRmInEns / n. 优势, 统治

dominate / 5dCmineit / v. 支配, 占优势



pamphlet / 5pAmflit / n. 小册子

[例] a single-article pamphlet   单行本

[同义] booklet ,brochure, folder ,leaflet

[派生] pamphleteer / 7pAmfli5tiE / n. 小册子作者   vi. 写小册子



periodical / 7piEri5CdikEl / adj. 周期的, 定期的 n. 期刊, 杂志

[例] a weekly [monthly] periodical   周[月]刊

[同义] gazette , journal , magazine

[派生] periodically / 9pIErI`CdIkLlI / adv. 周期性地, 定时性地



motion / 5mEuFEn / n. 运动, 动作 v. 运动

[例] She motioned to the waiter.   他向侍者打了个手势。

[同义] activity, doings, legislation, movement ,proposal ,proposition

[反义] inaction / in5AkFEn / n. 无行动, 不活动, 无为, 怠惰, 迟钝

[派生] motionless / 5mEJF(E)nlIs / adj. 不动的, 静止的

[固定搭配] go through the motions做…姿态机械地做某事，显示出缺乏兴趣或投入；



recognize / 5rekE^naiz / vt. 认可, 承认, 公认, 赏识 vi. 具结

[例] I don\'t recognize this word -- what does it mean?

我不认识这个单词，它的意思是什么？

[同义] accept, acknowledge, admit, allow, appreciate, behold, know, realize

[派生] recognizable / 5rekE^naizEbl / adj. 可认识的, 可辨认的, 可公认的, 可认知的



institutional / 7insti5tju:FEnEl / adj. 制度上的

[例] institutional religion   组成机构的宗教

[派生] institution / 7insti5tju:FEn / n. 公共机构, 协会, 制度



leisure / 5leVE; 5li:VE / n. 空闲, 闲暇, 悠闲, 安逸

[例] What do you do in your leisure time?   你空闲时间做些什么？

[同义] freedom , business

[派生] leisureful / `leVEfJl/ adj. (=leisurely)不匆忙的, 从容不迫的



implication / 7impli5keiFEn / n. 牵连, 含意, 暗示

[例] \"He smiled, but the implication was that he didn\'t believe me.\"

\"他微微一笑,但这一笑暗示着他不相信我的话。\"

[派生] implicative / im5plikEtiv; 5implikeitiv / adj. 含蓄的, 连带的

implicate / 5implikeit / vt. 使牵连其中, 含意, 暗示 n. 包含的东西



generalization / 7dVenErElai5zeiFEn / n. 一般化, 普遍化, 概括, 广义性

[例] make a hasty generalization   匆忙下结论

[派生] generalize / 5dVenErElaiz / vt. 归纳, 概括, 推广, 普及



四、     强化练习


1. Those creative achievements still date from the time when Great Britain was the ________ world power.

A. procession   B. private     C. proceeding   D. dominant



2. They distributed a _______ that repeated the charge, widely believed by Angolans, that the government is deliberately prolonging the country\'s devastating civil war in order to pillage its rich natural resources.

A. priority     B. provision     C. pamphlet   D. pursuit


3. One of the processes of evolving from a child to an adult is being able to_________ and outgrow our fears.

A. recognize     B. illuminate     C. demonstrate   D. impose


4. Undoubtedly, the_______ innovation indicated by course of marketization is one of the engines of Chinese economy.

A. imaginable   B. institutional   C. immune     D. illiterate


5. From what has been discussed above, I am fully convinced that the _______ life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.

A. humid     B. hostile     C. leisure     D. humble



答案： DCABC


考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 10



一、     真题文章



    Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious thought to how they can best accommodate such changes. Growing bodies need movement and exercise, but not just in ways that emphasize competition. Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be wise to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, for example ,publishing newsletters with many student---written book reviews, displaying student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide multiple opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful group dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the security of some kind of organization with a supportive adult barely visible in the background.

  In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have short attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized so that participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. On the contrary they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by planning for roles that are within their capabilities and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.



二、     译文


    教师需要对青少年智力、情绪和身体各方面的变化加以注意，同时也要对他们如何适应这些变化予以密切关注。发育中的身体需要运动和锻炼，而不仅仅是为了竞技，因为总是要适应新的身体状况和智力及情感方面的诸多新挑战。青少年自我意识特别强，他们需要成功的信心，看到自己的成就得到他人的赞扬。然后，青少年的生活中通常已是充满竞争，所以明智之举是组织一些胜者多而败者少的活动，例如：出版由许多学生撰写书评的通讯，展览学生的美术作品，赞助读书俱乐部。各种小型俱乐部可以提供多种多样的机遇，锻炼孩子的领导才能，也可以借助集体力量成功地提供实践机会。交友对青少年来说极其重要，许多害羞的学生需要来自某种组织的安全感，成人的帮助则应处于看不见的隐蔽地位。


在这些活动中，重要的一点是年轻人注意力保持集中的时间较短。应组织各种不同的活动，以便让参加者能尽可能长时间地保持积极主动，并让他们能接着做其他事情而不感到内疚，也没有让其他参加者感到失望。这并不意味着，大人不必负责任。相反，通过安排一些学生做他们力所能及的、在他们注意力集中时间内的工作并给予明确的规章，大人是能够帮助学生培养一种尽职尽责精神的。



三、     考研核心词汇



intellectual / 7inti5lektjuEl / adj. 智力的, 有智力的, 显示智力的 n. 知识分子

[例] intellectual work   脑力工作

[反义] ignorant / 5i^nErEnt / adj. 无知的

[派生] intellectuality / 7inti7lektju5Aliti / n. 智力, 知性



accommodate / E5kCmEdeit / vt. 供应, 供给, 使适应, 调节, 和解, 向...提供, 容纳, 调和 vi. 适应

[例] One flat can accommodate a family of five.

一套单元房可容纳一个五口之家。

[同义] conform, oblige , supply

[派生] accommodation / E7kCmE5deiFEn / n. 住处, 膳宿, (车, 船, 飞机等的)预定铺位, (眼睛等的)适应性调节, (社会集团间的)迁就融合

[固定搭配] accommodate oneself to 使自己适应于；accommodate (sb.) with

向(某人)供应；

adjust / E5dVQst / vt. 调整, 调节, 校准, 使适合

[例] He adjusted himself very quickly to the heat of the country.

他使自己很快适应了这个国家炎热的气候。

[同义] adapt ,alter, arrange, change , modify , vary

[反义] derange / di5reindV / vt. 使错乱, 扰乱, 使精神错乱, 使发狂

[派生] adjustability / E7dVQstE5biliti / n. 适应性

[固定搭配] adjust to... 使自己适应于；adjust oneself to... 使自己适应于；



confidence / 5kCnfidEns / n. 信心

[例] She has a lot of confidences.   她充满自信。

[反义] distrust / dis5trQst / n. 不信任 vt. 不信任

[派生] confident / 5kCnfidEnt / adj. 自信的, 确信的

[固定搭配] gain sb.\'s confidence 取得某人的信任； give one\'s confidence to sb.

信任某人； place confidence in sb. 信任某人； in confidence 秘密地；in the confidence of 为...的知己； 参与...的秘密；



admire / Ed5maiE / v. 赞美, 钦佩, 羡慕

[例] Everybody admires him for his fine sense of humor.

人人都钦佩他那绝妙的幽默感。

[同义] appreciate, honor

[反义] despise / dis5paiz / vt. 轻视

[派生] admiration / 7AdmE5reiFEn / n. 钦佩, 赞美, 羡慕



review / ri5vju: / vt. 回顾, 复习 n. 回顾, 复习, 评论

[例] a careful review of political events   谨慎地回顾政治事件

[同义] consider, criticize, examine, inspect, learn, look at, observe, recall

[派生] reviewer / rI5vju:E(r)/ n. 批评家, 评论家



artwork / 5B:twE:k / n. 艺术品, 美术品

[例] exhibition of children\'s artwork   儿童美术品展览



multiple / 5mQltipl / adj. 多样的, 多重的 n. 倍数, 若干 v. 成倍增加

[例] a man of multiple interests   兴趣广泛的人

[同义] manifold, many



leadership / 5li:dEFip / n. 领导能力, 领导阶层

[例] The business prospered under the leadership of the new president.

在新任总裁的领导下生意兴旺



teens / ti:nz / n. 十多岁

[例] She\'s not yet out of her teens. 她还不到二十岁。



commitment / kE5mitmEnt / n. 委托事项, 许诺, 承担义务

[例] I\'ve taken on too many commitments.   我承担的义务太多了。

[派生] commit / kE5mit / vt. 犯(错误), 干(坏事), 把...交托给, 提交, 答应负责



四、     强化练习



1. Instead of my usual rant I want to be a little more constructive and________ in my latest column.

A. identical     B. intellectual   C. gloomy     D. federate


2. The port is a center for rail and highway transport and is planned to _______a traffic flow of 30,000 standard containers per year.

A. finance     B. feed       C. accommodate   D. evacuate


3. It took me about a month to _________ to the altitude.

A. evoke     B. exaggerate   C. evaporate     D. adjust


4. Through all of these experiences, I have accumulated the following abilities and literacy which make me have full ________ to be a qualified teaching assistant in your university.

A. evaluation   B. excess     C. effect       D. confidence


5. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will _________ the humility and honesty.

A. admire     B. damage     C. destroy     D. cure



答案： BCDDA

考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 11



一、   真题文章



  Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in response to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, or as a rejection of middle-class values.

  Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, ignoring the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes for lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are subject to criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in turn lead more youths into criminal behavior.

  Families have also experienced changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; consequently, children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other identifiable causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased availability of drugs and alcohol, and the growing incidence of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, although a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.



二、     译文



很多关于青少年犯罪成因的理论把该问题主要归结为两类，一类归咎于社会，一类归咎于个人。归咎于个人的观点认为青少年之所以犯罪是因为社会没有严厉惩罚他们之前所犯的过失，或者通过与别人的交往他们学会犯罪。归咎于社会的观点认为青少年犯罪是由于不能提高自己的社会经济地位或为了表示对中产阶级价值观的叛逆。


大多数研究青少年犯罪的理论强调这些儿童出自贫穷家庭而忽略了出身富裕家庭的儿童也会犯罪这一事实。这部分儿童可能是由于缺乏父母的管教而犯罪。不过,所有的理论都是不确定的，并且都遭到了批评。社会结构的变化也会间接影响青少年犯罪率。例如，社会经济的变化使得青少年就业机会减少；总的来说，不断上升的失业也使得好工作越来越难找。而由此产生的不满又会导致更多的青少年犯罪。


这些年来家庭也在发生着变化。单亲家庭或父母都工作的家庭越来越多。这样一来，在家里儿童所受到的监管就可能比过去传统家庭要少。人们认为缺乏父母管教是影响青少年犯罪率的因素。儿童犯罪的其他确凿原因还有学习受挫和不及格，毒品和酒精饮料更加容易得到，以及儿童受虐待和得不到关怀的事件的发生率日益增加。所有这些情况往往会增加儿童犯罪的可能性，虽然其中的直接因果关系尚未证实。



三、     考研核心词汇


juvenile / 5dVu:vinail / adj. 青少年的, 幼稚的 n. 青少年, 少年读物

[例] The problem of juvenile delinquency presented itself for the attention from the whole society.   少年犯罪的这个问题引起了全社会的注意。

[同义] young , youthful

[反义] adult / E5dQlt, 5AdQlt / n. 成人, 成年人 adj. 成人的, 成熟的

[派生] juvenility / 7dVu:vi5niliti / n. 年轻, 不成熟



delinquency / di5liNkwEnsi / n. 行为不良, 错失

[例] delinquency problems     青少年犯罪的问题

[派生] delinquent / di5liNkwEnt / n. 失职者, 违法者 adj. 失职的, 有过失的, 违法的, 拖欠债务的

[固定搭配] juvenile delinquency 少年犯罪；



penalize / 5pi:nElaiz / v. 处罚

[例] Their team was penalized for intentionally wasting time.

他们的球队因故意拖延时间而受罚。

[同义] castigate , chastise , discipline, punish

[反义] reward / ri5wC:d / n. 报酬, 奖金 vt. 酬劳, 奖赏

[派生] penalty / 5penlti / n. 处罚, 罚款



misdeed / 5mis5di:d / n. 罪行, 犯罪

[例] A misdeed means a wrong or illegal deed .

misdeed的意思是错误的或非法的行为 。



interaction / 7intEr5AkFEn / n. 交互作用, 交感

[例] interaction of electrons   【物】电子的相互作用

[派生] interact / 7intEr5Akt / vi. 互相作用, 互相影响



latter / 5lAtE / adj. 后面的, (两者中)后者的, 较后的, 近来的

[例] Of the two the latter is far better than the former.

两者中后者比前者好得多。

[同义] later

[反义] former / 5fC:mE / adj. 从前的, 以前的 n. 形成者, 创造者, 模型, 样板



parental / pE5rentl / adj. 父母亲的, 做双亲的

[例] parental care   父母(般)的照料

[派生] parent / 5pZErEnt / n. 双亲, 父亲(或母亲)



tentative / 5tentEtiv / n. 试验, 假设 adj. 试验性的, 试探的, 尝试的, 暂定的

[例] a tentative suggestion   试探性建议

[同义] experimental, trial

[反义] definite / 5definit / adj. 明确的, 一定的

[派生] tentatively/ 5tentEtivli / adv. 试验性地, 暂时地



unemployment / 5Qnim5plCimEnt / n. 失业, 失业人数

[例] unemployment pay   失业补贴

[反义] employment / im5plCimEnt / n. 雇用, 使用, 利用, 工作, 职业

[派生] unemployed / 5Qnim5plCid / adj. 失业的, 未被利用的



discontent / 5diskEn5tent / n. 不满

[例] Sometimes discontent turned into action.

不满有时导致行动。

[反义] content / kEn5tent / n. 内容, 容量, 目录, 满足adj. 满足的, 满意的, 愿意 vt. 使满足

[派生] discontented / 5diskEn5tentid / adj. 不满意的



supervision / 7sju:pE5viVEn / n. 监督, 管理

[例] The house was built under the careful supervision of an architect.

这房子是在一位建筑师的细心监督下建造的。

[派生] supervise / 5sju:pEvaiz / v. 监督, 管理, 指导



offensive / E5fensiv / adj. 讨厌的, 无礼的, 攻击性的 n. 进攻, 攻势

[例] offensive formation   进攻队形

[同义] insulting , annoying ,disgusting , disagreeable

[反义] inoffensive / 7inE5fensiv / adj. 无害的, 不伤人的, 不触犯人的, 让人不讨

厌的

[派生] offense / E5fens / n. 进攻



abuse / E5bju:z / n . 滥用, 虐待, 辱骂, 陋习, 弊端 v. 滥用, 虐待, 辱骂

[例] A stream of abuse came from his lips.   他说了一些粗话。

[同义] damage, ill-use, injure , mistreat

[反义] respect / ris5pekt/ n. 尊敬, 敬重, 注意, 考虑, 尊重, 关系, 有关, 敬意 vt. 尊敬, 尊重, 不防碍

[派生] abusive / E5bju:siv / adj. 辱骂的, 滥用的



neglect / ni5^lekt / vt. 忽视, 疏忽, 漏做 n. 忽视, 疏忽, 漏做

[例] Don\'t neglect to lock the door.   别忘了锁门。

[同义] disregard , ignore, omit , overlook, pass over, slight

[反义] endeavor / in5devE / n. 努力, 尽力 vi. 尽力, 努力

[派生] neglected / nI`^lektId / adj. 被忽视的

    neglectable / ni5^lektEbl / adj. 可忽视的



四、     强化练习



1. Effective measures should be taken to create a good environment for ________Internet surfers, and Internet bars should direct surfers, especially young surfers, to have access to healthy online information.

A. adult       B. conscious     C. jargon     D. juvenile



2. Our events offer different meetings and panels to encourage informal and personal ________ with participating business school representatives.

A. assess     B. interaction   C. aspire     D. indignation



3. For my part, I agree with the ________ opinion for the following reasons .

A. later       B. latest       C. latter     D. late



4. One of the greatest pleasures of academic life is watching young________ students form into finished mature scholars with well developed ideas.

A. tentative     B. incredible   C. indifference   D. equivalent



5. First of all, mandatory retirement increases job opportunities for young people who have the energy to exploit and thus it is an effective way to ease the pressure of __________ and help the development of companies.

A. establishment B. domain   C. unemployment   D. depict



答案： DBCAC


考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 12


一、     真题文章

  The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, while this is largely because, unlike animals ,we stand upright. This means that our noses are limited to perceiving those smells which float through the air, missing the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, instead , we are extremely sensitive to smells, even if we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of detecting human smells even when these are diluted to far below one part in one million.

  Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,   whereas others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate particular smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send messages to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell at first can suddenly become sensitive to it when exposed to it often enough.

The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can trigger new receptors if necessary. This may also explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells ----we simply do not need to be. We are not aware of the usual smell of our own house but we notice new smells when we visit someone else\'s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergency signals such as the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.



二、     译文


人类的鼻子是一个被低估的工具。人们通常认为，与动物相比，人类的嗅觉不灵敏，但是这在很大程度上是因为人类与动物不同，我们是直立的。这就意味着，我们的鼻子仅限于嗅出那些通过空气飘散的气味，而错失绝大多数依附于地表的气味。但是，实际上，我们对气味是相当敏感的，即使我们通常没有意识到这一点。当人类的气味被淡化到远低于一百万分之一时，我们的鼻子也能侦测到这些气味。


奇怪的是，有些人认为他们可以闻出一种花香，却闻不出另一种，而有些人却对两种花香都很敏感。这可能是因为有些人缺少某种基因，这种基因正好用于产生鼻子里对某种味道的感受器。这些感受器是由一些能感知气味并把信息传递给大脑的细胞构成的。然而，研究发现即使人们最开始对某种气味不敏感，但当人们能经常大量地闻到这种气味后也能突然对它很敏感。


对气味不敏感的解释似乎是这样的：大脑觉得无法让所有气味接受器始终有效地运作，但是，如果有需要的话，大脑可以创造新的接受器。这也可能说明了我们为什么对自己的气味不敏感的原因——我们不需要这样。我们不知道我们自己家里的平常气味，但是，当我们拜访其他人的家时，我们注意到新的气味。大脑觉得，最好让所有接受器可得到不熟悉和紧急信号，例如烟雾的气味，它可能预示有火灾的危险。



三、     考研核心词汇


underrate / 7QndE5reit / vt. 低估, 看轻

[例] We underrated his powers as a speaker . 我们低估了他的演说才能。

[同义] belittle, minimize , underestimate

[反义] overrate / 5EuvE5reit / vt. 对估价过高



upright / 5Qp5rait / adj. 垂直的, 竖式的, 正直的, 诚实的, 合乎正道的

adv. 笔直, 竖立着 n. 垂直, 竖立

[例] an upright man   正直的人

[同义] erect, honorable, law-abiding, moral, reputable, respectable, standing

[反义] dishonest / dis5Cnist / adj. 不诚实的

[派生] uprightly / 5Qp5raitli /   adv.   笔直地, 正直地



perceive / pE5si:v / vt. 察觉v. 感知, 感到, 认识到

[例] I perceived that I could not make her change her mind.

我发觉我不能使她改变她的主意。

[同义] detect ,distinguish, experience, feel ,make out ,observe, recognize, sense

[派生] perceivable / pE5si:vEbl / adj. 可知觉的



surface / 5sE:fis / n. 表面, 外表, 水面 adj. 表面的, 肤浅的

[例] The truth began to surface.   真相开始露出来。

[同义] exterior, face , outside

[反义] interior / in5tiEriE / adj. 内部的, 内的 n. 内部



detect / di5tekt / vt. 察觉, 发觉, 侦查, 探测 v. 发现

[例] The dentist could detect no sign of decay in her teeth.

牙医在她的牙齿上找不到蛀蚀的迹象。

[同义] catch ,discover ,perceive ,recognize

[反义] conceal / kEn5si:l / vt. 隐藏, 隐蔽, 隐瞒 v. 隐蔽

[派生] detection / di5tekFEn / n. 察觉, 发觉, 侦查, 探测, 发现



dilute / dai5lju:t7 di5l- / v. 冲淡, 变淡, 变弱, 稀释 adj. 淡的, 弱的, 稀释的

[例] The nurse diluted the drug with saline water.

护士用生理盐水把药加以稀释。

[同义] cut, reduce, thin ,weaken

[派生] diluted / dai5lju:tid / adj. 无力的 冲淡的

dilution / dai5lju:FEn7 di5l- / n. 稀释, 稀释法,冲淡物



receptor / ri5septE / n. 接受器, 感受器, 受体

[例] receptor of radiation   辐射探测器



expose / iks5pEuz / vt. 使暴露, 受到, 使曝光 v. 揭露

[例] The crime of the corrupt officials must be exposed without any reserve.

对贪官污吏的罪行一定要毫无保留地予以揭发。

[同义] disclose, display ,open ,reveal ,show, uncover ,unmask

[反义] conceal / kEn5si:l / vt. 隐藏, 隐蔽, 隐瞒 v. 隐蔽

[派生] exposal / iks5pEuzEl / n. 曝光, 显露

[固定搭配] expose...to 使...受到, 使...朝向...；使...接触...



trigger / 5tri^E / vt. 引发, 引起, 触发 n. 板机

[例] The odor of food may be a trigger for man\'s appetite.

食物的香味能引起人的食欲。

[同义] begin, fire ,kindle, start ,touch off



emergency / i5mE:dVnsi / n. 紧急情况, 突然事件, 非常时刻, 紧急事件

[例] In an emergency, telephone the police.

出现紧急情况时，请给警察打电话。

[同义] crisis , crucial , period, pinch

[派生] emergent / i5mE:dVEnt / adj. 紧急的, 浮现的, 突然出现的, 自然发生的



四、     强化练习


1. Honesty means speaking the truth and being fair and _______in act. Honesty is a good virtue.

A. disgraceful   B. dull       C. upright     D. exotic


2. Sentiments of benevolence draw us to society, allow us to ________ its advantages, provide a source of approval for just acts, and motivate us to do just acts ourselves.

A. disperse     B. distill       C. drain     D. perceive



3. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it , let alone to ask what lay beneath the ________.

A. top       B. surface     C. bottom     D. inside


4. “I made up my mind then to ________ their atrocity to the world,” he said.

A. expose     B. junk       C. joggle     D. leave


5. Researchers are not yet clear which ingredient of meat might________ cancer.

A. draw     B. humiliate     C. trigger     D. intrigue



答案： CDBAC

考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 13


一、真题文章（1994年）


According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force on expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. “In short,” a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions” Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.



The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put earth at the center of all heavenly motions. Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.



Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

二、译文


新学派科学家认为，技术作为科学知识发展的动力，一直为人们所忽视。他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：“简而言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，在很大程度上是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。”多年以来，工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉在很大程度上被科技历史学家和科技思想家们忽略了。这一推崇技术的现代学派认为伽利略、牛顿、马克斯韦尔、爱因斯坦等科学家以及爱迪生这样的发明家十分重视各种各样可用于科学实验的工艺信息及技术设备，并从中受益匪浅。


推崇技术否定天才的倡导者的中心论据是对伽利略在科学革命开始时所起作用的分析。当时人们对天体的认识来自于公元2世纪一位叫托勒密的天文学家。他认为，在复杂的天体系统中所有的天体都围绕着地球运动。伽利略最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实星星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球。但新派科学家们认为真正的英雄，是眼镜制造工具逐步改进的结果。



联邦政府的政策不可避免的卷入了这场“技术”与“天才”之争。政府究竟是以减少对技术经费的投入来增加对纯科学的经费投入还是相反，这往往取决于把问题的哪方面看成是驱动力。



三、考研核心词汇



horizon / hE5raizn / n. 地平线 n. 1地平(线)2(知识,思想等的)范围,视野

[例] Science gives us a new horizon.   科学使我们大开新的眼界。

[派生] horizontal / 7hCri5zCntl / adj. 地平线的, 水平的

[固定搭配] on the horizon 在地平线上; 刚刚冒出地平线; 即将出现的(事件)

在遥远的将来



insight / 5insait / n. 洞察力, 见识

[例] a man of insight   有洞察力的人

[同义] intuition, perception, wisdom

[派生] insightful / 5in7saitful / adj. 富有洞察力的,有深刻见解的

[固定搭配] gain an insight into 了解, 熟悉; 看透；识破



instrument / 5instrumEnt / n. 工具, 手段, 器械, 器具

[例] an instrument for writing   书写工具

[同义] means ,tool, apparatus, appliance, device, implement

[派生] instrumental / 7instru5mentl / adj. 仪器的, 器械的, 乐器的



innumerable / i5nju:mErEbl / adj. 无数的, 数不清的

[例] an innumerable throng of people   人山人海

[同义] many ,countless, infinite, unlimited

[派生] innumerably / i5nju:mErEbli / adv. 数不清地, 无数地



fundamental / 7fQndE5mentl / adj. 基础的, 基本的 n. 基本原则, 基本原理

[例] Fresh air is fundamental to good health.

空气新鲜是身体健康之必需。

[同义] basic, elementary ,essential ,primary

[反义] secondary / 5sekEndEri / adj. 次要的, 二级的, 中级的, 第二的

[派生] fundament / 5fQndEmEnt / n. 基础, 基本原理, 臀部



hail / heil / n. 1冰雹2致敬, 招呼3一阵 vt. 1向...欢呼, 致敬, 招呼2使象下雹样落下；猛发 vi. 1招呼2下雹   int. 万岁, 欢迎

[例] The crowd hailed stones upon the thief. 群众对小偷大扔石头。

[同义] cheer, greet ,shout, sleet, welcome

[派生] haily / 5heili / adj. 冰雹的, 冰雹状的,夹有冰雹的



centerpiece / 5sentEpi:s / n. 中心装饰品, (餐桌中央的摆饰)

[例] tailpipe centerpiece   尾管中心件



astronomer / E5strRnEmE(r) / n. 天文学家

[例]An astronomer is the one that specializes in astronomy.

  天文学家是专门从事天文学研究的人。

[派生] astronomy / E5strRnEmI / n. 天文学



glory / 5^lC:ri / n. 荣誉, 光荣

[例] Win glory for our motherland!   为祖国争光!

[同义] fame, honor, prestige

[反义] disgrace / dis5^reis / n. 耻辱, 失宠, 丢脸的人(或事) v. 玷污

[派生] glorify / 5^lC:rifai /   v. 使更壮丽, 赞扬



telescope / 5teliskEup / n. 望远镜 v. 压缩

[例] When the trains crashed into each other, the cars were telescoped.

那两辆火车相撞时, 车厢挤在一起了。

[派生] telescopic / teli5skCpik /   adj. 远视的；伸缩的



revolve / ri5vClv / v. 1(使)旋转, 循环出现2考虑

[例] He revolved the main points in his mind.   他在心中思索要点。

[同义] circle ,go around ,turn

[派生] revolving / ri5vClviN / v. 旋转 adj. 旋转的



dispute / dis5pju:t / v. 1争论, 辩论；怀疑2抗拒, 阻止, 争夺(土地,胜利等)

            n. 争论, 辩论, 争吵

[例] The lawyer disputed the truth of the witness\'s statement.

律师对证人的话的真实性提出了怀疑。

[同义] argue , contest, debate, fight , oppose , quarrel

[反义] agree / E5^ri: / vi. 1同意, 赞成...的意见, 与...一致, 承认2适合vt. 同意

[派生] disputer / dIs`pju:tE(r) / n. 争论者

[固定搭配] in dispute with 与…争论； 与…有争议；under dispute 在争论中；在辩论中 (= in dispute)；

expense / Ik5spens / n. 1费用, 代价, 开支2损失

[例] What are the expenses of moving house?   搬家的花销是多少？

[同义] cost, payment

[固定搭配] spare no expense 不惜代价； at sb.\'s expense 由某人付钱



四、强化练习

1. His hypothesis that the Earth was round, developed after observing that the height of stars was different at different locations and noticing how ships appeared on the _________, formed the basis of modern map making.

A. hospital     B. hostile     C. horrible     D. horizon

2. It may be either depending on who\'s telling it, who\'s listening and the _______ variations upon the theme.

A. eccentric     B. innumerable   C. alien     D. eminent


3. And sales is the_________ activity of business. It deserves a louder hurrah than it gets.

A. fundamental   B. eloquent     C. devalued   D. agreed


4. I am having a ________ with my neighbors over an illegal suit they have built without permission from the proper authorities.

A. elevation     B. enterprise     C. dispute     D. frown


5. Guardians of the Republic _____ successful launch of Shenzhou VI with great joy .

A. gallop     B. hail       C. curse       D. gamble



答案： DBACB


考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 14



一、     真题文章（1995年）


  The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user .

  All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.

  Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned , the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.


  In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.



二、     译文



    标准化教育测试或心理测试现在广泛应用于协助选拔、分类、委派或提升学生、雇员和军事人员，这些测试一直是某些人近年来在图书、杂志、日报、甚至国会中抨击的目标。把这种标准化测试作为抨击的目标是不对的，因为，在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。这些测试本身只是一种工具，其各种特性是可以在规定的条件下用相当的精度来测定的。测试的结果是有价值的，还是无意义的，甚至是误导的，部分取决于这种工具本身，但主要取决于测试的使用者。



所有对未来表现有见地的预测都是以在某种程度上了解有关过去的表现为基础的：学校学习成绩、研究效益、销售记录或一切符合需要的信息。这些预测在多大程度上被后来的表现所证实，取决于所采用的信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。任何仔细记分的人都知道，所得到的信息总是不完全的，而且这些预测也总会是会有错误的。


应该根据这种观点去考察标准化考试。标准化测试提供了快速、客观地得到某种信息的方法。这些信息是有关一个人所学到的知识、他所获得的技能，或者他是属于哪一类型的人。这样得到的信息，从性质上讲，和其他种类的信息一样都具有优缺点。因此，在某一特定环境下，究竟是采取测试还是其他种类的信息，或者两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效力的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。



  一般说来，当需要测定的特征能十分精确的界定，测试的效果就是最佳的，反之，如果所需测定和预测的东西得不到明确的界定，那麽测试的效果就最差。这些测试如能恰当使用，就能提供一种快速的方法来获得有关许多人的可比性信息。有时这些测试能鉴别出一些学生，他们很高的潜在能力过去一直没有被认识。但是也有许多事情，这些测试是不能胜任的；例如，测试并不弥补很明显的社会不公；因此，它们说明不了一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大的才干。



三、     考研核心词汇



psychological / 7saikE5lCdVikEl / adj. 心理(上)的

[例] Is there any possible psychological explanation for his bad health?

他健康状况不好,有没有可能具有什么心理上的原因呢?

[派生] psychologically / 9psaIkE`lCdVIkElI / adv. 心理上地, 心理学地

    psychology / sai5kClEdVi / n. 心理学, 心理状态



classify / 5klAsifai / vt. 分类, 分等

[例] classify books by subjects   按学科将图书分类

[同义] group, sort, categorize, organize

[派生] classified / 5klAsifaid / v. 分类 adj. 机密的



military / 5militEri / adj. 军事的, 军用的

[例] According to the Constitution of the country all the young men do a year\'s military service. \"根据该国的宪法规定,所有的男青年都要服一年兵役。\"

[同义] armed forces, army , service, civil , naval

[反义] civil / 5sivl / adj. 全民的, 市民的, 公民的, 国民的, 民间的.民事的, 根据民法的, 文职的, 有礼貌的

[派生] militarize / 5militEraiz / v. 军事化



personnel / 7pE:sE5nel / n. 人员, 职员

[例] personnel agency 职业介绍所



divert / di5vE:t / v. 1转移, 转向2使高兴

[例] A ditch diverted water from the stream into the fields.

一条沟渠把水从河里引向田间。

[同义] amuse, delight , entertain ,tickle；detract, distract

[派生] diversion / dai5vE:FEn / n. 转移, 转换, 牵制, 解闷, 娱乐



precision / pri5siVEn / n. 精确, 精密度, 精度

[例] precision in calculation   计算的精确度

[同义] accuracy, correctness ,exactness

[反义] inaccuracy / in5AkjurEsi / n. 错误

[派生] precise / pri5sais / adj. 精确的, 准确的 n. 精确



validate / 5vAlideit / vt. 1[律]使有效, 使生效2确认, 证实, 验证

[例] Time validated our suspicion.   时间证实了我们的怀疑。

[反义] invalidate / in5vAlideit / vt. 使无效

[派生] validity / vE5liditi /   n. 有效性, 合法性, 正确性



error / 5erE / n. 错误, 过失, 误差

[例] The accident was caused by human error. 这事故是由人为的错误引起的。

[同义] fault , wrong , mistake

[派生] erroneous / i5rEunjEs / adj. 错误的, 不正确的



qualitative / 5kwClitEtiv / adj. 性质上的, 定性的

[例] a qualitative analysis   定性分析

[派生] qualitatively / 5kwClitEtivli /   adv. 质量上



comparable   / 5kCmpErEbl / adj. 可比较的, 比得上的

[例] A comparable car would cost far more in Europe.

一辆象这样好的汽车在欧洲可要贵得多。

[同义] similar, equivalent

[反义] incomparable / in5kCmpErEbl / adj. 无与伦比的, 不能比较的

[派生] compare / kEm5pZE / v. 比较, 相比, 比喻 n. 比较



underprivileged / 5QndE5privilidVd / adj. 被剥夺基本权力的,穷困的,下层社会的

[例] an underprivileged man   一个穷困潦倒的人



circumstance / 5sE:kEmstEns / n. 环境, 详情, 境况

[例] The circumstances forced me to accept.   环境迫使我不得不同意。

[同义] condition， situation ，state

[派生] circumstantial / 7sE:kEm5stAnFEl / adj. 依照情况的

四、     强化练习



1.     In the second place, from _________ aspect, the majority of children seem to

tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

A. philosophy   B. chemistry   C. psychological   D. futile



2. At the same time, the Net is increasingly populated with spiders, worms, agents and other types of automated beasts designed to penetrate the sites and seek out and ________ information.

A. furnish     B. fuss       C. fuse         D. classify



3. More than 100 young scientific and technological _______have now become the leading persons in their respective technological areas, and the persons taking charge of some key technological programs are young people aged 30 or even younger.

A. personnel     B. friction     C. stuff         D. hand



4. We just do it too quickly and do not have enough time to completely________ some news. And most online news reporters are young.\" Chen said .

A. handicap     B. validate     C. harass       D. hamper



5. \"In terms of interactive features, traditional media is not ________with online media such as Sina,\" Chen says.

A. compared   B. included     C. comparing     D. comparable




答案： CDABD

考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 15


一、     真题文章（1996年）



    The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.


      This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting \"good \" as opposed to \"bad\" science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world\'s more fascinating and delightful aspects. New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.



二、     译文



  科学研究的各种领域的相关发展的区别是有若干原因的。在这些原因中，有些完全来自社会需求的自然结果。另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。尽管如此，有些发展速度的差异其原因就不尽合理，这是因为某些权威人士对科学理论研究应采取何种形式有先入为主的想法，这些想法起了改变不同科学领域的发展模式的作用。这是一个新问题，也许并非是不可避免的问题，但其趋势却令人担忧。这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。然而，人们可以预见，往往会出现一些问题要求科学做出具体的回答。因此，将科研机构视为一种资源或一台机器，应维持其良好的运行状态。这样做通常是很有价值的。给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科技以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。


正如所有政府支持一样，这类支持需要确定合适的资金资助对象。根据某一项目是否有效做出决策是明确无误的。但是在几个都没有短期效用的项目中，要做出抉择就特别困难。资助机构设定的目标值得称赞，他们支持好科研，不支持不好的，但是要做出有效的决定却是困难的。通常，好科研的概念往往与在某个科研领域中提出一套优雅理论的能力相混淆。然而世界就是如此，优雅的体系一般而言是无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜和令人高兴的课题。同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给优雅以新的标准。



三、     考研核心词汇



preconception / 5pri:kEn5sepFEn / n. 1预想2偏见

[例] His vision, unobstructed by ideological preconception, was continually reformed by experience?   (Doris Kearns Goodwin)

“排除了意识形态偏见的干扰，他的见解不断地从经验中得以完善”(多丽丝·克恩斯·古德温)



theory / 5WiEri / n. 1理论, 学说, 原理2意见3推测

[例] There were several theories about the way in which the fire started.

火是为何发生的, 有好几种说法。

[同义] attitude, conception, explanation, hypothesis, idea；inference

[反义] practice / 5prAktis / n.1 实行, 实际2惯例, 习惯3练习, 实习4开业

[派生] theoretical / WiE5retikEl / adj. 理论的



establishment / is5tAbliFmEnt / n. 1确立, 制定, 设施2公司；军事组织

[例] These two hotels are both excellent establishments.

这两家旅馆都是出色的商业机构。

[同义] creation, foundation ,business, company

[派生] establish / is5tAbliF / vt. 建立, 设立, 安置, 使定居, 使人民接受, 确定v. 建立



detail / 5di:teil, di5teil / n. 细节, 详情 vt. 详述, 细说

[例] Give me all the details of the accident — tell me what happened in detail.

给我说说事故发生的详情，详细告诉我发生了什么事。

[同义] assign ,commission, delegate ,division, dwell on, elaborate, fraction

[派生] detailed / 5di:teild / adj. 详细的, 逐条的

[固定搭配] in detail 精细地，明细地注意细节地；彻底地，吹毛求疵地；



resource / ri5sC:s / n. 1资源, 财力2办法, 智谋

[例] Religion is her only resource.   宗教是她唯一的安慰。

[同义] ability, device , ingenuity

[派生] resourceful / ri5sC:sful / adj. 资源丰富的, 足智多谋的



utility / ju:5tiliti / n. 效用, 有用

[例] utility furniture   实用家具

[同义] usefulness , benefit

[派生] utilize / ju:5tIlaIz / vt. 利用



straightforward / streit5fC:wEd / adj. 1正直的, 坦率的2简单的, 易懂的, 直接了当的 adv. 坦率地

[例] We took a straightforward route to the beach.

我们取直道到海滩去。

[派生] straightforwards / streit5fC:wEdz / adv. 笔直地, 率直地



oppose / E5pEuz / vt. 反对, 使对立, 使对抗, 抗争 vi. 反对

[例] Many residents are opposed to the plan of building the motorway.

许多居民反对修建那条汽车路的计划。

[同义] conflict with ,contradict ,counteract, dispute, fight ,hinder, refute [反义] agree / E5^ri: / vi. 同意, 赞成...的意见, 与...一致, 承认, 适合 vt. 同意

[派生] opposed / E5pEuzd / adj. 反对的, 敌对的

[固定搭配] oppose M to N 把M与N相对照或相比； oppose oneself to 反对



elegant / 5eli^Ent / adj. 文雅的, 端庄的, 雅致的, <口>上品的, 第一流的

[例] an elegant woman   高雅的女人

[同义] cultured, fine ,polished ,refined, superior

[反义] inelegant / in5eli^Ent / adj. 不雅的

[派生] elegance / 5elI^Ens / n. 高雅, 典雅, 优雅, 雅致



四、     强化练习



1. So in that respect you may say that the old Chinese culture was more benevolent toward women than the European one. However, my_______ is that the benevolence was rooted purely in selfishness – nobody else was allowed to have with the discarded property.

A. intercourse   B. intend       C. junction     D. theory



2. Since its_________ in October 2001, it has became a large cooperation in scale through several years of development.

A. justified   B. establishment   C. joint       D. occupation



3. Competent in management and organization, attention to ________, and good judgment. Ability to work well with others under pressure and to communicate effectively.

A. offence     B. occasion     C. detail       D. peak



4. Although we don’t follow our parents’ advice and sometimes, we even do what our parents _________, they don’t consider us as the black sheep.

A. oppose     B. agree       C. praise     D. pave



5. Life could be poor and life could be lonely, but what we could never lose is the __________heart towards life.

A. patent       B. passive     C. rack       D. elegant



答案： DBCAD


考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 16



一、     真题文章（1997年）



  Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. Actually, it isn\'t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.


  On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people — for instance to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says “I don\'t like this contract”?


  The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?


  Many deny it. Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake — a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.


  This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical”. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning — the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl — is to weigh others\' interests against one\'s own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind\'s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.



二、     译文



      动物有权利吗？人们常常这样问。这种问题听起来很有价值、很清楚。

事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。


当然，就一种权利观而言，动物当然没有权利。有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在于社会契约中，是责任与权利相交换的一部分。因而动物没有权利。惩罚一只咬死人的老虎，这种想法是可笑的。出于同样的原因，认为老虎有权利的想法也是可笑的。但是，这只是一种观点而已，而且这种观点并非毫无争议，因为它不仅否认了动物权利，并且还否认了某些人的权利，；例如：婴儿——没有思考能力的人、未来的一代。此外，还没有弄明白的是对于那些从来不同意订立契约的人来说，契约有什么约束力呢？如果一个人说“我不喜欢这个契约”，你该怎样回答呢？



关键的问题是，如果对人的权利没有共同的认识，那么讨论动物的权利是毫无结果的。这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端。它使人们认为当这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关心体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。这两种极端都不可取。我们最好再来问一个更基本的问题：我们这样对待动物到底属不属于道德问题？



许多人否认这一点。这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，因此对待动物无须考虑道德问题。他们认为对动物遭受的痛苦表示任何关心都是错误的，这是一种多愁善感的情绪转移，而这种情绪转移应该适当地转到其他人身上。



  按照这种观点，折磨猴子从道德上讲相当于砍柴。这种观点看起来很符合逻辑，而事实上却很肤浅。道德推理最基本的形式，相当于人刚学爬的阶段，就是权衡他人与自己的利益。这反过来就需要同情心和想象力。没有同情心与想象力，就没有道德思维的能力。对大多数人来说，看到动物痛苦，足以引起他们的同情。这种反应并没有错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应得到鼓励而不是遭到嘲弄。



三、     考研核心词汇


philosopher / fi5lCsEfE / n. 哲学家, 哲人

[例] a moral philosopher   伦理学家

[派生] philosophic / 7filE5sCfik / adj. 哲学的, 贤明的



argue / 5B:^ju: / vi. 争论, 辩论 vt. 说服

[例] He argued with Mary about the best place for a holiday.

他和玛丽争论度假的最好地方。

[同义] bicker, object；persuade , reason

[派生] argument / 5B:^jumEnt / n. 争论, 辩论, 论据, 论点, ～ (for, against), 意见



exist / i^5zist / vi. 存在, 生存, 生活, 继续存在

[例] The Roman Empire existed for several centuries.

罗马帝国存在了好几个世纪。

[同义] be ,live, occur , prevail , stand

[派生] existence / i^5zistEns / n. 存在, 实在, 生活, 存在物, 实在物



absurd / Eb5sE:d / adj. 荒谬的, 可笑的

[例] Their request is absurd.   他们的要求是荒谬的。

[同义] foolish, impossible, ludicrous, ridiculous

[反义] rational / 5rAFEnl / adj. 理性的, 合理的, 推理的 n. [数]有理数

[派生] absurdity / Eb5sE:diti / n. 荒谬, 谬论



fruitless / 5fru:tlis / adj. 不结果实的

[例] The search proved fruitless.   搜寻没有结果。

[反义] fruitful / 5fru:tful / adj. 果实结得多的, 多产的, 富有成效的

[派生] fruitlessly / 5fru:tlisli / adv. 徒劳地, 无益地



displacement / dis5pleismEnt / n. 1移置, 转移2取代, 置换, 位移3 排水量

[例] excessive displacement   过大位移

[派生] displace / dis5pleis / vt. 移置, 转移, 取代, 置换 v. 转移



chop / tFCp / n. 1砍2排骨3官印；商标 vt. 剁碎, 砍, (风浪)突

[例] The old man chopped the block of wood in two with a single blow.

这老头一斧头把木块劈成两半。

[同义] cleave , cut , sever

[派生] chopping / 5tFCpiN / adj. 波浪汹涌的, 硕大强健的



ethical / 5eWikEl / adj. 1与伦理有关2民族的, 民族特有的

[例] I oughtn\'t to do that, it\'s not ethical.

我不该做那件事，它是不合乎道德的。

[派生] ethic / 5eWik / n. 道德规范, 伦理



instinct / 5instiNkt / n. 本能

[例] Birds learn to fly by instinct.   鸟学飞出自本能。

[派生] instinctual / in5stiNktFuEl / adj. 本能的

    instinctive / In5stINktIv / adj. 本能的



四、     强化练习



1. Some analysts _______that the recent market rise has been caused by investors\' blind faith in bank and technology shares.

A. quiz     B. decline       C. argue     D. refuse



2. We never went anywhere truly exotic during October because, unlike the insanity here where a billion people squeeze onto the trains, this holiday didn’t_______ for adults unless requested: days off are more liberally applicable in Britain.

A. exist       B. rage     C. compare   D. raise



3. Thankfully the Chinese government has seen how _______ this policy was, and now foreigners and Chinese pay the same to get into parks, museums, monuments and fairgrounds.

A. wonderful   B. absurd     C. wise     D. ironic


4. Retailing Association and Shenzhen Banking Association, which represents 17 banks, proved ________after the banks refused to adopt any concrete measures.

A. random     B. readily     C. fruitless     D. rear


5. “Ours is a world of nuclear giants and________ infants. We know more about war than we know about peace, more about killing than we know about living.”——General Omar Bradley

A. ethical     B. eternal     C. elastic     D. flexible


答案： CABCA

考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 17


一、     真题文章（1998年）



  They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light years from earth. But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration\'s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -Cobe-had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).

  The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.


  Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn\'t have long to wait. Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.


  If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.



二、     译文



离地球大约150亿光年的一块狭长的巨大宇宙云是科学家至今所发现的最大、最遥远的物体。但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。那大约就是宇宙形成的时候。研究人员所发现的宇宙云系既令人惊讶，又是人们所期待的，因为美国国家航空航天局的宇宙背景探索者Cobe号卫星已经发现了划时代的证据，证明宇宙确实起源于最早的一次爆炸，即人们一直所称的“大爆炸”（此理论认为宇宙起源于一大团能量）



  大爆炸理论在二十世纪二十年代首次提出，而巨大的宇宙云的存在实际上是保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所需要的。根据该理论，宇宙形成的时候是一些亚微观的、极为稠密、向四周扩散的纯能量，运动的时候发射射线，然后浓缩成粒子，最后形成了气体原子。经过了几十亿年，这些气体受到地球引力压缩形成了星系、恒星、行星，最终造就了人类。



Cobe卫星设计的目的就是观察这样最大的物体结构，但宇航员还是想看到那些微小的热区，即像星系中的星团和超星团这样一些局部物体的粒子，看来他们不必长期等待。天体物理学家使用南极地基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。



假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学观点的胜利，这种观点是对宇宙大爆炸论的完善，人们称之为宇宙膨胀说。宇宙膨胀说认为，很久以前，宇宙受到一种反地球引力的推动，在不到一秒钟内，其体积膨胀了无数亿倍。宇宙膨胀说尽管听起来奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看起来可信的推论，许多天体物理学家七八年来一直确信这一说法是正确。



三、     考研核心词汇



cosmic / 5kCzmik / adj. 宇宙的

[例] cosmic speed   宇宙速度（物体摆脱地球引力所需之速度）

[反义] chaotic / kei5Ctik / adj. 混乱的, 无秩序的

[派生] cosmical / 5kCzmikEl / adj. (=cosmic)宇宙的, 广大无边的



pattern / 5pAtEn / n. 1模范, 模式2样品, 格调, 图案 vt. 1 模仿, 仿造2以图案装饰 vi. 形成图案

[例] You can make a dress from this paper pattern.

你可以用这个纸样儿做一套衣服。

[同义] arrangement, design ,example, illustration, model ,paragon, picture



primeval / prai5mi:vEl / adj. 原始的

[例] primeval forests   原始森林



reign / rein / vi. 统治, 支配, 盛行, 占优势 n. 统治, 统治时期, 支配

[例] The Queen reigns but does not rule.   女王在位，但不当政。

[同义] prevail, rule

[派生] reigning / `reInIN / adj. 统治的,在位的, 本届的, 起支配作用的

[固定搭配] under[in] the reign of ... 在...的统治下



burst / bE:st / v. 1爆裂, 炸破2急于；爆发 n. 1突然破裂, 爆发2脉冲

[例] I am bursting with joy.   我高兴得不得了。

[同义] broken , exploded



knot / nCt / n. (绳等的)结, (树的)节, 节(船速,＝哩／小时) v. 打结

[例] Will you knot the rope round the post?   你把这根绳子拴在柱子上好吗？

[反义] unknot / Qn5nCt / vt. 解开...结子

[派生] knotted / `nCtId / adj. 有节的, 多节的, 棘手的



emit / i5mit / vt. 1发出, 放射2吐露, 散发3发表, 发行

[例] The tail exhaust pipe of the motor vehicle emitted poisonous smoke.

机动车的尾部排气管排出有毒的浓烟。

[同义] discharge, ooze；send out, give off

[派生] emission / i5miFEn / n. (光、热等的)散发, 发射, 喷射



condense / kEn5dens / v. (使)浓缩, 精简

[例] A long story may be condensed into a few sentences.

一个长篇故事可缩写成几句话。

[同义] compress ,concentrate ,reduce, squeeze

[反义] expand / iks5pAnd / vt. 1使膨胀, 扩张2详述vi. 张开, 发展

[派生] condensable / kEn5densEbl / adj. 可压缩(凝缩)的



galaxy / 5^AlEksi / n. 1星系, 银河2一群显赫的人, 一系列光彩夺目的东西

[例] a galaxy of entertainers   一群演员



cluster / 5klQstE / n. 串, 丛 vi. 丛生, 成群

[例] The boys and girls clustered together round the camp fire telling stories and singing songs.   孩子们成群地围着营火堆讲着故事唱着歌。

[同义] batch, bunch, group

[反义] disperse   / dis5pE:s / v. (使)分散, (使)散开, 疏散



detector / di5tektE / n. 1发现者；侦察器, 探测器, 检波器, 检电器

[例] electron detector   电子探测器

[派生] detect / di5tekt / vt. 察觉, 发觉, 侦查, 探测 v. 发现



plausible   / 5plC:zEbl / adj. 似是而非的, 似乎合理的；善言能辩的；能说会道的

[例]It is a plausible story   好象是真实的故事

[同义] believable , logical, reasonable , sensible

[反义] genuine / 5dVenjuin / adj. 真实的, 真正的, 诚恳的

[派生] plausibility / 9plR:zE`bIlEtI / n. 似乎有理, 善辩



四、     强化练习


1. According to NASA, \"Hubble played a key role in discovering that a mysterious form of energy called dark energy is acting like a ________ gas pedal, accelerating the universe\'s expansion rate.

A. elapse     B. edible       C. comedy     D. cosmic


2. The__________ of the Thanksgiving celebration has never changed through the years. The big family dinner is planned months ahead.

A. defect     B. pattern     C. pile       D. deception


3. I tried to look over. But my head was too heavy in the position I was in. I got a ________of energy and grabbed hold of the bars. I moved my legs.

A. decent     B. dump     C. burst       D. dwarf


4. Americans are waiting longer to get married, but they shouldn\'t wait too long: The odds for a happy marriage may favor those who tie the _______ between the ages of 23 and 27, says a survey out Thursday.

A. ebb       B. drop       C. enforce     D. knot



5. The realization that she can be a good provider may increase the chances that a working wife will choose divorce over an unsatisfactory marriage. But the reverse is equally ________.

A. plausible     B. random     C. humorous   D. exempt



答案： DBCDA


考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 18



一、     真题文章（1999年）



  While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines a new what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian\' s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process .


    Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. During this transfer , traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.


    Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of \"tunnel method , \" frequently fall victim to the \"technicist fallacy. \" Also common in the natural sciences , the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.



二、     译文



    尽管几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代历史学家的实践最符合一个定义，即认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其作出解释。由于受到自己所处时代和地域的限制，每一代历史学家都要重新确定过去对他们而言的重要历史。而在寻找的过程中，他们所发现的证据往往是不完整且分散的，通常还带有偏见或门派意识。历史学家的工作具有某种讽刺意义，这是因为他们知道自己的努力只不过是为一项永无止境的工作做出一点儿贡献而已。


人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。当历史学重视其与文学和哲学的密切关系时，不断发展的社会科学对了解过去似乎可以提供更多的机会，提出新问题并且提供有价值的研究方法，因为社会学方法论必须适应主要受史料制约的学科，而不是受当代世界法则制约的学科。在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。


在历史学界，方法论这个词一直具有模糊的特性。所谓方法论是指一般历史研究的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个分支适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。历史学家，特别是那些被自己的研究兴趣所蒙蔽的人被指责为“目光短浅”，他们常成为“技术主义谬误”的牺牲品。这种情况在自然科学领域也常见，技术主义谬误错误的把整个学科和该学科技术实施的某个部分混为一谈。这种谬误同样涉及到传统历史学家和社会科学历史学家：前者认为历史仅仅是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的批评，后者则认为其研究活动是具体方法的研究。



三、     考研核心词汇



attempt / E5tempt / n. 1努力, 尝试2企图 vt. 1尝试2企图

[例] She made an attempt to cook the dinner.

她试着做这顿饭。

[同义] endeavor ,make an effort, try



partial / 5pB:FEl / adj. 1部分的, 局部的2偏袒的, 偏爱的 n. 泛音

[例] The research project was only a partial success.

那个研究课题只取得部分成功。

[同义] fractional, fragmentary, limited, partly

[反义] total / 5tEutl / n. 总数, 合计 adj. 总的, 全部的, 整个的 v. 合计, 总数达, 达到

[派生] partially / 5pB:FElI / adv. 部分地



partisan / pB:tI5zAn / n. 1游击队2党人；党徒；帮伙

[例] partisan politics   党的派性政治



affinity / E5finiti / n. 1密切关系, 吸引力2姻亲关系；亲合力

[例] She feels a strong affinity for him.   她对他很有吸引力。

[派生] affinal / E5fainEl / adj. 同源的, 姻亲的 n. 姻亲



methodology / meWE5dRlEdVI / n. 方法学, 方法论

[例] the methodology of genetic studies   遗传学研究的方法

[派生] method / 5meWEd / n. 方法



augment / C: ^5ment / v. 增加, 增大 n. 增加

[例] augment one\'s income by hard working   靠努力工作增加收入

[同义] broaden, enlarge ,expand ,extend, increase, magnify , raise

[反义] abate / E5beit / vt. 使(数量、程度等)减少, 减轻, 除去, 缓和, 打折扣 vi. (数量、程度等)减少, 减轻, 失效, 缓和, (法令等)被废除

[派生] augmentation / 7C:^men5teiFEn / n. 增加



peculiar / pi5kju:ljE / adj. 奇特的, 罕见的, 特殊的 n. 特有财产；特权

[例] Language is peculiar to mankind.   语言是人类特有的。

[同义] bizarre, characteristic, curious ,distinctive ,eccentric, odd, queer

[反义] common / 5kCmEn / adj. 1共同的, 公共的, 公有的, 普通的2庸俗的, 伪劣的 n. [复][总]平民, 公有, 普通, 共通

[派生] peculiarity / pi7kju:li5Ariti / n. 特性；怪癖



victim / 5viktim / n. 受害人, 牺牲者, 牺牲品

[例] She was the victim of a road accident.   她是一场交通事故的受害者。

[同义] dupe , loser, prey , sufferer , underdog

[派生] victimize / 5viktimaiz / v. 牺牲

[固定搭配] become the victim of (=fall a victim to) 成为...的牺牲品



fallacy / 5fAlEsi /   n. 谬误, 谬论

[例] The fallacy has been exposed in its naked absurdity.

这谬论的荒诞性已被充分揭露。



equate / i5kweit / vt. 使相等, [数]视为平等 vi. 等同

[例] You can\'t equate his poems with his plays.

你不能把他的诗跟剧本相提并论。

[派生] equation / i5kweiFEn / n. 相等, 平衡, 方程式, 等式



四、     强化练习



1. Different countries have adopted a range of approaches to discourage the use of plastic bags in an _______ to cut down on the number of bags finding their way into the environment.

A. expertise     B. expand     C. exploit     D. attempt


2. Please let us know when you will pay or at least start by making _______payments.

A. partial       B. express     C. gorgeous   D. grand


3. Terry Mc Auliffe, Democratic National Committee chairman, said Bush \"lied to the citizens of Nevada and he did it for ________political gain.\"

A. grease       B. hypothesis   C. partisan     D. impression


4. Friends often _________ their recipe collection by passing around their favorites written on cards.

A. incline     B. augment     C. impress     D. mean



5. There are, no doubt, kids who dream of becoming chief executive of GE or of Unilever, but their schoolmates regard them as deeply __________.

A. mere     B. misery     C. peculiar     D. monster



答案： DACBC


考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 19


一、     真题文章（2000年）


Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. Under modem conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country\'s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited ; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.



Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.



二、     译文



世界各国的政府都认为：人民的福利主要依赖于本国经济实力和社会财富。在现代条件下，这需要不同程度的中央调控措施，从而也就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则有赖于各种科学人员的努力。这也就意味着政府必须对这些产业部门进行越来越多的干预，以便提高生产率，确保发挥最佳效益。例如，政府可以利用各种方法鼓励研究工作，包括建立自己的研究中心；政府还可以改变教育结构或对教育进行干预，以便减少自然资源的浪费，开发至今尚未利用的资源；政府还可以在日益增多的跨国科学、经济和工业项目中直接进行合作。无论如何，一切干预都离不开科技咨询和各种科技人才。


    由于大众通讯的显著发展，所有人都不断感到有新的需求，并不断接触到新的习俗和思想，而出于上述原因，各国政府不得不经常推行进一步的革新措施。同时，与过去相比，社会变革在全球范围内的正常速度已大大加快。例如，在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪，而如今一个发展中国家在10年左右的时间内就可以完成同样的过程。所有这些都给社会内部带来了巨大的压力和不安，给相关政府部门造成了严重的问题。人口猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使这种流动比较容易）造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。综合以上所有因素，各国政府越来越依赖于生物学家和社会学家规划合适的项目，并将其付诸实践。

三、     考研核心词汇


welfare / 5welfZE / n. 福利, 安宁, 幸福, 福利事业 adj. 福利的

[例] public welfare funds   公共福利基金

[同义] advantage , behalf , benefit , comfort, good ,interest , prosperity

[反义] misery / 5mizEri / n. 痛苦, 苦恼, 悲惨, 不幸, 穷困

[派生] welfarism / wel5fZErizm / n. 社会福利国家主义, 社会福利制度, 福利费



centralize / 5sentrElaiz / vt. 1集聚, 集中2施行中央集权 vi. 集中于中央

[例] centralize the administration of the gold mines   统一管理所有金矿

[派生] centralized / 5sentrElaizd /   adj. 集中的, 中央集权的



furthermore / f\\:TE5mC:(r) / adv. 此外, 而且

[例] \"The house is too small, and furthermore, it\'s too far from the office.\"

\"这座房子太小,而且离办公地点也太远。\"

[同义] again, also, besides ,by the same token, in addition, likewise ,similarly



compel / kEm5pel / vt. 强迫, 迫使

[例] The rain compelled us to stay indoors.   雨迫使我们待在家里。

[同义] force, make ,require

[反义] free / fri: / adj. 1自由的2大方的, 免费的, 免税的3丰富的4空闲的vt. 释放, 使自由 adv. 自由地, 免费

[派生] compelling / kEm5peliN / adj. 强制的, 强迫的, 引人注目的

[固定搭配] compel sb. to do sth. 强迫某人做某事；be compelled to (do) 不得不（做）



wastage / 5weistidV / n. 1消耗量, 损耗2废物

[例] factory wastage   工厂废物

[派生] waste / weist / n. 1废物2浪费；损耗, 消耗 3荒地

adj. 废弃的, 荒芜的, 多余的vt.浪费, 消耗, 使荒芜

vi. 1被浪费, 挥霍钱财2变消瘦；被损耗



tap / tAp / n. 1轻打2活栓；水龙头vt. 1轻打, 轻敲, 敲打出2开发, 分接3使流出4选择 vi. 1轻叩, 轻拍2轻声走 n. <美>(用复数)熄灯号

[例] She tapped him on the shoulder.   她轻轻拍了拍他的肩膀。

[同义] faucet ,pat, rap ,spigot



hitherto / 7hiTE5tu: / adv. 迄今, 至今

[例] The weather, which had hitherto been sunny and mild, suddenly turned cold.迄今一直晴朗温暖的天气突然变冷了

[同义] till now , up to now , so far

[反义] henceforth / hens5fC:W / adv. 自此以后, 今后



intervention / 7intE(:)5venFEn / n. 干涉

[例] armed intervention   武装干涉

[同义] infringement ,interference, intrusion

[派生] interventionist / IntE5venFEnIst / n. 干涉主义者 adj. 干涉主义的



innovation / 7inEu5veiFEn / n. 改革, 创新

[例] The innovation of air travel during this century has made the world seem smaller.   本世纪发明的空中飞行似乎使世界变小了。

[派生] innovative / `InEJveItIv / adj. 创新的, 革新(主义)的

innovate /5inEuveit / vi. 改革, 创新



industrialize / in5dQstriElaiz / vt. 使工业化 vi. 工业化

[例] \"Today, because of industrialization, a typical family will be required to move even more often than now, so families will be even smaller.\"

\"今天,由于工业化,要求一般的家庭比现在移动更加频繁,所以家庭会更小。\"

[派生] industrialized / In`dQstrIElaIzd / adj. 工业化的





nowadays / 5nauEdeiz / adv. 现今, 现在

[例] Nowadays people travel by plane.   如今人们乘飞机旅行。

[同义] now , today

[派生] nowadays / 5nauEdei / adj. 现在的, 当前的



四、     强化练习


1. The World Bank Country Director also expressed his hope that China\'s government will take more effective measures to handle these challenges, in order to improve the________ of people in China.

A. meditation   B. welfare     C. simulation   D. model



2. Secondly, by human nature we are motivated to pursue those activities in which we excel. To _______ scholars to focus only on certain areas would be to force many to waste their true talents.

A. mount     B. reduce       C. compel     D. modify



3. Dr Vidal Pelaez, head of the obstetrics (产科学) and gynaecology (妇科医学) department at the hospital, said: \"Mother and child are in perfect health. Medical_______ lasted 30 minutes with no complications whatsoever.\"

A. monotony   B. performance   C. perfection   D. intervention


4. As competition gets tougher and markets more challenging， _______ in management practice has become an imperative for businesses around the world.

A. innovation   B. proclamation   C. procession   D. prone



5. In a_______ unthinkable step, PADPA is now considering bringing a case against the police for violating its right to demonstrate and for illegal imprisonment.

A. proof       B. intricate     C. hitherto     D. irrespective



答案： BCDAC


考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 20



一、     真题文章（2001年）



  In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain\'s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.


  There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.


  According to BT\'s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium(a period of 1，000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.


  Pearson has pieced together to work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.

  Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. \"By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,\" he says. But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration :\"It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.\"


  Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will , for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the robots. And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.


二、     译文



    在未来不到三十年的时间里，特列克星号的全息舱面即将成为现实。大脑神经系统和计算机之间建立起直接的联系，这将创造出全方位感受虚拟环境，使同电影《全部回忆》表现的虚拟假期成为可能。


    届时将会出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目，以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标，监控器就会使其停驶。儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有内置个性的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具。人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就来到了。

  依BT 的未来学家皮尔逊所预见，这些都属于新千年前几十年发展计划之列，那时，超级计算机将急剧加速生活各个领域的发展。



    皮尔逊汇集各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到的数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。一些最重大的发展将出现在医学领域，包括延长人的预期寿命和数十种人造器官。这些人造器官从现在到2040年之间将陆续投入使用。


    皮尔逊还预测了一个人机连接中的一个重大突破。他说，“通过与我们的神经系统直接相连计算机能够了解我们的感受，而且也有可能模仿我们的感受，这样我们就可以创造出全方位的传感环境，就像《全面再现》和《星际旅行》中的假期一样。”但是皮尔逊指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下个世纪末之前研制出完全电子化的仿真人。


    通过研究 ，皮尔逊能够预言大多数突破的时日。然而，何时能够进行超光速旅行，何时人类克隆技术能够完善，何时时间旅行可以成为可能，他仍未作出预告。但他的确预料到技术进步引起的社会问题。比如，住宅区附近监视器的增加在2010年会引起问题；逼真的机器人将意味着可能无法区分人类朋友和仿真机器人。家用电器会变得如此智能化，以致控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂燥症。



三、     考研核心词汇


link / liNk / n. 1链环, 连结物2链接 vt. 1连结2联合3挽 vi. 连接起来

[例] A lot of links fitted together form a chain.   许多链环连在一起组成链条。

[同义] bridge ,combine, connect, couple ,join ,put together, unite

[派生] linked / liNkt / adj. 连接的, 显示连环遗传的



sensory / 5sensEri / adj. 感觉的, 感官的

[例] sensory nervous system   感觉神经系(统)



vacation / vE5keiFEn;vei5keiFEn / n. 1假期, 休假2(房屋等的)腾出 v. <美>度假, 休假

[例] She has gone to Canada on vacation.   她到加拿大去度假。

[同义] holiday , rest, leave, liberty ,recess ,sabbatical

[派生] vacationist / vE`keIFLnIst,veI- / n. 度假者, 休假者

[固定搭配] on vacation 在度假；vacation at [in] 在...度假



offend / E5fend / v. 1犯罪, 冒犯, 违反2得罪, 使...不愉快

[例] Her words offended me.   她的话伤了我的感情。

[同义] disgust, displease, horrify, hurt, insult ,pain

[反义] defend / di5fend / vt. 防护, 辩护, 防卫, [律]作...的辩护律师

[派生] offender / E5fendE / n. 罪犯, 冒犯者



chip / tFip / n. 1碎片2筹码 v. 1削成碎片, 碎裂 2芯片

[例] The bowl has a chipped edge.   碗边上有个缺口。

[同义] bit ,break, crack ,crumb, piece



schedule / 5Fedju:l; 5skedVjul / n. 时间表, 进度表 v. 确定时间

[例] The task will be finished ahead of schedule if nothing prevents.

\"如果没有什么阻碍的话,这项任务将提前完成。\"

[同义] enumerate, index, line up, list, post , program , slate

[派生] scheduled / 5Fedju:ld / adj. 预定的



piece / pi:s / n . 1 块, 件, 片, 篇, 张, 条2硬币 vt. 接合, 修补, 凑合

[例] piece together the facts   拼凑事实

[同义] bit ,division, part, portion ,section, segment, share

[派生] pieceable / pi:sEbl /   adj. 可接合的, 可修补的



unique / ju:5ni:k / adj. 唯一的, 独特的

[例] That building is unique because all the others like it were destroyed.

那座建筑很独特，因为所有像它那样的其他建筑都毁坏了。

[同义] sole , rare , matchless

[反义] common / 5kCmEn / adj. 1共同的, 公共的, 公有的, 普通的2庸俗的, 伪劣的 n. [复][总]平民, 公有, 普通, 共通

[派生] uniquely / ju:5ni:kli / adv. 独特地,唯一地,珍奇地



simulate / 5simjuleit / vt. 模拟, 模仿, 假装, 冒充

[例] simulate death   装死

[同义] pretend ,reproduce

[派生] simulation / 7simju5leiFEn / n. 仿真, 假装, 模拟



cloning / 5klCniN / n. 无性（繁殖）系化， 纯系化

[例] molecular cloning   分子扩增， 分子克隆法

[派生] clone / klEun / n. 无性系, 无性繁殖, 克隆 v. 无性繁殖, 复制



surveillance / sE:5veilEns /   n. 监视, 看守, 监督, 管制

[例] under surveillance   在管制[监视]下

[派生] surveillant / sE:5veilEnt / n. 监视者, 监督者 adj. 监视的, 监督的

surveille / sE:5veil / vt. 使受监视(或监督), 对…实施监视(或监督)



synthetic / sin5Wetic / adj. 1合成的2人造的

[例] This synthetic dress material does not crush. 这种合成纤维衣料不会皱。

[同义] artificial ,counterfeit, imitation, man-made, mock, analytic

[反义] analytical / 7AnE5litikEl / adj. 分析的, 解析的

[派生] synthetical / sin5WetikEl / adj. 综合的, 合成的

synthetize / 5siNWitaiz / v. 综合, 合成



appliance / E5plaiEns / n. 用具, 器具

[例] kitchen appliance   厨房用具

[同义] tool , device, implement ,instrument



四、     强化练习



1. Shanghai now is the place where people flock to for business, ________ and to gain an “experience”. Each day I am bombarded with friends from all over the world, asking for advice on how to get to shanghai and stay here.

A. flame       B. float       C. honor     D. vacation

2. \"This is the last day that I speak to you,\" Vieri said. \"You can say what you want about me as a player but when you ______ me as a person, well ... I am more of a man than all of you put together.\" Italy play Bulgaria in Group C on Tuesday.

A. horizon     B. hoist     C. offend     D. offer



3. Enclosed is our preliminary_______ for the conference which will be reviewed in weeks.

A. schedule     B. legal     C. fabric     D. deviation



4. What unites business journalists is the need to_______ together compelling stories from the chaos of commercial life.

A. date       B. piece       C. deem       D. cease



5. As for the marketing mix, we’ll package it in gold foil with dark brown lettering to _______ chocolate, and price it 20% higher than our chocolate-covered ice-cream bar.

A. cast       B. catch       C. simulate     D. sip



答案： DCABC

考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 21



一、     真题文章（2002年）



  Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values.\" Who will use a technology and to what ends? Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.



二、     译文



    我们面临的所有重要问题几乎都涉及到人类行为，而这些问题又不能只靠物理学和生物学来解决。目前我们所需要的正是行为技术，但是能够产生行为技术的科学一直以来发展很缓慢。一个难题就是我们所说的行为科学几乎全都依旧从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。物理学和生物学都有过相似的做法，在抛弃了这些做法之后，这两门科学才取得了进步。行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接能观察得到的，部分原因是其他解释一直很难找到。虽然环境很重要，但其作用模糊不清。环境并不具备推动或拉动的作用；它具有选择的作用，而这一作用很难发现也很难对其进行分析。自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才被阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。然而，随着人们开始了解有机体和环境之间的相互作用，以前曾被认为是影响因素如心态、情感及其特点开始从可利用的条件去追寻其来源，因此，有可能成为一种研究行为的技术手段。但是这依然解决不了我们的问题，除非行为科学能够替代近代科学出现前的根深蒂固的传统观念。自由和尊严能够解释其难度之大。它们（自由和尊严）是传统理论中的自治者所拥有的财富，要求一个人对自己的行为负责，对其成就给予肯定，在这种实践中，自由和尊严是必不可少的。科学分析将责任和成就归因于环境，并且提出了一些与价值观有关的问题：谁使用行为科学？为什麽使用？如果这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。



三、     考研核心词汇



involve / in5vClv / vt. 1包括, 笼罩2潜心于, 使陷于

[例] Don\'t involve other people in your trouble.

别把别人牵涉进你的麻烦中去。

[同义] absorb ,affect, complicate ,concern, confound ,encompass

[派生] involved / in5vClvd / adj. 棘手的, 有关的

involvement / in5vClvmEnt / n. 连累, 包含



trace / treis / n. 1 痕迹, 踪迹2微量3 缰绳 vt. 1描绘, 映描, 画轮廓2追踪, 回溯, 探索 vi. 上溯, 沿路走

[例] They traced the criminal to a house in the city.

他们追踪罪犯到了城里的一座房子里。

[同义] copy, draw, duplicate, follow ,reproduce ,sketch, track

[派生] traceable / 5treisEbl / adj. 可追踪的, 起源于



trait / treit / n. 显著的特点, 特性

[例] national traits   民族性

[同义] characteristic, earmark, feature, idiosyncrasy, pattern



discard / dis5kB:d / vt. 丢弃, 抛弃 v. 放弃

[例] discard the dross and select the essential   去粗取精

[同义] cast off, dispose of, get rid of, reject, scrap, throw away



obscure / Eb5skjuE / adj. 暗的, 朦胧的, 模糊的, 晦涩的 vt. 使暗, 使不明显

[例] His success obscured his failures.

他的成功使他的失败显得微不足道。

[同义] dark, dim ,faint, fuzzy, hazy ,indefinite, indistinct ,shadowy, unclear

[反义] clear / kliE / adj. 清楚的, 清晰的, 清澈的, 光亮的, 空旷的, 有条理的 adv. 清楚地, 完全地v.扫除, 清除, 晴, 跳过, 净得

[派生] obscurity / Eb5skjuEriti / n. 阴暗, 朦胧, 偏僻, 含糊, 晦涩,

身份低微



analyze / 5AnElaiz / vt. 分析, 分解

[例] The scientist analyzed the milk and found it contained too much water.

科学家分析了一下牛奶，发现里面含水分过多。

[反义] synthesize / 5sinWisaiz / v. 综合, 合成

[派生] analysis / E5nAlisis / n. 分析, 分解



evolution / 7i:vE5lu:FEn, 7evE- / n. 1进展, 发展2演变, 进化

[例] the evolution of the modern car   近代汽车的发展

[反义] devolution / 7di:vE5l(j)u:FEn / n. 1滚下, 落下2依次3相传, 转移, 委付

[派生] evolutionary /9i:vE`lU:FEnErI / adj. 进化的



organism / 5C:^EnizEm / n. 生物体; 有机体社会组织; 机关, 细小的动植物 , [pl. ]微生物群落[区系]

[例] the social organism   社会

[派生] organic / C:5^Anik / adj. 1器官的, 有机的, 组织的2建制的



entrench / in5trentF/ vt. 1用壕沟防护, 在...围以壕沟使盘踞2固守, 牢固树立; 使处于有力地位 3挖壕, 掘

[例] The troops were entrenched near the mountains.

部队在群山边筑起壕沟以防卫自己。

[派生] entrenchment / In`trentFmEnt/ n. 堑壕

entrenched / in5trentFd / adj. 确立的，不容易改的（风俗习惯）



autonomous / C:5tCnEmEs / adj. 自治的

[例] an autonomous republic   自治共和国

[派生] autonomy / C:5tCnEmi / n. 自治



四、     强化练习



1. If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness then pain must be equal to unhappiness. But in fact, the opposite is true: more often than not things that lead to happiness _________ some pain.

A. revolve     B. involve     C. revere     D. highlight



2. The mammals quickly developed, and we can________ the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse.

A. liable       B. truck       C. linger     D. trace



3. This outbreak also highlights a_______ of modern people, which is that we tend to overreact in a crisis situation, instead of remaining calm and act rationally.

A. trait       B. glitter     C. glory       D. distribution



4. As well as being quite specialist in meaning, some of the words in idioms were used two or three hundred years ago, or longer, and can be a little _________.

A. bright       B. dizzy     C. obscure     D. dread



5. This technique is used to ________ ribosomes ([生化]核糖体), which translate the genetic information of the cell into proteins that enable cells to specialize and function properly .

A. illusion     B. analyze     C. impose     D. omit



答案： BDACB


考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 22



一、     真题文章（2003年）



  Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.


  “Anthropology” derives from the Greek words anthropos “human” and logos “the study of.” By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.

  Anthropology is one of the social sciences. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

  Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.


  All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.


  Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.


  Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.



二、     译文



各时期各地区的人们都思考各自的世界并想知道自己在其中的位置。人类既善于思考又善于创造，具有永不满足的好奇心。而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的思想和想象。因此，冷静而系统地研究人类的丰富性和多样性显得尤为重要。人们希望这些研究的成果能使人类与他们自己也与地球上其他生命形态和睦相处。



“人类学”这个词来源于希腊语anthropos（人类）logos（研究）。就名字而言，人类学包含了对整个人类的研究。



人类学是社会科学的一部分。社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。

社会科学科目包括地理学、经济学、政治学、心理学和社会学。每一门社会学科目都有一个分支或专业特别接近人类学。



所有社会科学都以研究人类为核心。人类学是一个重视实地考察的学科，在研究中大量使用对比分析法。强调搜集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在的文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。



人类学分析主依赖于文化概念。爱德华.泰勒爵士对文化概念的阐述是19世纪社会科学的伟大文化成就之一。泰勒把文化定义为“……一个复合的整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯”。这一见解非常深刻，为观察和理解人类生活提供了崭新的方法。泰勒的文化定义蕴涵着这一概念，即文化是后天习得的、人类共有的、被仿照的行为。



因此，人类学中“文化”的概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念。它使大量的具体研究和理解成为可能。



三、     考研核心词汇



insatiable / in5seiFEbl / adj. 不知足的, 贪求无厌的

[例] an insatiable desire for knowledge   永不满足的求知欲

[同义] covetous, greedy, unquenchable

[反义] satiable / 5seiFiEbl / adj. 可满足的

[派生] insatiate / in5seiFiit / adj. 不知足的,欲壑难填的



harmonious / hB:5mEunjEs / adj. 1 和谐的, 协调的, 和睦的2悦耳的

[例] a harmonious family   和睦的家庭

[同义] blending, compatible ,congenial , in tune ,musical

[派生] harmony / 5hB:mEni / n. 协调, 融洽



derive / di5raiv / vt. 得自 vi. 起源

[例] Many English words are derived from Latin.

许多英语词汇源于拉丁文。

[同义] acquire ,gain, get, obtain ,receive, secure

[派生] derivation / deri5veiFEn / n. 引出, 来历, 出处, (语言)语源, 词源



encompass / in5kQmpEs / v. 包围, 环绕, 包含或包括某事物

[例] The course will encompass physics, chemistry and biology.

课程将包括物理、化学和生物学。

[同义] encircle ,enclose, include, surround



anthropology / 7AnWrE5pClEdVi / n. 人类学

[例] social anthropology   社会人类学

[派生] anthropologic / 7AnWrEpE5lCdVik / adj. 人类学的



humanity / hju(:)5mAniti / n. 人性, 人类, 博爱, 仁慈

[例] a great contribution to humanity   对人类的一大贡献

[派生] humanize / 5hju:mEnaiz / vt. 赋予人性, 使通人情, 教化 vi. 变为有人性, 变为有情, 有教化



orient / 5C:riEnt / n. 东方, 东方诸国(指地中海以东各国) adj. 1东方的2上升的3灿烂的 vi. 1适应形势2向东 vt. 1使朝东2使适应3确定方向

[例] We must orient our products to the needs of the market.

我们必须使我们的产品适应市场的需要。

[派生] oriental / 7C(:)ri5entl / n. 东方人(尤指中国人和日本人)   adj. 1东方诸国的, 亚洲的, 东方的2(珍珠等)最优质的

    oriented / `R:rIentId,`EJ- /   adj. 导向的



immense / i5mens / adj. 极广大的, 无边的, <口>非常好的

[例] The performance was immense.   演出好极了。

[同义] enormous ,giant ,gigantic, great ,huge, large ,mammoth

[反义] finite / 5fainait / adj. 有限的, [数]有穷的, 限定的

[派生] immensity / I5mEnsItI / n. 广大, 巨大, 无限, 浩瀚



四、     强化练习



1. Hollywood is a weird combination of________ optimism and total despair.

A. orthodox     B. outing     C. insatiable   D. overlapped



2. Counter-measures must be taken to curb the prevailing trend so as to return people a _________ living and working environment.

A. overwhelming B. harmonious   C. owing     D. potential


3. The purpose of each science or field of investigation was to accumulate data and to ________ from these phenomena the basic principles or laws or \'forces\' which gave rise to them.

A. derive     B. postpone     C. prompt     D. prosper



4. It was said to be the latest threat in an ongoing series of attacks on ________ by mysteriously mutating \"supergerms.\"

A. retention     B. revelation   C. review     D. humanity



5. When I first glimpsed the snow-capped peak of Tianshan Mountain visually dominating the Lake, the entire landscape filled me with a feeling of ______ awe.

A. piece       B. immense     C. rigorous     D. robust


答案： CBADB